Catherine's SSIB Presentation

Parents' reported food preparation time is inversely associated with

energy density of children's ad libitum laboratory meals

CV Shehan1, HA Schlechter2, TL Cravener2, JE Hayes1, and KL Keller1,21 - Department of Food Science

2 - Department of Nutritional SciencesPennsylvania State University

University Park, Pennsylvania

Children do not meet most dietary

recommendations.

USDA (2013) “Diet Quality of Children Age 2-17 Years as Measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2010”

Food Preparation and Diet Qualityo Increased food prep time increased diet quality in

young adultso Fewer meals eaten outside the home o Less usage of high energy density (ED)

convenience foods

o Family meals associated with better nutritional outcomesCould the time that parents

spend on food preparation influence children’s food choices and outside the

home?Larson et al. (2006, 2007, 2011). Journal of the American Dietetic AssociationLarson and Story (2009). Annals of Behavioral Medicine.

Study Overview• Data comes from a children’s food

liking/intake study• Two visits to the Children’s Eating

Behavior Lab• Parents filled out various online questionnaires• Children tasted and rated their liking of foods• Children ate an ad libitum test meal

• Participants encouraged to visit during their usual meal times

• Parents and children separated to minimize bias

Kathleen

Since this is one of your primary measures, I would also include a slide with more detail about these questions. List the actual questions.

ParticipantsMinimu

mMaximu

mMean S.D.

Age (years) 4.0 6.9 5.4 0.8BMI percentile 4 99 51.6 27.7

n %Child’s SexMaleFemale

3427

55.7

44.3

Child’s BMI Class**Not Overweight Or ObeseOverweight Or Obese

52 8

86.7

13.3

Race And EthnicityWhite, Non-HispanicNon-white and/or Hispanic

49 12

80.3

19.7

**One data point missing

Overall n= 61*; 95% retention rate

*n for data analysis = 57; 3 participants dropped out of the study and 1 participant’s survey data was corrupted

n %Parent in StudyMotherFather

546

9010

Stay-at-home ParentYesNo

3328

4654

Test Meal

Tomatoes

Broccoli

Red Grapes

Ketchup

Chicken Nuggets

Cookies

Potato Chips

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Energy Density (kcal/g)

Children had ad libitum access to foods for 30 minutes.

Kathleen

I like this slide!

Socioeconomic Status• Measurements of income and education• How many people live in your household?• What is the highest level of education you

have completed?•Categorical: Less than High Hchool Graduate Degree

• Which of these categories describes your 2012 gross household income?•Collected as categorical variable

Socioeconomic Status• Transformed income categories to continuous variable• Median of each income range

• Per capita income to account for variability in family size• Estimate / # people in household

CategoryEstimated

Gross Income

Per Capita (Family

of 4)

Per Capita(Family

of 8)Less than $20,000

$10,000 $2500 $5000

$20,000 - $35,000

$27,500 $6875 $3475.50

$36,000 - $50,000

$44,000 $11,000 $5500

$51,000 - $75,000

$63,000 $15,750 $7875

$76,000 - $100,000

$88,000 $22,000 $11,000

More than $100,000

$120,000 $30,000 $15,000

Test Meal

Min Max Mean S.D.Energy Intake (kCal) 218 1112 618 196

Test Meal Mass (g) 79.2 703.5 336.51 126.1

Food ED (kCal/g) 1.26 4.49 2.80 0.62

Parental ReportsMinimum Maximum Mean S.D.

Household Income (USD) * < 20,000 > 100,000 59,418 35,189

Per Capita Income (USD) * 2,000 40,000 14,488 9,989

Household Size

Food Preparation Time (hours) 1.0 16.0 7.7 4.0

*estimated values for mean and standard deviation

Kathleen

Font on this slide is too large and not consistent with other tables/slides. Hard to read.

Kathleen

Need to list your units on this slide.

Kathleen

It is not clear if this was reported categorically or continuously, but if you have a slide where you go into detail about these questions, that will become clear.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 180

1

2

3

4

5

Reported Home Food Preparation Time (hours/week)

Tes

t Mea

l Ene

rgy

Dens

ity (k

Cal/g

)

Significant negative correlation between reported

food preparation time and test meal energy density

* r= -.34, p= .01

Kathleen

Make the axis titles larger, the equatoin on the slide smaller, and the font on the bottom title smaller.

Children whose parents spend 10+ hours on food prep per week ate significantly lower ED meals than their peers.

*

b

Series10

1

2

3

4

5 or fewer hours/week Between 5 and 10 hours per week10 or more hours/weekAv

erag

e En

ergy

Den

sity

(kCa

l/g)

A

*One-Way ANOVA and LSD showed significant difference from other groups at p=.005

B*A

Kathleen

significant differences in what?

Kathleen

I would also phrase that more simply to explain what is going on: "Children whose parents report greater food preparation time eat lower energy density test-meals in the laboratory"

Kathleen

It's not clear which of the bars are significantly different from one another. You will need to do a post-hoc tests. Just eyeballing, it looks like the kids who are in the highest reported food prep time group eat the lowest (lower than the other two groups). However, it's close, so we need to make sure. You will also need to make some notatoin on the graph to show this (either use different subscripts or lines to show which bars are different from which)

$- $20,000 $40,000 0

1

2

3

4

5

Per capita Income

Ener

guy

Dens

ity

(kCa

l/g)

r= - .05, p= .795

No associations were found between socioeconomic status and and test meal energy

density

0

1

2

3

4

5

n=46n=11

p= .343

Bachelor’s Degree No Bache-lor’s Degree

Ener

gy D

ensi

ty(k

Cal/g

)

Household Income Education

Kathleen

Make axis titles larger...not consistent with your x-axis

-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.50

1

2

3

4

5

Income/Prep Time Residual Z-Score

Mea

l Ene

rgy

Dens

ity(k

Cal/g

)

Food preparation time is negatively associated with meal energy density, regardless of family income, education, or parental work status

r= -.36, p = ________

Limitations• Limited participant diversity• Limited sample size for analysis (n=57)• Limited number of visits– children’s food

intake is variable• Test meals may not be indicative of normal

intake patterns• Awareness of parental monitoring among

some children• Parents asked not to discuss the study between visits,

but….

Future Research• Increase sample size and participant diversity• Design and test targeted interventions• Study related concepts/behaviors in parents• Types of food prepared at home• Food preparation skill and nutrition knowledge• Attitudes toward the importance of food

Bill Watterson, Calvin and Hobbes

Conclusions• Food preparation time is a significant predictor of

children’s food choices away from home.• Reported time spent on food preparation is negatively related

with child-selected test meal ED

• SES was not shown to be a significant predictor of children’s food choices away from home.• Neither family income nor parental education level was

associated with test meal energy density• But the case isn’t closed…

The amount of time parents spend on food preparation

may influence the quality of children’s food choices away from their parents and their

home.

Thank you!

• My study participants and their families• The Children’s Eating Behavior Lab• Carol Byrd-Bredbenner - Rutgers

Have an idea? Let’s talk! [email protected]

Any questions?

Catherine's SSIB Presentation

Documents

Transcript of Catherine's SSIB Presentation