Cassie

Justin

JadeSammyCaitlin Loren

Kegan

AJ

Emma

KaylaJordan Peter Roseanna Bex

Alex

Front of class

Hamish

Will Arlo Ryan

Tim

Jordan Lorene Rory

Hannah

Braiden

AndrewJi SunStephanie

Maddie

Materials

Metals

• What are metals used for?

Activity Activity

On the periodic table in your booklet colour the On the periodic table in your booklet colour the metals red and nonmetals blue metals red and nonmetals blue

leave the metalliods (these are elements found on leave the metalliods (these are elements found on the border line between the metals and non the border line between the metals and non metals) white.metals) white.

Give names to the following metal symbols:

Al - Zn - Ag -

Ni - Ca - Cu –

Fe - Li - Mg –

Pb - Na - Au -

Aluminium

Nickel

Iron

Lead

Calcium

Zinc

LithiumSodium

Silver

CopperMagnesiumGold

Copy these definitions into your book please

– this describes the physical property of metals to be bent.

– this describes the physical property of metals to be stretched to form wires.

– this describes the physical property of metals to conduct heat and electricity.

– describes the shiny apperance of a metal

- this describes whether something is solid, liquid or gas all metals except mercury are solid at room

temperature

Physical Properties of Metals Physical Properties of Metals Malleable

Ductile

Conductivity

Lustrous

State

The outer electrons determine how reactive an element is

What do you notice about the atoms in the first column (called group one) ?What do you notice about the atoms in group 2?What do you notice about the atoms in group 3A?

•Physical properties of metals

•Describe some uses of metals in

everyday life/round the home

•Explain the structure of a metal in terms

of atom arrangement.

Objectives

What physical properties do metals have? Brainstorm

physical properties of physical properties of metals metals

Conduct electricity

Can be bent or shaped

shiny

conduct heatAll solids at room temperature except ..

mercury (Hg)

can be made into wires

Most have high melting points

Periodic Table ActivityComplete the periodic table activity (refresher)Read the instructions carefully.

Now complete the Family fun activityUse your big periodic table and look for the elements that aren’t in the right group

Find out when do American vampires take a holiday

Use a Key to identify Metals

• Use the key on page 85 to identify the unknown metals on the bench

Starter List the 5 Physical Starter List the 5 Physical Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals

LustrousLustrous MalleableMalleable ConductorsConductors All metals except Hg are solid at room All metals except Hg are solid at room

temperaturetemperature lustrouslustrous

Activity Activity

Give names to the following metal symbols:

Al - Zn - Ag -

Ni - Ca - Cu –

Fe - Li - Mg –

Pb - Na - Au -

Aluminium

Nickel

Iron

Lead

Calcium

Zinc

LithiumSodium

Silver

CopperMagnesiumGold

Physical Property of metal

Meaning

malleable Means the metal can be bent

ductile Means the metal can be made into wires

Conductivity Conducts both heat and electricity

lustrous Shinysolid All are solid except

Hg

Physical Properties of metals

Metal Structure Metal Structure

A metal consists of a regular arrangement of A metal consists of a regular arrangement of positive ions held together by a 'sea' of positive ions held together by a 'sea' of electrons. electrons.

Experiment- physical properties of metalsTest each of the metals on the bench (except Hg) for the following – draw the grid in your book

Element Element name and name and chemicalchemical

symbolsymbol

Is it Is it bendy?bendy?

Does itDoes itConduct?Conduct?

Colour and Colour and appearanceappearance

After After sandingsanding

Melting Melting pointpoint

(high or (high or low)low)

Metal Structure Metal Structure

A metal consists of a A metal consists of a regular arrangement of regular arrangement of positive ions held positive ions held together by a 'sea' of together by a 'sea' of electrons. electrons.

The electrons in the sea The electrons in the sea can move freely, but the can move freely, but the positive ions usually can positive ions usually can only vibrate in the one only vibrate in the one spot. This model explains spot. This model explains the metallic properties:the metallic properties:

Note

This type of metal bonding between positive ions and electrons in metals is strong giving metals high melting points.

The sea of negative electrons in metals allows electrical current to flow through the metal.

These electrons also account for the shiny appearance of metals.

Why do metals conduct Why do metals conduct electricity?electricity?

As the metallic bonds do not act in a particular direction, the rows of positive ions can slide over one another easily. This allows the metal to be bent or shaped. This structure allows metals to be bent (malleable) or made into wires (ductile)

Why most metals can be bent or Why most metals can be bent or shapedshaped

Why metals conduct heatWhy metals conduct heat

Demo by heating spatula with paper clips attached by vasoline

The word particle in this passage refers to the metal ions.

What is an Alloy?

Why Are Alloys produced?

Alloys are produced for a number of reasons.Usually alloys are made to give the metal alloy a combination of properties from two or more metals (or non metals) mixed together for a particular task. Eg stainless steel in bench topsWhat is stainless steel made of?

Look in your text book and list the alloys and their uses from page 84Think of some others to share with the class when you are finished

Metal structure Metal structure Metals consist of p______ metal ions surrounded by n______ electrons.The attraction of the electrons for the p_____ ions acts like a glue that holds metals atoms together

ositive egative

ositive

Atoms are packed in tightly together,This makes a metal: 1.malleable2.ductile

Lots of electrons free to move aroundThis makes a metal:Conduct electricity

Lots of electrons on the surfaceThis makes a metal:Lustrous or shiny

Lattice of Nucleus’s (or ions) with strong bonds holding them together:This makes a metal:

Have high melting pointStrong

What are drawing pins made of?Method

We will dissolve a drawing pin in a small amount of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3)

Get 4 test tubes in a rack.

Now put 6 drops of the following into one of each test tube

Magnesium solution

Cu solution

Fe solution

drawing pin solution

Add 6 drops of sodium hydroxide solution to each.

What are drawing pins made of?Write your observations in a chart like this:

Solution Solution Observation with NaOH Observation with NaOH

addedadded

Copper nitrate Copper nitrate

Iron nitrateIron nitrate

Zinc nitrateZinc nitrate

pinpin

Comparing the colours of the solutions from our results we found that one of the metals in a pin was ......

What is an Alloy?

Alloys are produced for a number of reasons.Usually alloys are made to give the metal alloy a combination of properties from two or more metals (or non metals) mixed together for a particular task. Eg stainless steel in bench topsWhat is the alloy stainless steel made of?

Iron, carbon, nickel and chromium

Alloys2 other common alloys are

Steel – a mixture of _______ and ______Brass – a mixture of ______and ____

What is the alloy stainless steel made of?

Iron, carbon, nickel and chromium

copper zinciron carbon

copper sulfate and iron nail – what’s happening?

iron     copper sulphate     iron sulphate     copper

1. What metal is losing electrons and is oxidised to form metal ions?

2. Which metal ion is accepting electrons and being reduced to form a metal?

Fe in nail

Cu2+

These metals are more reactive and will oxidise easily and donate their electrons

To the ions of these elements

Displacement Reactions

We will use our activity series to see if we can displace metal ions in solution

Displacement Reactions Expt

Choose one of the metals from the front bench (make sure it is clean –use the sand paper if it isn’t)

Place the metal in a solution of a less reactive metal ion

Draw a labelled diagram Write down any observations

underneath the diagram Try another combination

19/04/2319/04/23

Atoms and elements

A substance made of one type of atom is called an element

e.g. a piece of Aluminium (symbol Al) consists of only aluminium atoms bonded together and is called an element.

Brain Storming Activity Group your metals on your alphabet chart into groups

of your choice Eg metal properties, metal uses, alloys, pure elements etc These are some examples but you can group them any way

you want (remember you will have to justify your grouping) Now randomly (eyes closed) pick 2 words from the

alphabet list

Now combine these metals to make a new metal. Give your new metal a name List the physical properties of your new alloy Give some uses for your new metal

Metal Reactions

metal + oxygen metal oxide

aluminium + oxygen aluminium oxide

Metals and oxygen – general word reaction

Example : the word reaction for Aluminium reacting with oxygen is

metal + oxygen

Use the general reaction below to write both word equations then symbol equations for each of the metals reacting with oxygen

calcium

sodium

magnesium

+ oxygen sodium oxide

+ oxygen calcium oxide

+ oxygen magnesium oxide

metal oxide

4Na + O2 2Na2O

2Ca + O2 2CaO

2Mg + O2 2MgO

zinc

copper

iron

aluminium

+ oxygen zinc oxide

+ oxygen iron oxide

+ oxygen copper oxide

+ oxygen aluminium oxide

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

2Zn + O2 2ZnO

4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

2Cu + O2 2CuO

Metals and oxygen What is Rust?Rust only occurs with iron (Fe) metal.

Rusting is where iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form rust (also known as iron oxide Fe2O3)

To form rust iron, water and oxygen must be present.

Rust is always noticed by a reddish brown layer occurring on the surface of the iron.

What makes a metal a metal? What makes a metal a metal?

Answer the following in you book.

What metal can be bent in the passage?

What is another word for bendiness?

Bendiness is a ________ property of a metal

metal + oxygen

Use the general reaction below to write word equations for each of the metals reacting if they react with oxygen (if they don’t react write no reaction)

calcium

sodium

magnesium

zinc

copper

iron

aluminium

+ oxygen sodium oxide

+ oxygen calcium oxide

+ oxygen magnesium oxide

+ oxygen zinc oxide

+ oxygen iron oxide

+ oxygen copper oxide

+ oxygen aluminium oxide

metal oxide

Some metals react with water to form a m______ h___________and h_________ g___

Eg sodium + water Sodium hydoxide + hydrogen gas

Starter

Metal structure StarterMetal structure StarterMetals consist of p______ metal ions surrounded by n______ electrons.The attraction of the e_______ for thep_____ ions acts like a glue that holds metals atoms together

The general reaction for a metal reacting with water is:

metal + water metal hydroxide + hydrogen

First write the word equation for First write the word equation for each then balance the followingeach then balance the following

1. Li + H2O 2. Ca + H2O

2LiOH + H2

Ca(OH)2 + H2 2

2 2

Metal /Acid reactions Metal /Acid reactions

Most metals will react with dilute acids to give off hydrogen gas and form a salt.

The general formula for a metal acid reaction is

Magnesium + hydrochloric acid

Magnesium + chloride

hydrogen gas

Iron + hydrochloric acid

Iron (ll)Chloride +

hydrogen gas

Zinc + hydrochloric acid

Zinc Chloride +

hydrogen gas

Metal + acid Metal salt + hydrogen gas

Write word equations for these acid metal reactions

Give a balanced equation of an HCl / Mg reaction Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

Write a balanced equation for an sulfuric acid and Iron metal reaction

Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2

Give a balanced equation of an HCl /Zn reaction Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

The general reaction for a metal reacting with an acid is:

metal + acid metal salt + hydrogen

Experiment: metals and acidExperiment: metals and acid

Acid and metal

The reactivity of metals

Use your Year 10 text to complete the following.

Teacher Demonstration Teacher Demonstration

A small piece of sodium or lithium is placed in a tank of water

Record in your book what happens

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Complete the word equation for the reaction of sodium and waterComplete the word equation for the reaction of sodium and water

Sodium metal + water sodium hydroxide + _______ gashydrogen

What is the name of the test for hydrogen gas?What is the name of the test for hydrogen gas?

The pop test

Investigation: metals and acid

• Aim: to observe the reactions of metals with acid and sort out which react are more reactive.

The general reaction for a metal reacting with an acid is:

metal + acid metal salt + hydrogen

InstructionsInstructions1.1. Place small samples of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg in labelled test tubes in a Place small samples of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg in labelled test tubes in a

test tube racktest tube rack

2.2. If you see bubbling try to collect the gas and try to ignite it using the If you see bubbling try to collect the gas and try to ignite it using the pop testpop test

3.3. Record your results in the chart providedRecord your results in the chart provided

Remember the pop test

for hydrogen gas?

Point tube away from faces

Metal Metal symbolsymbol

Reaction in Reaction in acidacid

ReactivitReactivityy

FeFe

ZnZn

CuCu

MgMg

Draw this table in your Exercise book

Summary Summary

Most metals will react with dilute acids to give off hydrogen gas and form a salt.

The general formula for a metal acid reaction is

Magnesium + hydrochloric acid

Magnesium + chloride

hydrogen gas

Iron + hydrochloric acid

Iron Chloride +

hydrogen gas

Zinc + hydrochloric acid

Zinc Chloride +

hydrogen gas

Metal + acid Metal salt + hydrogen gas

Complete the word equations for the previous acid metal reactions

One has been done for you:

Summary – Metal Reactions

metal + oxygen metal oxide

aluminium + oxygen aluminium oxide

Metals and oxygen – general reaction

Example

metal hydroxide + hydrogenmetal + water

Summary – Metal ReactionsMetals and water

sodium hydroxide + hydrogenSodium + water

Example

metal salt + hydrogenmetal + acid

Summary – Metal ReactionsMetals and acid general reaction

+ hydrogenmagnesium +

Example

magnesium chloride

hydrochloric acid

Write out the following

From the folowing metal list answer the questions below

Li , Cu, Zn, Al, Mg , Fe, Pb

1. List the metals in order from most reactive to least reactive?

2. ____ is a metal that reacts with cold water

3. _______ is the metal that does not react with sulfuric acid.

4. ______ is the most reactive metal on the list

Li, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu

Li

Cu

Li

4. ______ is the metal that rusts Fe

Most reactive least reactive

Burning thingsBurning thingsWhen something is burned it reacts with oxygen. For example:

Magnesium + oxygen Magnesium oxide

Carbon + oxygen Carbon dioxide

Sulphur + oxygen Sulphur dioxide

The Fire Triangle

Fire

Fuel

Oxy

gen

Heat

FuelsFuelsA “fuel” is something that can be burned to release heat and light energy. The main examples are:

Coal, oil and gas are called “fossil fuels”. In other words, they were made from fossils.

Burning FuelsBurning FuelsLots of oxygen:

Some oxygen:

Little oxygen:

C

H

H

H

HO

O

OO

OH H

OH H

CO

O

Methane Oxygen+ Water+Carbon dioxide

Oxygen+

OO

OO

OO

Methane

C

H

H

H

H

C

H

H

H

H

Carbon monoxid

e

CO

CO

Water+

OH H

OH H

OH H

OH H

CC

H

H

H

H

Methane

OO

Oxygen+

OH H

OH H

Water+Carbon

Starter- write and completeStarter- write and complete

• When Fuels are combusted in an excess (lots) of oxygen they

have undergone c_______ c_______•  

• When fuels are combusted in a limited supply of oxygen (ie not

much) they are said to have undergone i________ c______

ombustion

omplete

ncomplete

ombustion

Formation of oil and gasFormation of oil and gas

1) Layers of dead sea _____ settle on the seabed.

2) Layers of __________ rock build up on top.

3) The heat and ________ from these rocks, along with the absence of ______, mean that oil and gas are formed over ______ of years.

Words – sedimentary, millions, oxygen, creatures, pressure

Metal properties in groups find Metal properties in groups find meanings for thesemeanings for these

Lustrous

Malleable

Ductile

Conductors

Sonorous

Metal propertiesMetal properties Why can metals be shaped or crushed

without breaking?

Because metals have a structure where the

atoms are packed close together in layers and

these layers are able to slide over each other

with out breaking

Relate the use of metals to their Physical Properties

metalmetal useuse Physical Physical property for useproperty for use

Copper

Mercury

Aluminum

Chromium

Plastic Properties and How to test for the property

Plastic propertyPlastic property How to test for How to test for propertyproperty

low density place in water to see place in water to see which floatswhich floats

Durable - Bend heaps or hit with Bend heaps or hit with hammer until it breakshammer until it breaks

Combustible Heat until it ignitesHeat until it ignites

Insoluble in water Place in water and look Place in water and look to see if it disslovesto see if it dissloves

What you need to know

Metal properties and usesMetal reactions with water, acid and oxygenKnow the reaction between Mg and HCl

How to work out the reactivity of a group of metals

FuelsKnow what fuels are solid , liquid and gases

Complete combustion reactionIncomplete combustion reaction

Methane combustion

Plastic propertiesAnd how to test for them

Testing for carbon dioxideTesting for carbon dioxide

Gas

Limewater turns milky/cloudy

Limewater

Burning HydrogenBurning Hydrogen

“POP”

Recall the test for hydrogen:

The reaction:

Hydrogen

OO

Oxygen+

OH H

OH H

Water

HH

HH

Notice that no carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide is produced!

Hydrocarbons and crude Hydrocarbons and crude oiloil

Longer chains

mean…

1. Less ability to

flow

2. Less flammable

3. Less volatile

4. Higher boiling

point

Incre

asin

g le

ng

th

Crude oil is a mixture of HYDROCARBONS (compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen). Some examples:

Ethane

C C

HH

H

HH

H

Butane

C C

HH H

HH

H C C H

H

HH

Fractional distillationFractional distillationCrude oil can be separated by fractional distillation. The oil is evaporated and the hydrocarbon chains of different lengths condense at different temperatures:

Fractions with low boiling

points condense at

the top

Fractions with high boiling

points condense at the bottom

Pollutants from burning Pollutants from burning fuelsfuels

C

O

O

C

O

Carbon dioxide is a _______ gas and helps cause global _______.

Carbon monoxide combines with ___________ in the _____ and reduces the ability for red blood cells to carry _______.

Words – haemoglobin, warming, oxygen, greenhouse, blood

Reaction of Metals with Water

Method React a small amount of Ca in ½ a test tube of waterCollect the gas using a boiling tubeTry to ignite it

Expt melting metalExpt melting metal

Place small piece of lead on a trayPlace small piece of lead on a tray Then heat it until it meltsThen heat it until it melts Then heat a piece of solder (a mixture of Then heat a piece of solder (a mixture of

lead and silver)lead and silver) Note which one melted firstNote which one melted first

What are paper clips made of?

Paper clips are made of an alloy We will find one of the metals in this alloy

Melting Metals Melting Metals

The ______ melted first and had a lower The ______ melted first and had a lower melting pointmelting point

The _______ melted and had the highest The _______ melted and had the highest melting pointmelting point

Solder is a mixture of lead and tin and is Solder is a mixture of lead and tin and is called an called an alloyalloy of lead of lead

Alloys Alloys

Alloys are a m________ of metals. Solder Alloys are a m________ of metals. Solder has different physical properties to lead.has different physical properties to lead.

Steel is also an alloy. Steel is a mixture of Steel is also an alloy. Steel is a mixture of iron and carbon iron and carbon

AlloysAlloys

Remember alloys are mixtures of metals and other Remember alloys are mixtures of metals and other substancessubstances

Important alloys areImportant alloys are Steel made of carbon and iron – used in many industries Steel made of carbon and iron – used in many industries

including car bodiesincluding car bodies Brass made of copper and zinc – used in plumbing fittingsBrass made of copper and zinc – used in plumbing fittings Solder made of tin and lead – used in electrical circuitsSolder made of tin and lead – used in electrical circuits

Alloys are made to change the physical property of Alloys are made to change the physical property of

the metal eg solder melts lower than lead or tinthe metal eg solder melts lower than lead or tin