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CASESCITED 201
A. v. United Kingdom, 27 Eur. H. R. Rep 611 (1999) (decided Sept. 23, 1998), 188-189
Adarand Contractors, Inc., v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995), 71n, 74n
Advance Music Corp. v. American Tobacco Co., 296 N.Y. 79, 70 N.E.2d 401 (1946), 115
Alcock v. ChiefConstable ofthe So. Yorks. Police, [1992] 1 A.C. 310 (1991), 120n, 121n
Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., 328 U.S. 680 (1946), 19n
Anns v. Merton London Borough Council, [1978] A.c. 728 (19771 123-124, 126
Appalachian Power Co. v. Am. lost. of Certified Public Accountants, 177 F.Supp. 345 (S.D.N.Y. 1959), 116
Associated Press v. NLRB, 301 U.S. 103 (1937), 12n
BMW ofNo. Amer. Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996), 58n
Barr v. Matteo, 360 U.S. 564 (1959), 33-34n
Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), 164
Battaglia v. General Motors Corp., 169 F.2d 254, 19-20n
Benmax v. Austin Motor Co., [1955] A.C. 370,181-182
Bily v. Arthur Young & Co., 3 Cal. 4th 370, 11 Cal. Rptr. 2d 51 (1992), 119n
Blumenthai v. Picture Classics, 235 App. Div. 570,257 N.Y.S. 800 (1935), 113n
Bovsun v. Sanperi, 61 N.Y.2d 219, 473 N.Y.S.2d 357 (1984), 120n
Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886), 198n
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969),33n
Briscoe v. Reader's Digest Ass'n, 4 Cal.3d 529, 93 Cal. Rptr. 866 (1971), 114
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), 46n, 195n
Browning-Ferris Industries ofVt., Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 492 U.S. 257 (1989), 58
Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1 (1976),28n
Burmah Oil Corp. v. Lord Advocate, [1965] A.C. 75, [1965] 2 W.L.R. 1231. 2 All E.R. 348 (Sc. 1964), 19-20n
Caparo Industries PLC v. Dickman, [1990] 2 A.C. 605, 118
Chandler v. Director ofPub. Prosecutions, [1964] A.C. 763 (1962),98n
Cie. Air France v. Teichner (1984), 39 REV. FRAN<;AISE DE DROIT ARIEN 232 (1985), 23 EUROP. TRANSP. L. 87 (1988), [1984] 1 S&B Av. Rep. VIII141, 52
Cities Service Co. v. State, 312 So.2d 799 (Fla. App. 1975), 175
City ofLa Crosse v. Schubert, Schroeder & Assocs., 72 Wis.2d 38,240 N.W.2d 124 (1976), 126n
City ofRichmond v. J. A. Croson
202 CASESCITED
Co., 488 V.S. 469 (1989), 71n Commonwealth v. Leis, 355 Mass.
189,243 N.E.2d 898 (1969), 112n
Commonwealth v. Soares, 377 Mass. 461, 387 N.E.2d 499 (1979), 164n
Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 V.S. 532 (1994), 78n, 120n
Costello-Roberts v. the Vnited Kingdom, 19 Eur. H. R. Rep. 112 (1995)(Mar. 25, 1993), 189n
Cox Broadeasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 V.S. 469 (1975), 114
Dandridge v. Williams, 397 V.S. 471 (1970),59-60
Derry v. Peek, 14 App. Cas. 337 (1889), 117n
Diamond v. General Motors Corp., 20 Cal. App.3d 374, 97 Cal. Rptr 639 (1971), 67n
Dillon v. Legg, 68 Cal.2d 728, 69 Cal. Rptr. 72 (1968), 120
Doundoulakis v. Town of Hempstead, 42 NY.2d 440, 398 N.Y.S.2d 401 (1977), 175-176
Duke of Queensbury v. Shebbeare, 28 Eng. Rep. 924 (Ch. 1758), 109
Dziokonski v. Babineau, 375 Mass. 555, 380N.E.2d 1295 (1978), 120n
East River S.S. Corp. v. Trans-Ameriean DeLaval, Ine., 476 V.S. 858 (1986), 127
Eastern Airlines v. Floyd, 499 V.S. 530 (1991),51-52
EIden v. She1don, 46 Ca1.3d 267, 250 Cal. Rptr. 254 (1988), 77n, 121n
Entiek v. Carrington, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (K.B. 1765), 198n
Esso Petroleum Co. v. Southport Corp., 1956 A.C. 218, 81n
Ex parte Pinoehet V garte, [1998] 3 W.L.R. 1456 (H.L.), 189-191
First Nat'l Bk v. Belloti, 435 V.S. 765 (1978), 28n
The Florida Star v. B. J. F., 491 V.S. 524 (1989), 77n, 113
Fowler v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 343 F.2d 150 (5th Cir. 1965), IBn
Fullilove v. Klutznik, 448 V.S. 448 (1980),71n
Furman v. Georgia, 408 V.S. 238 (1972),21-22,58n
Galella v. Onassis, 487 F.2d 986 (2d Cir. 1973), 77n, 112
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Ine., 418 V.S.323 (1974134n, 77n
Georgia v. MeCollum, 505 V.S. 42 (1992), 164
Gill v. Hearst Pub. Co., 40 Cal.2d 224,253 P.2d 441 (1953), 112
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 V.S. 153 (1976),22-23,58n, 59n, 179n
Griswold v. Conneetieut, 381 V.S. 479 (1965), I11n
Grosjean v. Ameriean Press Co., 297 V.S. 233 (1936), 12n
Hambrook v. Stokes Bros., [1925] 1 K.B. 141 (C.A.), 120n
Hamburger v. Eastman, 106 N.H. 107,206 A.2d 239 (1964), IBn
Hammond v. Bristow Helieopters,
CASESCITED 203
Ltd., [1999], [1999] Scot. Law Times 919 (Ct. Sess. 1998), 52n
Harrison v. Wisdom, 54 Tenn. (7 Heisk.) 99 (1872), 97
Heckler v. Day, 467 U.S. 104 (1984), 154
Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 32 N.J. 358, 161 A2d 69 (1960), 130n
Horrocks v. Lowe, [1975] AC. 135 (1974),77n
Hudson v. Peavey Oil Co., 279 Or. 3,566 P.2d 175 (1977), 175
Hurd v. Hodge, 334 U.S. 24 (1948),57n
In re AC., 573 A.2d 1235 (D.C. Ct. App. 1990), 79n
In re Kinsman Transit Co., 388 F.2d 821 (2d Cir. 1968), 126n
Jewell Ridge Corp. v. Local No. 617,325 U.S. 161 (1945), 19n
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968), 57n
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson, 344 U.S. 495 (1952), 114n
Junior Books Ltd. v. Veitchi, Co. Ltd., [1983] 1 AC. 520 (1982) (Sc.), 125
Kotsambasis v. Singapore Airlines, Ltd., 42 N.S.W. Rep. 110 (C.A 1997),52n
Lewis v. United States, 146 U.S. 370 (1892), 166n
Loe v. Lenhardt, 227 Or. 242, 362 P .2d 3 12 (1961), 173
Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967),46n
Luthringer v. Moore, 3 1 Cal.2d 489,190 P.2d 1 (1948), 173
Mabee v. Wbite Plains Pub. Co., 327U.S.178(1946),12n
Marc Rich & Co. v. Bishop Rock Marine Co., [1996] 1 AC. 211 (1995), 118
McLeod v. U. K., 27 Eur. H. R. Rep. 493 (1999) (decided Sept. 23, 1998), [1994] 4 All E.R. 553 (C.A.),183-186
McLoughlin v. O'Brian, [1983] AC. 410 (1982), 120n, 125-126, 131
Melvin v. Reid, 112 Cal. App. 285, 297P.91 (1931), 113-114
Miller v. Califomia, 413 U.S. 15 (1973),34n
Mitchell v. Rochester Ry., 151 N.Y. 107,45 N.E. 354 (1896), 120n
Mitchell v. United States, 34 U.S. (9 Pet.) 711 (1835), 147
Mouse's Case, 12 Co. 63, 77 Eng. Rep. 1341 (K. B. 1609), 81n
Murphy v. Brentwood District Council, [1991] 1 AC. 398 (1990), 126
Naim v. Naim, 350 U.S. 985 (1956),46n
Neil v. State, 433 So.2d 51 (Fla. App. 1983), rev'd, 457 So.2d 481 (Fla. 1984), 163n
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964), 34n, 77n
New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U .S. 713 (1971), 197n
Oksenholt v. Lederle Labs., 294 Or. 213, 656 P.2d 293 (1982), 126n
204 CASESCITED
Page v. Smith [1996] AC. 153 (1995), 78n, 121n
People v. Aguiar, 257 Cal. App.2d 597,65 Cal. Rptr. 171 (1968), 112n
People v. Brown, 70 Mise.2d 224, 333 N.Y.S.2d 342 (1972), 97n
People v. Fries, 42 Il1.2d 446,250 N.E.2d 149 (1969), Il1n
Ploofv. Putnam 81 Vt. 471, 71 Atl. 188 (1908), 81n
Pollard v. Photographie Co., 40 Ch. Div. 345, 109
Prinee Albert v. Strange, 41 Eng. Rep. 1171 (Ch. 1849), 109
The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens, 14 Q.B.D. 273 (1884),93-95
Ravin v. State, 537 P.2d 494 (Alaska 1975), 112n
Riggs v. Palmer, 115 N.Y. 506,22 N.E. 188 (1889), BOn
River Wear Comm'rs v. Adamson, [1877] 2 AC. 743, 84n
Roberson v. Roehester Folding Box Co., 171 N.Y. 538,64 N.E. 442 (1902), 110-111
Roe v. Wade, 410 V.S. 113 (1973), I11n
Rosenblum v. Adler, 93 NJ. 324, 461 A2d 138 (1983), 118n
Rubio v. Superior Court, 24 Cal.3d 93, 154 Cal. Rptr. 734 (1979), 164
Rylands v. Fleteher, L.R. 3 E. & I. App. 330 (1868), 173
Santor v. Karagheusian, Ine., 44 N.J. 52,207 A2d 305 (1965), 126
Sesse v. Bethlehem Steel Co., 168 F.2d 58 (1948), 19-20n
Spring Motors Distribs. v. Ford Motor Co., 98 N.J. 555,489 A2d 660 (1985), 126
Sidhu v. British Airways PLC, [1997] AC. 430 (1996), 52n
Sidis v. F-R Pub. Co., 113 F.2d 806 (2d Cir. 1940), 77n
Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277 (1983), 177-178
Southport Corp. v. Esso Petroleum Co., [1953] 2 All E.R 1204 (Q.B.),82
Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557 (1969),34n
State v. Kantner, 53 Haw. 327, 493 P.2d 306 (1972), 112n
TVA v. Hili, 437 V.S. 153 (1978), 136n
Taxman v. Piseataway Sehool Distriet, 91 F.3d 1547 (3d Cir. 1996),73
Tennessee Coal, Iron & RR Co. v. Museoda Loeal No. 123,321 V.S. 590 (1944), 19-20n
Thing v. La Chusa, 48 Cal.3d 644, 257 Cal. Rptr. 865 (1989), 77n, 121n
Trop v. Dulles, 356 V.S. 86 (1958), 58n,59n
Union Oil Corp. v. Oppen, 501 F.2d 558 (9th Cir. 1974), 126n
United States v. Brown, 381 V.S. 437 (1965), 57n
United States v. Holmes, 26 Fed. Cas. 360 (E.D.Pa. 1842) (No. 15,383),93-95
United States v. Roeder, 526 F.2d
CASESCITED
736 (10th Cir. 1975), 12n Vnited States v. Smith, 499 V.S.
160 (1991),52-54 Victorian Ry. Comm'rs v. Coultas,
13 App. Cas. 222 (1888) (P.c.), 220n
Vincent v. Lake Erie Trans. Co., 109 Minn. 456, 124 N.W. 221 (1910),84-85
Wesbury v. Sanders, 376 V.S. 1 (1964),28n
White v. ChiefConstable ofthe South Wilshire Police, [1999] 1 All E.R. 1 (1998), 78n, 121 n
White v. Jones, [1994] 2 A.c. 207, 118
Yommer v. McKenzie, 255 Md. 220,257 A.2d 138 (1969), 175
205
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university), 10-11 Advanced Music Corp. v. American
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argument, as constrained by ideal audience, 26-40; see also legal argument
Aristotle,48, 76,138,153,165 Associated Press v. NRLB, 12n audience, 1-4; of judicial decisions,
21-25; see also ideal audience Aune, Bruce, 1 n Austin, John, 47n, 168 authority: coordinate and
INDEX 213
hierarchical 64-68; and discretion, 155-159, 163-164
autonomy, 31-32, 65-66, 149-150
-B-BMW 0/ No. Amer., Inc. v. Gore,
58n Bacon, Francis, 94 Barr v. Mateo, 34n Baldwin, Henry, 94-95 Barrows, Nathaniel, 99n Batson v. Kentucky, 164 Baudenbacher, Carl, 59n Benmax v. Austin Motor Co., 181-
182 Benvenisti, Eyal, 102n Bickel, Alexander, 46n, 140 Blackstone, William, 166n Bohlen, Francis, 83-84n Brandeis, Louis, 108 Brandenburg v. Ohio, 33 Brennan, William J., Jr., 22-23, 60,
116 Brewster, Kingman, 10 Bridge, Nigel Cyprian (Lord Bridge
ofHarwich), 125 Brilmayer, Lea, 177n Briscoe v. Reader 's Digest Ass 'n,
114 Brown v. Board 0/ Education., 46n,
195n British Sovereign Immunity Act,
190-91 Browning-Ferris Industries 0/ Vt.,
Inc. v. Kelco Disposal, Inc., 58 Buckley v. Valeo,28n Burger, Warren, 177 Burke, Edmund, 159
214
-c-Caesarian sections, court ordered,
79 Caims, Hugh McCalmont (Lord
Caims),173 campaign finance regulation, 28-31 Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms, Part I, §§ 1-2 (personal freedoms and limits thereon),197
Caparo Industries PLC v. Dickman, 118
Carrington, Paul D., 56n Carter, James C., 168 Chandler v. Dir. of Public
Prosecutions, 98n Cie Air France v. Teichner, 52 Cities Service Co. v. State, 175 City of Richmond v. JA. Croson
Co., 71n Coleman, Jules, 83-84n, 87 Coleridge, John Duke (Lord
Coleridge),95 collective good, see publie good Columbia University, 170 common good, see public good conflict of goods (the hard case),
76-79,132-133,143-151 consisteney, 8-12, 45-48; global
and loeal, 146-149; semantic, 11-13
Constitution of Michigan, Art. 4, § 29 (private laws), 47n
Constitution of North Carolina, Art. 11, § 24 (private laws), 47n
Constitution, V.S., Article I, Section 9, "Bills of Attainder," 57; see also First Amendment; Fourth Amendment; Eight
INDEX
Amendment; Fourteenth Amendment
constitutional interpretation, 57-61 constitutional rights, see
Constitution, U.S.; rights Convention Against Torture and
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 101
Costa, Michael, 92n Costello-Roberts v. the United
Kingdom, 189n Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, 103 Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn,
114 Cranston, Alan, 12n criminal defendants, rights of, 42,
57 Critical Legal Studies, 148 Critical Theory, 4-5, 27-28 eruel and unusual punishment, 57,
177 -D
Dabin, Jean, 76 DamaSka, Mirjan, 50n, 62-68, 180 Dandridge v. Williams, 59-60 death penalty, 21-23 decisions, judges': American
Realist view of, 13-14; and legal norms, 14-21; overriding of by legislation, 19, 162; predictions of, 16-17; as predictions, 18-25; policy and principle in, 170-171
Declaration of Independence, 8-9 defamation, 77,112, 181n; of
public figures, 33-34 democracy, 30-32, 35-36, 40
Democracy and Disagreement (Gutman & Thompson), 36-39
Devlin, Patrick Arthur (Lord Devlin),82
Diamond v. General Motors Corp., 67n
Dillon v. Legg, 120 direct democracy, 29-30 discretion, 64-65; and
accountability, 158-163; judicial, 130, 155-156, 159-160,170-183,186-187; legislative, 160-162; nature of, 154-160; in peremptory challenges, 163-166; primary and secondary (Rosenberg), 154-156; procedural, 46-47n, 140-141; strong and weak (Dworkin), 156-158; see also judicial discretion; outcomes
Doundoulakis v. Town of Hempstead, 175-176
due process, 58n, 198 Duke of Queensbury v. Shebbeare,
109 Dunne, Finley Peter, 20n Dworkin, Ronald, 18, 76n, 154; on
discretion, 156-158; on the interpretive attitude, 133-135; on law as integrity, 135-137; on legal principles, 130-133, 138, 142; on negligent misrepresentation, 118
-E-East River s.s. Corp. v. Trans
American DeLeval, Inc., 127 Eastern Airlines v. Floyd, 51-52 Edmund-Davies, Herbert Edmund
INDEX 215
(Lord Edmund-Davies), 125-126
Eighth Amendment: "cruel and unusual punishment," 57, 177; "excessive fines" as limit on damages,58
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 12 Enker, Arnold, 102n elitism, 30, 32, 34, 36, 75 Ely, John Hart, 177n equality, 8; of access, 9-11, 27-36;
of opportunity, 69-70; under the law, 142, 145
Esso Petroleum Corp. v. Southport Corp., 81n
European Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 103, 111n, 185-186, 188-189, 196-197
European Court of Human Rights, 185-189, 195-196
ex parte Pinochet Ugarte, 189-192 excessive fines, 58 Executive Orders 10925 & 11246
(affirmative action), 70n
-Ffactor analysis, 171-179 Fair Labor Standards Act, 12n, 19-
20n Fairman, CharIes, 57 Federal Tort Claims Act, 53-54,
183n Feeley, Maleolm, 67n Feinberg, Joel, 84n, 87n Finnis, John, 144 First Amendment: freedom ofthe
press, 11-12; freedom of
216
speech,27-40, 116; see also Free Speech
First Nat 'I Bk v. Belloti, 28n Fischer, Louis, 67n Fiss, Owen, 30-32, 34-35 Fleteher, George, 86-87, 101 n,
106n, 183 Florida Star v. B.J.F., 77n, 113 Foot, Philippa, 89-92, 102 forseeability, 117-128, 138 Fourteenth Amendment, 28, 36, 60 Fourth Amendment, 198 Fowler v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel.
Co., 113n Frank, Jerome, 14 free speech: equal access, 27-36;
Habermas' ideal speech situation, 27; regulation of content, 30-40
freedom of the press, 12 freedom of speech, 27-41, 116,
197-198 Freeland, Sir John, 186 French Penal Code (nouveau code
penal): rt. 122-5 (necessity), 106; Art. 122-7 (self-defense), 83, 100
fugitive slave laws, 46-47 Fuller, Lon, 45-46 Fullilove v. Klutznik, 71 n Furman v. Georgia, 21-23, 58n
-G-Galella v. Onassis, 77n, 112 general and the partiell lar, 146-
150; desire for in law, 138-142; in tort law, 108-128; see also natural law, positional objectivity
INDEX
Geny, Franyois, 13n, 170-171n Georgia v. McCollum, 164 German Civil Code (AGB-Gesetz),
§ 228 and § 904 (necessity), 82-83, 86-87
German Constitution, 59, 60n, 194n
German Penal Code (Strajgeseztbuch): Art. 32 (self-defense), 105; Art. 34 (lesser-evil), 100, 105; Art. 35 (necessity), 106
Gert, Bernard, 92n Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 34n,
77n Geuss, Raymond, 27n Golden Goose (Brothers Grimm),
88n Golding, Martin, 38n good, 143 -151; conflict of goods
(the hard case), 76-78, 132, 143-151; see also public good
Goodhart, Arthur, 1 81 n Gray, John Clinton (Judge), 110 Gray, Oscar, 83n Greek Constitution, 60n, 194n Gregg v. Georgia, 21-23, 58n, 59n,
178n Greenawalt, Kel1t, 10611, 13 In Griswold v. Connecticut, 111 Grosjean v. American Press Co.,
12n Grotius, Hugo, 94 Gutman, Amy, 36-39, 74
-H-Habermas, Jurgen, 23n, 27, 38, 193 Hägersträm, Axel, 14 Hallborg, Robert, Jr., 9211
Hamburger v. Eastman, 113 Hammond v. Bristow Helicopter,
Ltd,52n Hand, Learned, 170 Harris, John, 92n Harrison v. Wisdom, 97 Hart, Gary, 12n Hart, H.L.A., 13, 17-19,23-25,48,
129-130 Harvard University, I1n Heckler v. Day, 154 Hermstein Smith, Barbara, 5n Higgenbotham, Leon, 75 Hobbes, Thomas, 40n Hoffmann, Leonard Hubert (Lord
Hoffmann), 191 Holmes, Oliver WendelI, Jr., 168n,
171 Horrocks v. Lowe, 77n House ofCommons, U.K., 33 human nature, 1,6-9, 76, 163 human rights, 9,101-103,183-192,
196-198 Hume, David, 6-8 Hurd v. Hodge, 57n
-1-ideal audience: and concept ofthe
state, 63-68; cultural differences in conception of, 49, 55-57, 59-61; demand for consistency, 46-48; as future audience,23; andjudges,20-25, 44-48; nature of, 4-5, 194; and the public good, 68-77, 108-109, 194-195; as source of social progress, 7-11; and style of legal argument, 41-48
In re A.C., 79n
INDEX
incitement to violence, 34 innocence,78
217
interest balancing, 171-179 International Convention Against
Torture, 101-102,191, 193 interpretation: and concept of state,
49-50, 55-56; constitutional, 57 -61; Dworkin' s theory of, 133-136; and stylistic differences, 187; statutory, civil and common law, 51-61, 148; oftreaties, 51-52
invasion of privacy, 77, 109-115 Iwo Jima, 98
-JJefferson, Thomas, 8-9 Jewell Ridge Corp. v. Local No.
617, 19n Jhering, Rudolf von, 13n, 168 Jones v. Alfred H Mayer Co., 57n judges: decisions, 16-25, 171;
decisions contrary to law, 44-46; discretion, 130, 156-157, 161-164,171-186,188-189; the "dishonest judge," 12, 44; expectations of, 42, 162; and the ideal audience, 20-25, 43-47; as predictors, 18-25; role of, 130, 133, 136; see also decisions, judges'; judicial discretion
Judicature Acts, 181-182, 185 jlldicial discretion, 130; abllse of,
155-158,163; appellate review, 154-157, 163-164; in civil law, 182-183; in common law, 181-182; constraints on, 161-162; and interest
218
balancing, 171-179 judicial review, see appellate
review Juenger, Friedrich, 177n Junior Books Ltd. v. Veitchi, Co.
Ltd., 125 justice, 11,37,48,68-70,76-77 justice, distributive, 69-70 justification and excuse, 105-106
-KKaiman, Laura, 13n, 170n Kamm, F.M., 92n Kant, Immanuel, 107n Keeton, Robert, 83n Kelsen, Hans, 15-16 Kotsambasis v. Singapore Airlines,
Ltd., 52n Kötz, Hein, 50n knowledge,4-5
-LLa V 0, earl, 99n law: as fact, 14-17; nature of, 14-
15, 68, 139; and the public good, 68; as social science, 13-16, 169-171; rule of, 41, 48, 64; universal limits on, 47-48, 68
Law as a Means 10 an End (Der Zweck im Recht) (von Jhering), 168
legal argument: and concept of the state, 67; cOl1strained by ideal audience, 40-48; and the internationalization of law, 196-199; and style, 183-192; universal features of, 41-42, 47-48
INDEX
legal norms, 15-21 legal principle, 129-133, 138-142;
and policy, 131; in tort law, 108-109, 127-128; see also general and the particular
Legal Realism: American, 13-16, 170-171; Scandinavian, 14-16
legislation: as compromise (American), 55-56; overriding judicial decision, 19, 162
legislative discretion, 159-162 legislature, 55-56; cultural
differences in conception of, 50-51, 55-56
lesser-evil defense, 95-104 Liability Reform Act, 53 liberty, 8-9,28-29,69-70, 116 Llewellyn, Karl, 43, 170-172 Lloyd, Anthony John Leslie (Lord
Lloyd of Barwick), 190 local rationality, 55 Loe v. Lenhardt, 1 73 logical legalism, 62 Loving v. Virginia, 4611 Luthringer v. Moore, 173 Iying, 3-4, 40
-M-Mare Rich & Co. v. Bishop Rock
Marine Co., 118 Markesinis, Basil, 111 n Marshall, Thurgood, 22-23, 60 McLeod v. United Kingdom, 183-
186 McLoughlin v. 0 'Brian, 12011,
125-126,131 Mead, George Herbert, 2-4 Meikeljohn, Alexander, 35 Melvin v. Reid, 113-114
Michelman, Frank, 60n Miller v. California, 34n Miller, Nathan, 98n minorities, see racial minorities Model Penal Code §3.01-2 (choice
ofevils), 95-100,102-105 Montesquieu (Charles Louis de
Secondat), 181 n moral facts, 132-133 Murphy v. Brentwood Dist.
Council, 126
-NNaim v. Naim, 46n National Labor Relations Act, 12n naturallaw, 15, 143-144 Natural Law and Natural Rights
(Finnis), 143-144 necessity: consumption of property
of others, 85-89; destroying property to save life, 81-85; destroying property to save property, 86-87; private, 78-80; public, 97-98; and the public good,76-80, 86,92,97-98, 106-107; sacrificing life to save life of greater number, 89-107; see also public officials
negligence, 117-128, 137-138 negligent infliction of emotional
distress, 119-121 negligent misrepresentation, 117-
119 Neill, Brian, 185 New Deal, 66-67 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,
34n,77n New York Times Co. v. United
States, 197n
INDEX 219
Nichols, Donald James (Lord Nichols of Birkinhead), 190
nonfeasance and misfeasance, 90 nuisance, 176
-0-Oakeshott, Michael, 68 obscenity, 34 Olbrechts-Tyteca, Lucie, In Oliphant, Herman, 170 01 ivercrona, Karl, 14-15 On Law and Justice (Ross), 13-18 Otsuka, Michael, 92n outcomes, control of: common
law, 180-182; common and civil law, 182-186
-pPackwood, Robert, 12n Parker, Alton Brooks, 110-111 People v. Brown, 97 People v. Fries, 111 Perelman, Chalm, I, 2n, 4, 9, 20,
193 peremptory challenges, 163-166 Ploo/v. Putnam, 81n policy, see legal principle Pollard v. Photographie Co., 109 Political Liberalism (Rawls), 28-
29,36,69 Popkin, William, 56n popular culture, 29-32, 34-35 pornography, 31-32; see also
obscenity Portal to Portal Act, 19n position al objectivity,139-141 Pound,Roscoe, 130n, 168, 172 Powell, Lewis, Jr., 177 Powers, Mary Ellen, 164n
220
Pratt, J. Walter, Illn precedent, 147-149 predictive theory of law, 13-25 press, freedom of, 12 prima facie tort, 115-116 principle, see legal principle Prince Albert v. Strange, 109 privacy, right of, 109-115; in Great
Britain, 111; see also invasion ofprivacy
private laws, 47 private necessity, 78-80; see also
necessity progress, see social progress Progressive Movement, 169-170 Prosser, William, 83n, I 12n, 171 public debate: access to, 27-40;
reciprocity, 36-38; regulation of, 26-40; and religious belief, 36-39; see also equality; free speech
public good: and discretion, 152, 176-179; individual and social, 66-75; and necessity, 76-80, 86,92,98-100,106-107; in private litigation, 77-79; sacrifice of individual goods, 76-80,81-107
public necessity, 97- I 00 public officials: authority to
sacrifice life, 97- 100; discretion of, 159- I 60; immunity in defamation, 33-34
Puchta, Georg Friedrich, 168 Pufendorf, Samuel von, 94 pure economic loss, 123-127
-Q-Queen v. Dudley and Stephens. 93-
INDEX
95 -R
Radcliffe College, 11n racial minorities: access to public
debate, 31-32; affirmative action, 70-75,145; antimiscegenation laws, 46, 140; and peremptory challenges, 163-166; school desegregation, 46
Rakes, Paul, 100n Rakowski, Erick, 92n rationality, 8-9, 12; global and
local, 55, 146 Ravin v. State, I 12n Rawls, John, 75; on equal access to
public debate, 28-29, 34-35; on reciprocity in public debate, 36-40, 149; on equal opportunity, 69-70; and Dworkin, 142n
Raz,Joseph,55, 146, 162n reapportionment, political, 28n reciprocity,37-39 Reese, Willis, 177n regulation: economic, 169-170; of
speech, 28-40 religious belief, 36-40 representation, 28-29; in
affirmative action, 74-75 republicanism, 29-30, 35-36 Restatement (Second) of Conflicts,
factor analysis in, 177, 179 Restatement ofTorts: on necessity,
8 I, 83-84, 88-89; on nuisance, 176; on ultrahazardous activities, 173-174
Restatement ofTorts (Second): on abnormally dangerous
activities, 173-178; on necessity, 81, 83-84, 88-89; on negligent misrepresentation, 119; on nuisance, 176
Restatement of Torts (Third), on pure economic loss, 127
rhetoric, 8-13 Rhoden, Nancy, 79n ridicule, 8, 44 rights: of civillitigants, 41-42; of
criminal defendants, 42,57 rights, human, 7-11, 101-103, 183-
192 right of privacy, see privacy, right
of River Wear Comm 'rs v. Adamson,
84n Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box
Co., 110-111 Roe v. Wade, 111 Roosevelt, Theodore, 170 Rosenberg, Maurice, 154-156, 163 Roskill, Eustace Wentworth (Lord
Roskill), 125 Ross, Alf, 13-21 Rubenfeld, Jed, 71 n Rubin, Edwin L., 67n Rubio v. Superior Court, 164 rule oflaw, 41, 47-48 Rylands v. Fleteher, 173
-8-Salzburg, Stephen, 164n Sandei, Michael, 32 Santor v. A. & M Karagheusian,
126 Savigny, Georg Friedrich von, 167 Scarman, Leslie George (Lord
Scarman), 125-126, 131
INDEX 221
school desegregation, 46, 195 self-defense, 80, 82, 102n, 103-
105, 140 Sen, Amartya, 139-140 Sidis v. F-R Pub. Co., 77n Skrentny, John D., 70n slavery, 8-10; fugitive slave laws,
45-46 Slynn, Gordon (Lord Slynn of
Hadley), 190 social progress: as function of
rhetoric, 8-12; Hume's theory of, 6-7; Progressivism, 169-170; see also consistency, ridicule
social engineering, 72 socialization, 2-3, 14-15 Solem v. Helm, 177-178 Souter, David, 74n Southport Corp. v. Esso Petroleum
Co., 82 speech, 1-4,27-40; see also free
speech, First Amendment Squalus, VSS, 99n Stanley v. Georgia, 34n state: effect of concept of on
concept ofpublic good, 65-75; form of (coordinate and hierarchical authority), 64-68; purpose of (active and reactive), 65-67
statutory interpretation, 50-61, 147 Sterne, Laurence, 12n Stevens, John Paut, 54 Steyn, Johan (Lord Steyn), 191 subsidiarity, 180, 195 Summers, Robert S., 19n Sunstein, Cass, 29-30, 34-35, 75 Supreme Court, V.S., 28, 46; role
222
of dissenting opinions of, 21-23; statutory interpretation by, 51-54
Swiss Civil Code, Article I (interpretive role ofthe court), 58-59
-T-Taxman v. Piseataway Sehool
Distriet, 73 Taylor, Charles, 1, 2n Teichman, Jenny, 5n Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co. v.
Muscoda Loeal No. 123, 19-20n
Thomas, Clarence, 75 Thompson, Dennis, 36-39, 74n Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 87n, 89-
92,100,102-103,106 Thucydides, 23 tort law: defamation, 33-34, 77,
112, 181n; "due process" limits on damages, 58n; Eighth Amendment limits on damages, 58; forseeability, 117-128, 138; general and particular in, 108-128; invasion ofprivacy, 78,109-115; nature of, 108-109; negligence, 117-128; negligent infliction of emotional distress, 119-121; negligent m isrepresentation, 117-119, 122, 123; nuisance, 176; prima facie tort, 115-116; pure economic loss, 122-128; and speech rights, 77-78, 1 14-116; uItrahazardous activity (abnormally dangerous activity), 173-176, 178;
INDEX
wrongful death, 96; see also necessity
torture, 42, 101-102, 190-192, 193 treaties, interpretation of, 51-52 Treatise ofHuman Nature (Hume),
6-7 Tristarn Shandy (Sterne), 12 "Trolley Problem," 89-107 Trop v. Dulles, 58n, 59n truth, 3-4, 12,40 TVA v. Hill, 136n Twining, William, 170n
-uuItrahazardous activity, 173-176 United States Constitution, see
Constitution, U.S. and specific Amendments
United States v. Brown, 57n United States v. Holmes, 93-95 United States v. Roeder, 12n United States v. Smith, 52-54 universal audience, see ideal
audience
-v-Van Alstyne, William, 35n Vassar College, 10 Vincent v. Lake Erie
Transportation Co., 84-85
-wWarren, Earl, 58n, 152 Warren, Samuel, 109 Warsaw Convention of 1929, Art.
51-52 Wechsler, Herbert, 46n Weinberg, Gerhard L., 98n welfare, right to, 59-61, 194
Wesbury v. Sanders, 28n Westen, Peter, 154 White v. Jones, 118 White, W.L., 99n Wilberforce, Richard Orme (Lord
Wilberforce), 124 Williams, Bernard, 3-4 Williams, Glanville, 108n wornen: access to public debate,
31-32; autonorny of, 149; and college admissions, 10-11
-y-Yale University, 10-11, 171 Yale Alumni Magazine, 10 Yommer v. McKenzie, 175
-zZweigert, Konrad, 50n
INDEX 223
Law and Philosophy Library
1. E. Bulygin, J.-L. Gardies and I. Niiniluoto (eds.): Man, Law anti Modern Forms of Life. With an Introduction by M.n. Bayles. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1869-5
2. W. Sadurski: Giving Desert Its Due. Social Justice and Legal Theory. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1941-1
3. N. MacCormick and O. Weinberger: An Institutional Theory ofLaw. New Approaches to Legal Positivism.1986 ISBN 90-277-2079-7
4. A. Aarnio: The Rational as Reasonable. A Treatise on Legal Justification. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2276-5
5. M.n. Bayles: Principles ofLaw. A Normative Analysis. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2412-1; Pb: 90-277-2413-X
6. A. Soeteman: Logic in Law. Remarks on Logic and Rationality in Normative Reasoning, Especially in Law. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0042-4
7. C.T. Sistare: Responsibility anti Criminal Liability. 1989
8. A. Peczenik: On Law anti Reason. 1989
9. W. Sadurski: Moral Pluralism anti Legal Neutrality. 1990
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13. P. Nerhot (ed.): Legal Knowledge anti Analogy. Fragments of Legal Epistemology, Hermen-eutics and Linguistics. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1065-9
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15. J. Wr6blewski: The Judicial Application of Law. Edited by Z. Baßkowski and N. MacCormick. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1569-3
16. T. Wilhelmsson: Critical Studies in Private Law. A Treatise on Need-Rational Principles in Modern Law. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1659-2
17. M.n. Bayles: Hart's Legal Philosophy. An Exarnination. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1981-8
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19. J. Schonsheck: On Criminalization. An Essay in the Philosophy of the Criminal Law. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2663-6
20. R.P. Malloy and J. Evensky (eds.): Adam Smith anti the Philosophy of Law anti Economics. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2796-9
21. Z. Baßkowski, I. White and U. Halm (eds.): Informatics anti the Foundations of Legal Reas-oning.1995 ISBN 0-7923-3455-8
22.
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24.
25.
26.
27.
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30.
31.
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Law and Philosophy Library
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B. Anderson: "Discovery" in Legal Decision-Making. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3981-9
S. Urbina: Reason, Democracy, Society. A Study on the Basis of Legal Thinking. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4262-3
E. Attwooll: The Tapestry ofthe Law. Scodand, Legal Culture and Legal Theory. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4310-7
J.C. Hage: Reasoning with Rules. An Essay on Legal Reasoning and Its Underlying Logic. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4325-5
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H. Prakken: Logical Tools for Modelling Legal Argument. A Study of Defeasible Reasoning in Law. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4776-5
T. May: Autonomy, Authority and Moral Responsibility. 1998
M. Atienza and J .R. Manero: A Theory of Legal Sentences . 1998
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J.J. Moreso: Legal Indeterminacy and Constitutional Interpretation. 1998 ISBN 0-7923-5156-8
W. Sadurski: Freedom ofSpeech and Its Limits. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5523-7
J. Wolenski (ed.): Kazimierz Opalek Selected Papers in Legal Philosophy. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5732-9
H.P. Visser 't Hooft: lustice to Future Generations and the Environment. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5756-6
L.J. Wintgens (ed.): The Law in Philosophical Perspectives. My Philosophy of Law. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5796-5
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