Causal models for the forensic investigation of structural failures

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CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA, 2-4 SEPTEMBER 2013 CAUSAL MODEL FOR THE FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF STRUCTURAL FAILURES Stefania Arangio, Chiara Crosti , Franco Bontempi Sapienza Sapienza University of Rome University of Rome School of Civil and Industrial Engineering School of Civil and Industrial Engineering [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Transcript of Causal models for the forensic investigation of structural failures

Page 1: Causal models for the forensic investigation of structural failures

CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA, 2-4 SEPTEMBER 2013

CAUSAL MODEL

FOR THE FORENSIC INVESTIGATION

OF STRUCTURAL FAILURES

Stefania Arangio, Chiara Crosti, Franco Bontempi

““SapienzaSapienza”” University of RomeUniversity of Rome

School of Civil and Industrial EngineeringSchool of Civil and Industrial Engineering

[email protected]@uniroma1.it –– [email protected]@uniroma1.it –– [email protected]@uniroma1.it

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OUTLINES

•STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY

•DEVELOPMENT OF FAILURES

(Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model)

•BREAKDOWN OF THE PROBLEM

•ANALYSIS OF THE TIMELINE

BASIC

CONCEPTS

OPERATIONAL

TOOLS

FRAMEWORK OF THE INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES

•ASSIGNMENT OF THE RESPONSIBILITY PROFILES

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2/20

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BEHAVIORLinear Nonlinear

COUPLING

INTERACTIONS/CONNECTIONS

UNCERTAINTIE

S

Low

High

Loose

Tight

Perrow, 1984

COMPLEXITY

EXISTING ADJACENT MASONRY BUILDINGS.

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4/20 COMPLEXITY

EN 1998-3: 2005 (E)

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NTC 2008 (Italian Building Code)

AGGREGATE OF BUILDINGS

•Delimited by an open space;

•Composed by various adjacent

non uniform constructions;

•Built in different epochs;

•Built with different materials;

•They had different owners;

•Experienced different uses and

modifications during time

COMPLEXITY

Neglecting these aspects can have significant consequences on the structures even

up the occurrence of catastrophic collapses

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OUTLINES

•STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY

•DEVELOPMENT OF FAILURES

(Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model)

•BREAKDOWN OF THE PROBLEM

•ANALYSIS OF THE TIMELINE

BASIC

CONCEPTS

OPERATIONAL

TOOLS

FRAMEWORK OF THE INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES

•ASSIGNMENT OF THE RESPONSIBILITY PROFILES

[email protected]

6/20

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PRECURSORI

PSCOLOGICI

AZIONI CHE

AGISCONO

ERRORI LATENTI A LIVELLO

LOCAL BEHAVIORS

LATENT ERRORS

ACCIDENTAL CONDITIONS

LATENT ERRORS IN

THE ADMINISTRATION

AND DESIGN

ACTIONS THAT

IINFLUENCE

THE SAFETY

PSICOLOGICAL

PRECURSORS

INTRINSIC SAFETY

FAILURE

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7/20

Reason, 1991

DEVELOPMENT OF FAILURES

SWISS CHEESE MODEL

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OUTLINES

•STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY

•DEVELOPMENT OF FAILURES

(Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model)

•BREAKDOWN OF THE PROBLEM

•ANALYSIS OF THE TIMELINE

BASIC

CONCEPTS

OPERATIONAL

TOOLS

FRAMEWORK OF THE INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES

•ASSIGNMENT OF THE RESPONSIBILITY PROFILES

[email protected]

8/20

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DEFINITION OF

PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS / GLOBAL PARTS

DEFINITION OF

INTERFACE VARIABLES /

COMPONENTS

DEFINITION OF

DETAILED FUNCTIONS /

LOCAL ELEMENTS

DEFINITION OF

PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS / GLOBAL PARTS

DEFINITION OF

INTERFACE VARIABLES /

COMPONENTS

DEFINITION OF

DETAILED FUNCTIONS /

LOCAL ELEMENTS

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9/20 BREAKDOWN

TOP-DOWN

APPROACHBOTTOM-UP

APPROACH

Reverse Engineering Approach – Back Analysis Techniques

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AUTORIZZATI I PERITI

- AD ESEGUIRE IL SOPRALLUOGO SUI

LUOGHI DI CAUSA;

- AD ACQUISIRE E PRENDERE VISIONE

DELLA DOUMENTAZIONE GIA' IN ATTI;

- AD ACQUISIRE EVENTUALE ULTERIORE

DOCUMENTAZIONE RITENUTA

NECESSARIA PRESSO UFFICI PUBBLICI E

PRIVATI (previo avviso e eventuamente alla

presenza dei consulenti di parte)

1) Accertino i periti la

casua del disastro

colposo di cui

all'imputazione

provvisoria sub A),

con particolare riferimento

anche alla:

1-a) correttezza o meno (sotto il profilo tecnico)

della progettazione e della direzione dei lavori

da parte dell'arch. Giovanni PAPARELLA;

1-b) correttezza o meno

- del "piano di demolizione" elaborato nel

febbraio 2008 dal geom. Vincenzo ZAGARIA,

- del "piano di sicurezza e coordinamento"

elaborato dal medesimo ZAGARIA,

e

- del "piano operativo di sicurezza' redatto da

Salvatore CHIARULLI nell'agosto 2008;

1-c) correttezza o meno delle modalita' di

demolizione concretamente poste in essere a

far data dall'ottobre 2008;

1-d) violazione o meno delle norme per la

prevenzione degli infortuni sul lavoro

eziologicamente influenti sulla produzione del

disastro;

1-e) correttezza o meno delle determinazioni

assunte dall'Ing. Rosario PALMITESSA all'esito

del sopralluogo del 30.9.2011, tenuto conto del

reale stato dei luoghi;

1-f) correttezza o meno della condotta tenuta

dall'Ufficio Edilizia Pubblica e Privata del

Comune di Barletta a fronte della

comunicazione prot. n. 56024 del 21.9.2011

inviata dall'arch. Giovanni PAPARELLA al

Dirigente del Settore Edilizia arch. Francesco

GIANFERRINI, in considerazione delle

problematiche concernenti la pubblica e privata

incolumita' da quell'Ufficio gia' affrontate in

relazione all'immobile con accesso da via De

Leon n.6;;

1-g) violazione o meno della normativa in tema

di costruzioni in zona sismica.

2) 3)

4) Riferiscano

quant'altro necessario e

utile ai fini di giustizia.

I periti s

ara

nno t

enuti a

tenere

conto

delle

osserv

azio

ni che s

ara

nno f

orm

ula

te n

el cors

o d

elle

opera

zio

ni perita

li dai consule

nti t

ecnic

i, n

om

inati d

alle

part

i, e

a

rendern

e loro

adeguata

motivazio

ne n

ella

rela

zio

ne p

erita

le.

2-a) Accertino i periti la legittimita'

degli atti del procedimento

amministrativo sfociato nella

deliberazione del consiglio

comunale della Citta' di Barletta

n.4 del 10.1.2008 e degli atti

anche di provenienza privata, a

quella deliberazione conseguiti,

comprese la d.i.a. prot. n. 7001

dell'1.2.2008 e allegati e la

successiva d.i.a. prot.50018 del

18.82010;

2-b) Accertino i periti se, a fronte

della perizia giurata dell'arch.

Giovanni Paparella del 29.5.2006

con gli allegati relativi (gia' in atti),

vi fosse l'obbligo, fissato

espressamente da una norma di

legge, per l'Ufficio Tecnico del

Comune di Barletta di verificare la

corrispondenza della situazione

dei luoghi, rappresentati nella

perizia giurata, alla situazione

reale degli stessi, tenendo anche

conto del Regolamento Edilizio

Comunale vigente al momento

dei fatti.

3-a) Effettuino i periti un esame comparato

degli elaborati grafici posti a corredo delle due

denunce di inizio attivita', la n.7001

dell'1.2.2008 e la n. 50018 del 18.8.2010, al

fine di constatare se il restringimento operato

sulle planimetrie allegate alle due d.i.a.

riguardasse il solo lato confinante con l'edificio

prospiciente di Via de Leon o anche gli altri lati

del quadrlatero interessato dall'intervento

edilizio Giannini;

3-b) precisino e specifichino i periti, la natura e

le modalita' esecutive delle indagini finalizzate

all'esecuzione delle palificate ed iniezioni sui

confini, alle quali l'arch. Paparella fa riferimento

nell'Ordine di Servizio del 21.9.2011 e alle cui

operazioni quell'ordine di servizio e' anche

finalizzato, sia all'interno del cantiere sia nelle

proprieta' confinanti e specifichino la

compatibilita' e la possibilita' di esecuzione di

tali indagini con lo stato dei residui corpi di

fabbrica, al netto di quanto gia' demolito alla

data del 21 settembre 2011, come

rappresentato negli elaboati grafici e fotografici,

gia dpositati a corredo della consulenza del

pubblico ministero;

3-c) verifichino e accertino i periti la storia

amministrativa e strutturale dell'intero edificio

crollato, con specifico riferimento agli aspetti

tecnico-costruttivi e agli eventuali interventi di

ristrutturazione, ampliamento, sopraelevazione,

sostituzione o modifica di parti strutturali,

nonche' alla regolarita' amministrativa e

progettuale di tali opere, ove e nella misura in

cui siano state effettuate.

1 2 3

BREAKDOWN10/20

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EXAMPLE OF BACK ANALYSIS PROCESS: COLLAPSE OF AN AGGREGATE OF BUILDINGS

BREAKDOWN

A

B

11/20

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BREAKDOWN

[1] Master Thesis : “Analisi non lineare di aggregati edilizi in muratura”, Student: Molinaro S., Advisor: Bontempi F., Co-Advisor: Arangio S.

Geometry Finite Element Model [1]

12/20

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BREAKDOWN

Mechanical properties of the masonry

Volume weight w 18 kN/m3

Longitudinal elastic modulus E (cracked conditions) 500 N/mm2

Tangential elastic modulus G (cracked conditions) 200 N/mm2

Compression strength fm 200 N/cm2

Design compression strength fd 166.7 N/cm2

Shear strength (o fvm0) in absence of normal stress 3.5 N/cm2

Design shear strength t0d (o fvd0) in absence of normal stress 2.9 N/cm2

[1] Master Thesis : “Analisi non lineare di aggregati edilizi in muratura”, Student: Molinaro S., Advisor: Bontempi F., Co-Advisor: Arangio S.

[1]

13/20

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Modeling of the various steps of the demolition

BREAKDOWN

common wall Horizontal actions due tovaulted ceilings

step 1 step 2 step 3Step 1:

represents the situation before

demolition

Step 2:

shows an advanced condition of

demolition where most of vaults of

building A have been eliminated

and the lateral thrust of the vaults

of building B are sustained mainly

by the buttresses

Step 3:

the remaining part

of building A was

demolished and

the wall alone

could not sustain

all the actions.

[1]

14/20

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BREAKDOWN

In color only the deformation between 0.0028 and 0.015 (limit in the Italian Building Code) [1]

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

15/20

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OUTLINES

•STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY

•DEVELOPMENT OF FAILURES

(Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model)

•BREAKDOWN OF THE PROBLEM

•ANALYSIS OF THE TIMELINE

BASIC

CONCEPTS

OPERATIONAL

TOOLS

FRAMEWORK OF THE INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES

•ASSIGNMENT OF THE RESPONSIBILITY PROFILES

[email protected]

16/20

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DESIGN/STRUCTURAL

ASPECTS

CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS/

SAFETY AT WORK

NOT ADEQUATE DEMOLITION

ACTIVITIES

SCARCE

ADMINISTRATIVE

SUPERVISORY

ACTIVITIES

SCARCE

CONTROL ACTIVITIES/

DIRECTION/

SAFETY RELATED ACTIVITIES

DEFICENT

DEMOLITION PLAN

NOT ADEQUATE

UNDERSTANDING OF THE

EXISTING

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

(AGGREGATE OF BUILDINGS)

DEFICIENTDESIGN

NON

COMPLIANCE

WITH THE

TECHNICAL CODE

ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES

CONSTRUCTIONAUTHORIZATION

URBANAUTHORIZATION

STARTCOLLAPSE

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TIMELINE

ADMINISTRATIVE

PRACTICES

DESIGN

PHASE

REALIZATION

PHASE

EXAMPLE OF BACK ANALYSIS PROCESS: COLLAPSE OF AN AGGREGATE OF BUILDINGS

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DESIGN/STRUCTURAL

ASPECTS

CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS/

SAFETY AT WORK

NOT ADEQUATE DEMOLITION

ACTIVITIES

SCARCE

ADMINISTRATIVE

SUPERVISORY

ACTIVITIES

SCARCE

CONTROL ACTIVITIES/

DIRECTION/

SAFETY RELATED ACTIVITIES

DEFICENT

DEMOLITION PLAN

NOT ADEQUATE

UNDERSTANDING OF THE

EXISTING

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

(AGGREGATE OF BUILDINGS)

DEFICIENTDESIGN

NON

COMPLIANCE

WITH THE

TECHNICAL CODE

ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES

CONSTRUCTIONAUTHORIZATION

URBANAUTHORIZATION

STARTCOLLAPSE

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TIMELINE

DEMOLITION /RECONSTRUCTION OF A BUILDING THAT ENDED WITH A COLLAPSE

CAUSAL

JOINT

18/20

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OUTLINES

•STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY

•DEVELOPMENT OF FAILURES

(Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model)

•BREAKDOWN OF THE PROBLEM

•ANALYSIS OF THE TIMELINE

BASIC

CONCEPTS

OPERATIONAL

TOOLS

FRAMEWORK OF THE INVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES

•ASSIGNMENT OF THE RESPONSIBILITY PROFILES

[email protected]

19/20

Page 20: Causal models for the forensic investigation of structural failures

DESIGN/STRUCTURAL

ASPECTS

CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS/

SAFETY AT WORK

NOT ADEQUATE DEMOLITION

ACTIVITIES

SCARCE

ADMINISTRATIVE

SUPERVISORY

ACTIVITIES

SCARCE

CONTROL ACTIVITIES/

DIRECTION/

SAFETY RELATED ACTIVITIES

DEFICENT

DEMOLITION PLAN

NOT ADEQUATE

UNDERSTANDING OF THE

EXISTING

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

(AGGREGATE OF BUILDINGS)

DEFICIENTDESIGN

NON

COMPLIANCE

WITH THE

TECHNICAL CODE

ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES

CONSTRUCTIONAUTHORIZATION

URBANAUTHORIZATION

STARTCOLLAPSE

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Time

Responsability

RESPONSIBILITY PROFILE20/20

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ATTRIBUTES

THREATS

MEANS

RELIABILITY

FAILURE

ERROR

FAULT

FAULT TOLERANT

DESIGN

FAULT DETECTION

FAULT DIAGNOSIS

FAULT MANAGING

DEPENDABILITY

of

STRUCTURAL

SYSTEMS

AVAILABILITY

SAFETY

MAINTAINABILITY

permanent interruption of a system ability

to perform a required function

under specified operating conditions

the system is in an incorrect state:

it may or may not cause failure

it is a defect and represents a

potential cause of error, active or dormant

INTEGRITY

ways to increase

the dependability of a system

An understanding of the things

that can affect the dependability

of a system

A way to assess

the dependability of a system

the trustworthiness

of a system which allows

reliance to be justifiably placed

on the service it delivers

SECURITY

High level / active

performance

Low level / passive

performance

ATTRIBUTES

THREATS

MEANSMEANS

RELIABILITYRELIABILITY

FAILURE

ERROR

FAULT

FAULT TOLERANT

DESIGN

FAULT TOLERANT

DESIGN

FAULT DETECTIONFAULT DETECTION

FAULT DIAGNOSISFAULT DIAGNOSIS

FAULT MANAGINGFAULT MANAGING

DEPENDABILITY

of

STRUCTURAL

SYSTEMS

AVAILABILITY

SAFETY

MAINTAINABILITY

permanent interruption of a system ability

to perform a required function

under specified operating conditions

the system is in an incorrect state:

it may or may not cause failure

it is a defect and represents a

potential cause of error, active or dormant

INTEGRITY

ways to increase

the dependability of a system

An understanding of the things

that can affect the dependability

of a system

A way to assess

the dependability of a system

the trustworthiness

of a system which allows

reliance to be justifiably placed

on the service it delivers

SECURITY

High level / active

performance

Low level / passive

performance

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