Cat Video. Cat Roundup Learning Learning Lasting change in an organism’s behavior due to...

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LearningLearning Learning

Lasting change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

LearningLasting change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

AssociationAssociation We learn by association

Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 years

ago Associative Learning

learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences

We learn by association Our minds naturally connect events

that occur in sequence Aristotle 2000 years ago John Locke and David Hume 200 years

ago Associative Learning

learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences

AssociationAssociation

Learning to associate two events

Learning to associate two events

Event 1 Event 2

Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock

Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

We learn to associate two stimuli

We learn to associate two stimuli

Operant Conditioning


We learn to associate a response and its consequence

We learn to associate a response and its consequence

Classical Conditioning


Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two

stimuli a neutral stimulus that signals an

unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two

stimuli a neutral stimulus that signals an

unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

Ivan Pavlov



Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian

physician/ neurophysiologist

Nobel Prize in 1904

studied digestive secretions

Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian

physician/ neurophysiologist

Nobel Prize in 1904

studied digestive secretions



Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

Pavlov’s Classic ExperimentPavlov’s Classic ExperimentBefore Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTIONwill

elicit a

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

NEUTRAL STIMULUSREFLEX ACTION

willelicit a

CONDITIONED STIMULUSCONDITIONED STIMULUSwill

elicit aCONDITIONED

RESPONSE

NEUTRAL STIMULUSwill

elicit NO REACTION



Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) stimulus that unconditionally--

automatically and naturally--triggers a response In Pavlov’s experiments the food was the UCS

Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response

to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth UCS-UCR connection involves no learning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) stimulus that unconditionally--

automatically and naturally--triggers a response In Pavlov’s experiments the food was the UCS

Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response

to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth UCS-UCR connection involves no learning



Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after

association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response the tone produced

Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously

neutral conditioned stimulus Salivation when bell rings.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after

association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response the tone produced

Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously

neutral conditioned stimulus Salivation when bell rings.



Acquisition the initial stage in classical

conditioning the phase associating a neutral

stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Acquisition the initial stage in classical

conditioning the phase associating a neutral

stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response



UCS(passionate kiss) UCR

(sexualarousal)

CS(onionbreath)

CS(onion breath) CR

(sexualarousal)

UCS(passionate Kiss) UCR

(sexualarousal)



Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical

conditioning, when the presentation of CS without the UCS

in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced

Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical

conditioning, when the presentation of CS without the UCS

in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced


Strengthof CR

Pause

Acquisition(CS+UCS)

Extinction(CS alone)

Extinction(CS alone)

Spontaneousrecovery ofCR

Acquisition

CS+UCS

Extinction

CS alone

Spontaneous recovery

Extinction

If a stimulus is never reinforced, then the response will go away.

Generalization

A response can be generalized to other like stimuli. All spiders are scary.

Variations Within Classical Conditioning

After extinction, a response will suddenly reappear. Learn not to respond to CS.

Spontaneous Recovery

Generalization is a behavior that spreads from one situation to a similar one. (A baby will call Daddy “Dada.” When the baby sees any man, the baby calls out “Dada.”)

Discrimination is the reverse of generalization. Some stimuli have pleasant consequences and some do not. (A baby gradually learns that only one person responds with a smile when called “Dada.”)

Cognitive ProcessesCognitive Processes

Conditioning occurs best when the CS and UCS have just the sort of relationship that would lead a scientist to conclude that the CS causes the UCS. — even in classical conditioning, it is not only the simple stimulus-response association but also the thought that counts.

Conditioning in advertising

Conditioning occurs best when the CS and UCS have just the sort of relationship that would lead a scientist to conclude that the CS causes the UCS. — even in classical conditioning, it is not only the simple stimulus-response association but also the thought that counts.

Conditioning in advertising

Biological Predispositions

Biological Predispositions

John GarciaConditioned taste aversions

Not all neutral stimuli can become conditioned stimuli.

Internal stimuli—associate better with taste

External stimuli—associate better with pain Biological preparedness

John GarciaConditioned taste aversions

Not all neutral stimuli can become conditioned stimuli.

Internal stimuli—associate better with taste

External stimuli—associate better with pain Biological preparedness

Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients

Nausea Conditioning in Cancer Patients

UCS(drug)

UCR(nausea)

CS(waiting room)

CS(waitingroom) CR

(nausea)

UCS(drug)

UCR(nausea)

BehaviorismBehaviorism John B. Watson

viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-

upon consensus today

recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally

accepted by all schools of thought today

John B. Watson

viewed psychology as objective science generally agreed-

upon consensus today

recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes not universally

accepted by all schools of thought today

Watson & Raynor with Little Albert

Watson took a a baby named Albert and conditioned him to be afraid of white furry objects using Pavlov’s techniques.

Conditioned fear experiments such as Albert’s experience would never occur

today because of the existing ethical

standards.

Conditional Training: Albert and Peter

Mary Cover Jones used an early form of desensitization to prove that fears (phobias) could be unlearned.

Peter, a young boy, had an extreme fear of rabbits. Jones gave Peter his favorite food while slowly bringing the rabbit closer and closer. Eventually Peter no longer panicked around rabbits.

Mary Cover Jones

1. By learning to associate a squirt of water with electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of:a. habituationb. spontaneous recoveryc. classical conditioningd. observational learninge. operant conditioning

2. John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n):a. Physiological psychologistb. Cognitive psychologistc. Behavioristd. Psychoanalyste. Operant conditioner

3. In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n):a. Conditioned response.b. Unconditioned stimulus.c. Unconditioned response.d. Conditioned stimulus.

4. In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n):a. Conditioned response.b. Unconditioned stimulus.c. Unconditioned response.d. Conditioned stimulus.

5. If a bell causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the bell is called a(n):a. Unconditioned stimulus.b. Conditioned stimulus.c. Primary reinforcer.d. Immediate reinforcer.

1. By learning to associate a squirt of water with electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of:a. habituationb. spontaneous recoveryc. classical conditioningd. observational learninge. operant conditioning

2. John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n):a. Physiological psychologistb. Cognitive psychologistc. Behavioristd. Psychoanalyste. Operant conditioner

3. In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n):a. Conditioned response.b. Unconditioned stimulus.c. Unconditioned response.d. Conditioned stimulus.

4. In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n):a. Conditioned response.b. Unconditioned stimulus.c. Unconditioned response.d. Conditioned stimulus.

5. If a bell causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the bell is called a(n):a. Unconditioned stimulus.b. Conditioned stimulus.c. Primary reinforcer.d. Immediate reinforcer.

6. The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called:a. Acquisition.b. Association.c. Observational learning.d. Shaping.

7. When a CS is not followed by a UCS, the subsequent fading of a CR is called:a. Discrimination.b. Generalization.c. Delayed reinforcement.d. Extinction.

8. The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:a. Generalization.b. Spontaneous recovery.c. Secondary reinforcement.d. Latent learning.e. Shaping.

9. The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called:a. Generalization.b. Secondary reinforcement.c. Latent learning.d. Spontaneous recovery.e. Shaping.

10. The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:a. Shaping.b. Acquisition.c. Discrimination.d. Generalization.e. Latent learning.

11. Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was presented with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the:a. Unconditioned stimulus.b. Conditioned stimulus.c. Secondary reinforcer.d. Delayed reinforcer.

6. The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called:a. Acquisition.b. Association.c. Observational learning.d. Shaping.

7. When a CS is not followed by a UCS, the subsequent fading of a CR is called:a. Discrimination.b. Generalization.c. Delayed reinforcement.d. Extinction.

8. The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called:a. Generalization.b. Spontaneous recovery.c. Secondary reinforcement.d. Latent learning.e. Shaping.

9. The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called:a. Generalization.b. Secondary reinforcement.c. Latent learning.d. Spontaneous recovery.e. Shaping.

10. The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:a. Shaping.b. Acquisition.c. Discrimination.d. Generalization.e. Latent learning.

11. Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was presented with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the:a. Unconditioned stimulus.b. Conditioned stimulus.c. Secondary reinforcer.d. Delayed reinforcer.



Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior

is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior

is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that

behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely



Operant Behavior operates (acts) on

environment produces consequences

Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic

response to stimulus behavior learned through

classical conditioning

Operant Behavior operates (acts) on

environment produces consequences

Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic

response to stimulus behavior learned through

classical conditioning

Early Operant Conditioning

Early Operant Conditioning

E. L. Thorndike (1898)Puzzle boxes and cats

E. L. Thorndike (1898)Puzzle boxes and cats

Scratch at bars

Push at ceiling

Dig at floorSituation:stimuliinside ofpuzzle box

Howl

Etc.

Etc.

Press lever

First Trialin Box

Scratch at bars

Push at ceiling

Dig at floorSituation:stimuliinside ofpuzzle box

Howl

Etc.

Etc.

Press lever

After ManyTrials in Box

Edward L. Thorndike ( 1874–1949)



B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

developed behavioral technology

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

developed behavioral technology

B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)

Operant ChamberOperant

Chamber Skinner Box

chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer

contains devices to record responses

Skinner Box chamber with a

bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer

contains devices to record responses

In shaping, successively closer versions of a desired response are reinforced (as in learning to play tennis).

In chaining, each part of a sequence is reinforced; the different parts are put together into a whole (as in learning the steps to a dance).


4141

Disco Dog VideoDisco Dog Video



Positive Reinforcement any event that strengthens the

behavior it follows Negative Reinforcement

The removal of a punishment or an aversive stimulus

It STRENGTHENS behavior

Positive Reinforcement any event that strengthens the

behavior it follows Negative Reinforcement

The removal of a punishment or an aversive stimulus

It STRENGTHENS behavior

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning Processes

Primary Reinforcement is unlearned and usually necessary for survival. Food is the best example of a primary reinforcer.

Secondary Reinforcement is anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer such as praise from a friend or a gold star on a homework assignment. Also called conditioned reinforcer.

Schedules of Reinforcement


Immediate Reinforcers To our detriment, small but immediate

reinforcements are sometimes more alluring than big, but delayed reinforcements

Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs

Learning occurs rapidly, but rapid extinction. This is the best way master behavior.

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction Hope springs

eternal slot machines. Giving in to tantrums or students will.

Immediate Reinforcers To our detriment, small but immediate

reinforcements are sometimes more alluring than big, but delayed reinforcements

Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs

Learning occurs rapidly, but rapid extinction. This is the best way master behavior.

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction Hope springs

eternal slot machines. Giving in to tantrums or students will.



Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a

specified number of responses

faster you respond the more rewards you get

different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay paid after

producing 30 lamps

Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a

specified number of responses

faster you respond the more rewards you get

different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay paid after

producing 30 lamps



Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an

unpredictable number of responses

average ratios like gambling (slots), fishing

winning the derby very hard to extinguish because

of unpredictability

Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an

unpredictable number of responses

average ratios like gambling (slots), fishing

winning the derby very hard to extinguish because

of unpredictability



Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after

a specified time has elapsed response occurs more

frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near. Mail comes a noon

Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after

a specified time has elapsed response occurs more

frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near. Mail comes a noon



Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at

unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz

Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at

unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz



Variable Interval

Number of responses

1000

750

500

250

010 20 30 40 50 60 70

Time (minutes)

Fixed Ratio

Variable Ratio

Fixed Interval

Steady responding

Rapid respondingnear time forreinforcement

80

PunishmentPunishment

Punishment aversive event that

decreases the behavior that it follows

powerful controller of unwanted behavior

Punishment aversive event that

decreases the behavior that it follows

powerful controller of unwanted behavior

PunishmentPunishment

Problems with Punishment

Problems with Punishment

Does not teach or promote alternative, acceptable behavior

May produce undesirable results such as hostility, passivity, fear

Likely to be temporaryMay model aggression

Does not teach or promote alternative, acceptable behavior

May produce undesirable results such as hostility, passivity, fear

Likely to be temporaryMay model aggression

Updating Skinner’s Understanding

Updating Skinner’s Understanding

Skinner’s emphasis on external control of behavior made him an influential, but controversial figure. Many psychologists criticized Skinner for underestimating the importance of cognitive and biological constraints.

Skinner’s emphasis on external control of behavior made him an influential, but controversial figure. Many psychologists criticized Skinner for underestimating the importance of cognitive and biological constraints.

Cognitive Approach

This approach emphasizes abstract and subtle learning that could not be achieved through conditioning or social learning alone.

Some learning is not intentional, but occurs almost accidentally—a situation called latent learning. Learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Expectancies are beliefs about our ability to perform an action and to get the desired reward. Expectancies affect learning.

Latent LearningLatent Learning

Cognitive Map (E.C. Tolman)A mental representation of the layout of one’s environmentExample: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Cognitive Maps

Cognition and Operant Conditioning

Cognition and Operant Conditioning

Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a

reward for doing what one already likes to do

the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task

Overjustification Effect the effect of promising a

reward for doing what one already likes to do

the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task

Cognition and Operant

Conditioning

Cognition and Operant

Conditioning

Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a

behavior for its own sake and to be effective

Extrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a

behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

Intrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a

behavior for its own sake and to be effective

Extrinsic Motivation Desire to perform a

behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

Applications ofOperant

Conditioning

Applications ofOperant

Conditioning

School

Work

Home

School

Work

Home

1. Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of:a. Primary reinforcement.b. Classical conditioning.c. Spontaneous recovery.d. Operant conditioning.e. Latent learning.

2. B.F. Skinner’s work elaborate what E.L. Thorndike had called:a. shapingb. behaviorismc. observational learningd. the law of effecte. latent learning

3. Dr. Kevorkian places a rat in a small, glass-enclosed chamber where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr.Kevorkian is using a _________________ to study learning.a. Pavlovian mazeb. Bandura compartmentc. Skinner boxd. Garcia operant chamber

4. The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called:a. Shaping.b. Partial reinforcement.c. Generalization.d. Secondary reinforcement.e. Modeling.

5. An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):a. Conditioned stimulus.b. Respondent.c. Unconditioned stimulus.d. Reinforcer.e. Operant.

1. Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bedwetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of:a. Primary reinforcement.b. Classical conditioning.c. Spontaneous recovery.d. Operant conditioning.e. Latent learning.

2. B.F. Skinner’s work elaborate what E.L. Thorndike had called:a. shapingb. behaviorismc. observational learningd. the law of effecte. latent learning

3. Dr. Kevorkian places a rat in a small, glass-enclosed chamber where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet. Obviously, Dr.Kevorkian is using a _________________ to study learning.a. Pavlovian mazeb. Bandura compartmentc. Skinner boxd. Garcia operant chamber

4. The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called:a. Shaping.b. Partial reinforcement.c. Generalization.d. Secondary reinforcement.e. Modeling.

5. An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):a. Conditioned stimulus.b. Respondent.c. Unconditioned stimulus.d. Reinforcer.e. Operant.

6. Because Bertha would always pick up her newborn daughter when she began to cry, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ____________for crying.a. Negative reinforcerb. Conditioned stimulusc. Positive reinforcerd. Unconditioned stimulus

7. Escape from an aversive stimulus is a _________________ reinforcer.a. Positiveb. Secondaryc. Negatived. Partiale. Delayed

8. Innately satisfying stimuli that satisfy biological needs are called ________________ reinforcers.a. Fixedb. Primaryc. Positived. Continuous

9. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with another reinforcer is called a _________________ reinforcer.a. Negativeb. Primaryc. Partiald. Secondarye. Positive

10. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _______________ reinforcement.a. Delayedb. Negativec. Secondaryd. Partial

6. Because Bertha would always pick up her newborn daughter when she began to cry, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ____________for crying.a. Negative reinforcerb. Conditioned stimulusc. Positive reinforcerd. Unconditioned stimulus

7. Escape from an aversive stimulus is a _________________ reinforcer.a. Positiveb. Secondaryc. Negatived. Partiale. Delayed

8. Innately satisfying stimuli that satisfy biological needs are called ________________ reinforcers.a. Fixedb. Primaryc. Positived. Continuous

9. A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with another reinforcer is called a _________________ reinforcer.a. Negativeb. Primaryc. Partiald. Secondarye. Positive

10. Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by _______________ reinforcement.a. Delayedb. Negativec. Secondaryd. Partial

11. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):a. Specified time period has elapsed.b. Unpredictable time period has elapsed.c. Specified number of responses have been made.d. Unpredictable number of responses have been made.

12. Gamblers who insert coins in a slot machine are reinforced on a __________________ schedule.a. Fixed-intervalb. Variable-intervalc. Fixed-ratiod. Variable-ration

13. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):a. Specified time period has elapsed.b. Unpredictable time period has elapsed.c. Specified number of responses have been made.d. Unpredictable number of responses have been made.

14. On the first day of class Mrs. Quigley tells her history students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Mrs. Quigley’s surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ____________________- schedule.a. Fixed-intervalb. Fixed-ratioc. Variable-intervald. Variable-ratio

15. B.F. Skinner’s critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual’s:a. personal freedomb. early childhood experiencesc. pleasure-seeking tendenciesd. cultural background

11. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):a. Specified time period has elapsed.b. Unpredictable time period has elapsed.c. Specified number of responses have been made.d. Unpredictable number of responses have been made.

12. Gamblers who insert coins in a slot machine are reinforced on a __________________ schedule.a. Fixed-intervalb. Variable-intervalc. Fixed-ratiod. Variable-ration

13. A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):a. Specified time period has elapsed.b. Unpredictable time period has elapsed.c. Specified number of responses have been made.d. Unpredictable number of responses have been made.

14. On the first day of class Mrs. Quigley tells her history students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Mrs. Quigley’s surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ____________________- schedule.a. Fixed-intervalb. Fixed-ratioc. Variable-intervald. Variable-ratio

15. B.F. Skinner’s critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual’s:a. personal freedomb. early childhood experiencesc. pleasure-seeking tendenciesd. cultural background

Operant vs. Classical Conditioning

Operant vs. Classical Conditioning

Social Learning Theory

Observational Learning

Social Learning Theory


Observational Learning (Albert Bandura) learning by observing and

imitating others Modeling

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful

behavior opposite of antisocial behavior

Observational Learning (Albert Bandura) learning by observing and

imitating others Modeling

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful

behavior opposite of antisocial behavior

http://www.ubishops.ca/ccc/div/soc/psy/verpaelst/WEB%20PAGE%20FOLDER/Pictures/Bandura.jpg

This series of photographs shows children observing and modeling aggressive behavior.

Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment



Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that

fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

Mirror Neurons frontal lobe neurons that

fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

Do what I say, not what I do—

This will teach you to hit your brother—

Why do you do that, you know you get in trouble for it—

Famous last words???

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