Catalyst Could humans survive without plants? Why, if at all, are plants important?
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Transcript of Catalyst Could humans survive without plants? Why, if at all, are plants important?
![Page 1: Catalyst Could humans survive without plants? Why, if at all, are plants important?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022083005/56649f1b5503460f94c3020b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Catalyst Could humans survive without plants? Why, if
at all, are plants important?
![Page 2: Catalyst Could humans survive without plants? Why, if at all, are plants important?](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022083005/56649f1b5503460f94c3020b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell Parts: Chloroplast Photosynthesis: occurs only in plants (not
animals!)
6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
(glucose sugar) (oxygen)(carbon dioxide) (water) (energy)
stored in plant; for plant use or animal
use with cellular respiration
released from
leaves
absorb through leaves
from roots from sun
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Chloroplast-new.jpg
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Chloroplast: capture light energy; make food energy
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Chloroplast-new.jpg
Thylakoid: flattened discs containing chlorophyll Granum (pl. Grana): stack of thylakoids Stroma: fluid inside chloroplast (similar to a cell’s cytoplasm) Lamella: links thylakoids in grana together Lumen: inside of the thylakoid
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast Chlorophyll: pigment in chloroplasts that
absorbs light Review: Visible Light Spectrum
VioletIndigoBlueGreen OrangeRedYellow
“VIB G YOR” (or “ROY G BIV”)
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast The color you see is the color that is
reflected
Chlorophyll reflects green; absorbs ROYBIV!
RO
YG
BI
V
Reflects:
Absorbs:
We See:
RED
OTHER COLORS
RED
Light energy the plant uses!!!!
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast Phase I: Light-Dependent Reactions Phase 2: Light-Independent Reactions / Calvin
Cycle
Image Source: bioweb.uwlax.edu
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast Phase 1: Light-Dependent Reactions
Occurs at thylakoid membrane (Lumen Stroma) Requires light (dependent)
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast Phase I: Light-Dependent Reactions
LUMEN
STROMA
H+
H+
H+
H+
H2O
½O2
2H+
ADPATP
ATP Synthase(enzyme/protein)
P
Thylakoid Membran
e
Light Light
e-
e-
e-
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
Ferrodoxin
H+
H+
4H+
NADP+
NADPH
H+
Another e- carrier (like NAD+, FAD)
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast Phase 1: Light-Dependent Reactions
Mini-Steps:
1. Photosystem II absorbs light energy
to spilt water into: oxygen, H+s in
lumen, & activated e- that enters the
ETC.
2. Electron Transport Chain – e-s move
through membrane to pump H+s into
lumen.
3. Photosystem I absorbs light energy
and re-energizes e-, which moves to
ferrodoxin (protein) to form NADPH.
4. H+s accumulate in lumen to create a
gradient (high [H+] in lumen, low
[H+] in stroma).
5. ATP Synthesis – As H+s move across
thylakoid membrane through ATP
Synthase, ADP is converted into ATP.
LUMEN
STROMA
H+
H+
H+
H+
H2
O
½O2
2H+
ADP
ATP
ATP Synthase(enzyme/protein)
P
Thylakoid
Membrane
Light Light
e-
e-
e-
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
Ferrodoxin
H+
H+
4H+
NADP+
NADPH
H+
Another e- carrier (like NAD+, FAD)
Chemiosmosis
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast Phase 2: Calvin Cycle / Light-Independent
Reactions In stroma Doesn’t directly require light energy (independent) ATP & NADPH = energy, but not stable converted to
glucose sugar.
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast Phase 2: Calvin Cycle
12 3-PGA
C C C
12 G3P
C C C
Rubisco
CO26
ribulose 5-phosphate
C C C C C
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate6
C C C C C
2 G3P
C C C
Transported from chloroplast to make glucose, fructose,
starch, etc.(carbohydrates /
sugars)
12 ATP
12 ADP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
6 ATP
6
6 ADP
Calvin Cycle
(3-phosphoglyceri
c acid)
(glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate)
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast Phase 2: Calvin Cycle
Mini-Steps:
1. Carbon Fixation: Carbon dioxide
joins a five-carbon molecule to
make twice as many three-carbon
molecules.
2. ATP & NADPH turn 3-PGA into G3P
(a high energy molecule). ATP
supplies phosphate groups;
NADPH supplies H+s and e-s.
3. Two G3P molecules leave to make
glucose & other carbohydrates.
4. Rubisco (enzyme/protein) converts
remaining ten G3P molecules into
five-carbon molecules to be used
in carbon fixation.
12 3-PGA
C C C
12 G3P
C C C
Rubisco
CO26
ribulose 5-phosphate
C C C C C
ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate6
C C C C C
2 G3P
C C C
12 ATP
12 ADP
12 NADPH
12 NADP+
6 ATP
6
6 ADP
Calvin Cycle
(3-phosphoglyceric acid)
(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)
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Cell Parts: Chloroplast Phase I: Light-Dependent Reactions
Photosystem II uses light to split water: H+s, oxygen, & e-.
ETC: e- pumps H+s into lumen. Photosystem I re-energizes e- with light: forms NADPH. H+s in lumen create a concentration gradient. H+s move across thylakoid membrane through ATP
Synthase: converts ADP into ATP
Phase 2: Light-Independent
Reactions / Calvin Cycle
CO2 molecules join with 5-carbon
molecules to make 3-PGA
molecules.
NADPH and ATP from Light-
Dependent Reactions turn 3-PGA
into G3P.
Two G3P molecules leave the Calvin
Cycle to form glucose & other
carbohydrates.
Remaining G3P molecules
converted by Rubisco into 5-carbon
molecules that restart the cycle.
Image Source: bioweb.uwlax.edu