[CASE] Young v. Hector (1999)

8/12/2019 [CASE] Young v. Hector (1999)

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7/33

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8/33

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9/33


10/33

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11/33

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18/33

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20/33

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DYDZ=E=4 ?O= GOFC4>=E@ 4>=KK=4 ?O=S DE4 QD'= ?O=S =DZMDK?( )= DE4 WK( )=G?2> Y2LC4 KOD>= ?O= >=KB2EKF=E ?2 KGO22C( #E4=> ?O= MFEDC _L4QS=E?@ ?OFK B>2G=KK Y2LC4 >=SDFE LEGODEQ=4( )= ?=K?FMF=4 ?OD? YOFC=

?O= GOFC4>=E Y=>= FE KGO22C O= Y2LC4 >=?L>E O2S= DE4 =F?O=> Y2>Z 2E OFK LBG2SFEQ 4F'2>G=@ SDEDQ= OFK K?2GZ SD>Z=?


23/33

DGG2LE?K 2> B=>M2>S O2LK=O2C4 =>>DE4K( $2?OFEQ FE ?O= MFEDC _L4QS=E? Y2LC4 GODEQ= OFK g4L>FEQIKGO22Cg DG?F'F?F=K( )=

FE4FGD?=4 ?OD? =F?O=> O= 2> ?O=

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O2LK=Z==B=> Y2LC4 BFGZ LB ?O= GOFC4>=E D? KGO22C DE4 O= Y2LC4 ?O=E KOD>= D 'D>F=?R 2M gDM?=>IKGO22Cg DG?F'F?F=K YF?O

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e ./0 12(34 55.7 f

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12(34 /5. 8NCD(5997;6 8>=C2GD?F2E 2M GLK?24FDC BD>=E?;U ^FE2 '( ^FE2@/5: 12(34 755 8NCD( 74 J+A 59:3;8FSB2>?DEG= 2M

GOFC4>=EaK >=SDFEFEQ FE O2S=;( ,OFK B>FEGFBC= MFE4K KB=GFDC DBBCFGD?F2E FE ?O= >LC= ?OD? S24FMFGD?F2EK 2M ?O= GLK?24R

B>2'FKF2EK 2M D MFEDC _L4QS=E? SDR = ODK GLSK?DEG=K D4'=>K=CR DMM=G?FEQ ?O=

Y=CMD>= 2M ?O= GOFC4>=E( T=CM2>4 '( T=CM2>4@ 569 NCD( 6/.@ 73 12(34 753 859/.;U -F?KF '( -F?KF@5H0 12(34 569 8NCD( 74 J+A;@

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=K?DLC= KO2LC4 DBBCR(


24/33

[OD? ODBB=EK YO=E ?OD? >LC= FK E2? DBBCF=4 FK FCCLK?>D?=4 =KLC? FE ?OFK '=>R GDK=@ FE YOFGO F? YDK E=G=KKD>R =K2>? ?2 2?O=>@ FED4SFKKFK ?2 _LK?FMR ?O= K2IGDCC=4 =`=>GFK= 2M

4FKG>=?F2E FDC G2L>? DE4 ?O= DMMF>SDEG= 2M ?OD? >=KLC? = FK E2 dL=K?F2E YOD?='=> ?OD? ?O= >=KLC? ?F=K(

]? FK LKLDCCR =`?>=S=CR 4FMMFGLC? ?2 QDLQ= ?O= LE4=>CRFEQ S2?F'D?F2EK 2M DER OLSDE =KFK?K ='=E S2>= ?O=

DKKFQES=E? 2M DE LEY2>?OR 2> FSB=>SFKKF=DK2E ?2 DER _L4Q=aK =`=>GFK= 2M O=> _L4FGFDC MLEG?F2EK( ,OFK GDK=@ O2Y='=>@

B=>SF?K E2 2?O=> G2EGCLKF2E( ] K=4@ GOFC4>=E(g.

e ./0 12(34 55./ f

8,O= MDG?@ K2 O=D'FCR =SBODKFc=4 F?R@ ?OD? ?O= ORB2?O=?FGDC S2?O=> D>GOF?=G? SFQO? OD'= K2LQO?

=SBC2RS=E? DM?=> ?O= 4FKK2CL?F2E@ DK LKLDCCR 2GGL>K@ DE4 ?OD? O=> ?FS= YF?O ?O= GOFC4>=E Y2LC4 OD'= ?O=>=M2>=

4FSFEFKO=4@ Y2LC4 OD'= SD4= E2 4FMM=>=EG= =F?O=>(;: ]? FK@ D? =_=G?FEQ ?O= 2K=( ]E ?O= =E4@ DM?=> D S=?FGLC2LK FEdLF>R FE?2 ?O= MD?O=>aK C2EQ BDK? DE4 E2EIBD>=E?DC

G2E4LG? YOFGO M=Y S2>?DCK G2LC4 YF?OK?DE4@ F? SFED?F2E ?OD? ?O= 4FKG>=?F2E 2M ?O= ?>FDC G2L>? YDK B>2B=>CR

=`=>GFK=4 LB2E ?O= =G2>4 KO2YK 82> ?OD? ?O= ?>FDC G2L>? SFQO? OD'= B>2B=>CR DDCCR D Y2>K= B=>K2E DE4 D Y2>K= BD>=E? ?ODE WK( )=G?2>( AK ]

SFQO? 42 SRK=CM@ 2E= SDR DQ>== YF?O ?OFK DKK=KKS=E? 2M ?O= BD>?F=K YOFC= B>2M2LE4CR 4FKDQ>==FEQ@ DK ] G=>?DFECR 42@ YF?O

?O= F4=D ?OD? DER KLGO G2EKF4=>D?F2E FK D B>2B=> 4=GFKF2EISDZFEQ FE ?OFK MF=C4( 1== -LSBO@ HH. 12(34 D? 99:(

]? FK 2M G2L>K= ?>L=@ DK ?O= SD_2>F?R >=B=D?=4CR =SBODKFc=K@ ?OD? D gGLK?24Rg 4=GFKF2E FK 2E= YF?OFE ?O= 4FKG>=?F2E 2M ?O=

?>FDC G2L>?( TL? _L4FGFDC 4FKG>=?F2E SDR B>2B=>CR GFK=4 2ECR 2E ?O= K YOFGO D>= C=QDCCR B=>?FE=E? ?2

?O= FKKL= FE'2C'=4( +DEDZD>FK '( +DEDZD>FK@7:3 12(34 559. 8NCD(59:0;9U K== ND>>F2> '( ND>>F2>@.7H 12(34 55.. 8NCD(5999;e3/

NV[ 139.f( ]E ?OFK D>=D@ ?OD? FKKL= FK ?O= GOFC4>=EaK =K?K( ]?K >=K2CL?F2E@ FE ?L>E@ GDEE2? D?=4 FE ?OFK GDK=@ ?O= G2E4LG?

DE4 GOD>DG?=> ?>DF?K >=M=>>=4 ?2 OD'= E2? FSBDG?=4 LB2E ?O= GOFC4>=E( [= OD4@ ] ?O2LQO?@ G2S= D C2EQ YDR M>2S ?O= ?FS=

YO=E D BD>=E? G2LC4 BD>=E?DC >FQO?K2>@ S2>= B>2B=>CR K?D?=4@ YO=E ?O= GOFC4>=E G2LC4 F'=4 2M

?O=F>

e ./0 12(34 55.6 f

>FQO?K ?2 OD'FEQ 2ECR ?O=F> FE?=>=K?K G2EKF4=>=4S=>=CR 2'= 2M O=> K?DE4D>4K 2M G2E4LG?@

SLGO C=KK 2M O=> GOD>DG?=>( JFEZ=C '( JFEZ=C@733 12(34 33 8NCD(59.6;(50 ABBD>=E?CR@ ] YDK SFK?DZ=E(55 1== AE4=>K2E '(

AE4=>[email protected] 12(34 /9@ 67 E( 5 8NCD( 6?O J+A 5999;e3/ NV[ J53.7@ J53.6 E( 5f8GODCC=EQFEQ JFEZ=C;( AC?O2LQO 2ECR YF?O

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25/33

?O=S;@ ?O= SD_2>F?R ODK B=>ODBK LEYF??FEQCR B>2'F4=4 ?OD? GLK?24R 4=GFKF2EK D>= KLK2EDC 'F=YK 2M D

BD>?FGLCD> _L4Q=@ YO2 KF?K DK D J2K?2='KZFDE %>DE4 ]EdLFKF?2>@ ?O= =MM=G?LD?F2E 2M YO2K= 2YE E2?F2EK 2M >FQO? DE4 Y>2EQ

D>= KLK2EK@ LEZE2YD@ B=>K2EDC Y2>?O@ DE4 ='=E DG?LDC gSFKG2E4LG?@g FM F>>=C='DE? ?2 ?O= FKKL= LE4=> G2EKF4=>D?F2E@53

KO2LC4 E2? Q2'=>E 4=GFKF2E SDZFEQ FE ?OFK D>=D 2> DER 2?O=>( 1== 1(T( '( J()(@.7H 12(34 .HH@ .H. 8NCD( 34 J+A 5999;e3/

NV[ J56H7@ 56H/f8g,O=>= FK E2 12C2S2E YF?OFE 2L> _L4FGFD>R YO2 GDE DGGL>D?=CR B>=4FG? YO2 Y2LC4 M2> ?OFK GOFC4(g;( -=KLC?K 2E FE4FK?FEQLFKODD?F'= MDG?K KO2LC4 E2? 'D>R M>2S G2L>?>22S ?2 G2L>?>22S

DGG2>4FEQ ?2 ?O= S2>DC B>=M=>=EG=K 2M ?O= ?>FDC _L4Q= 82> DBB=CCD?= BDE=C; DKKFQE=4 DY ?2 O=D> ?O= GDK=(57ND>>F2> '( ND>>F2>@ .7H 12(34 D? 55.9 e3/ NV[ D? 139:f8^D>F=E?=@ P(@ G2EGL>>FEQ;(5/

T=GDLK= ?O= SD_2>F?RaK 4=GFKF2E FK ?2 ?O= G2E?>D>R 2M ?O=K= B>2B2KF?F2EK@ ] R Y>2EQ(

$*1T],,@ P( 84FKK=E?FEQ;i

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] =E?F>=CR DQ>== YF?O ?O= 2>FQFEDC 4=GFKF2E DE4 2BFEF2E 2M ?OFK G2L>?@ MFC=4 PLE= 3/@ 599: D? 37 NCD( V( [==ZCR J5639@ ./0

12(34 556/( ,O= O=FQO?=E=4 FE?=>=K? FE ?O= GDK= B>2SB?K S= ?2 4FKGLKK ?O= 4=?=>SFED?F'= MDG?2>K YOFGO 2>FQFEDCCR GDLK=4

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AGdLF=KG=EG= ?2 ?O= GOFC4 GLK?24R D>>DEQ=S=E? GDE DE4 ODK 2M 'D>F2LK DKB=G?K 2M

GOFC4 GLK?24R B>2>=CC '( ND>>=CC@666 12(34 53H0@ 53H5 8NCD( 74 J+A 59:9;U T=>O2Y '( +>2Y@/37 12(34 7.5@

7.7 8NCD( 5K? J+A 59:3;U ]E >= WD>>FDQ= 2M N=FQ@39H ]CC(ABB(74 /06@ 370 ]CC(J=G( H:6@ H9/ $(*(34 H6/@ H6. 8599:;U ]E >=

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FSB=>SFKKF DK D DYD>4FEQ GLK?24R( ]4( D? .67( ,O= NFM?O JFK?>FG? ODK E2?=4 ?OD? ge=f'=E

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GODCC=EQ=4@ ?O= MD?O=>aK >FQO? 2M =dLDC G2EKF4=>D?F2E FK 2M?=E FQE2>=4(g ARRDKO '( [email protected] 12(34 .63@ .6/ E( 7 8NCD( 6?O

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?OD? DER GF>GLF? _L4Q= FE NC2>F4D Y2LC4 OD'= DKZ=4 ?O= KDS= dL=K?F2E 2M ?O= S2?O=> 2M

e ./0 12(34 55.. f


26/33

R2LEQ GOFC4>=E YO2K= OLKEFEQ D KL? CFZ= ?O= ?>FDC G2L>? G2E?FEL=K ?2 BFCC2>R ?O= MD?O=> = FK CF??C= 2> E2 G2>>=CD?F2E 4=> ?2 SDZ= 2E= DE =MM=G?F'= BD>=E?(

TR ?24DRaK 4=GFKF2E@ ?O= G2L>? >=SDFEK DCFQE=4 YF?O ?O= ?>D4F?F2EDC 'F=Y ?OD? D S2?O=> YFCC E2? C2K= O=> =E?F?C=S=E? ?2FSD>R >=KF4=E?FDC BD>=E? LEC=KK O=> LEMF?E=KK FK 4=S2EK?>D?=4U E2 SD??=> O2Y DG?F'=CR KO= FK =EQDQ=4

2L?KF4= 2M DE4 DYDR M>2S ?O= O2S=@ ='=E ?O2LQO ?O= 2?O=> BD>=E? FK MF? DE4 YFCCFEQ ?2 K=>'= FE ?OD? GDBDGF?R( 1LGO

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27/33

EDEER M2>@ FM R2La>= ?O=>= 42FEQ F?ng ,O= SD_2>F?R 2BFEF2E GCDFSK ?OD?

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YDK D >=KLC? 2M ?O= BD>?F=Ka MFEDEGFDC G2E4F?F2E( JL>FEQ ?O= ?>FDC G2L>?aK =`GODEQ= YF?O ?O= OLK=

FK E2?OFEQ ?OD? Y2LC4 FE4FGD?= ?OD? ?O= ?>FDC G2L>? YDK G2EG=>E=4 YF?O ?O= BD>?F=Ka MFEDEGFDC G2E4F?F2E( 8WD_( 2B( D? 55H3;(

NL>?O=>@ ] MFE4 F? =`?>=S=CR OD>4 ?2 K=4 DER ?>FDC _L4Q= Y2LC4 dL=K?F2E D S2?O=>aK CDGZ

2M =SBC2RS=E? 2> ?O= =SBC2RS=E? 2M D EDEER YO=E ?O= MD?O=> =D>EK 2'=> b700@000 B=> R=D>( W2>=2'=>@ ?O= >=G2>4

FE4FGD?=K ?OD? F? YDK ?O= S2?O=>@ E2? ?O= MD?O=>@ YO2 =SBC2R=4 ?O= EDEER( 8WD_( 2B( D? 5569;(

,O= SD_2>F?R 2BFEF2E DCK2 KLQQ=K?K ?OD? ?O= MD?O=> KO2LC4 OD'= 2


28/33

g?>=DKL>= OLE?g ?2 SDZ= F? DBB=D> DK FM ?O= ?>=DKL>= OLE? YDK D G>DcR 2> Y=F>4 E2?F2E( )2Y='=>@ YOD? ?O= SD_2>F?R ODK

MDFC=4 ?2 K?D?= FK ?OD? F? SDR E2? OD'= DEQ= KFEG= ?O= S2?O=>aK BD>=E?K DE4 ?>FDC G2LEK=C DCK2 FE'=K?=4 FE ?OFK

B>2_=G?( ,O=>=M2>=@ ?O= >=DK2EK M2> ?O= MD?O=>aK D2S ?O= O2S= Y=>= 'DCF4( NL>?O=>@ ?O= MDG? ?OD? ?O= MD?O=> OD4

2S ?O= MDSFCR KO2LC4 E2? SFED?F'= MDG?2>g YO=E ?DZFEQ FE?2 G2EKF4=>D?F2E ?OD? ?O= MD?O=> ODK

FSD>R GD>=?DZ=> KFEG= ?O= MDCC 2M 5997(

NFEDCCR@ ?O= ?OF>4 4=?=>SFED?F'= MDG?2> YDK ?OD? ?O= S2?O=> gG2E?>2CK O=> DEQ=> D>2LE4 ?O= ZF4K(g ,O= QLD>4FDE D4

CF?=S ?=K?FMF=4 ?OD? ?O= MD?O=> gY2LC4 KDR ?OFEQK FE ?O= B>=K=EG= 2M ?O= GOFC4>=E ?OD? FE4FGD?=4 ?2 S= OFK DEQ=> DE4 OFK

4FKBC=DKL>= D? YOD? O= B=>G=F'=K ?2 == YF?O ?O= QLD>4FDE D4 CF?=S ?OD?

FK DE FSB2>?DE? MDG?2> FE 4=GF4FEQ GOFC4 GLK?24R FKKL=K( )2Y='=>@ ?O= MD?O=>aK DEQ=> YDK

2K= DE4 >=SDE4 DCC MFEDEGFDC 4=?=>SFED?F2EK SD4= FDC G2L>?@ FEGCL4FEQ ?O= FEKLMMFGF=E?

DYD>4 2M DCFS2ER ?2 ?O= MD?O=> DE4 ?O= FE=dLF?DFF?DC DKK=?K DE4 CFDF2 G2E?DFE=4 FE ?O= B>=K=E? GDK= FK LEFdL=( ]E KF?LD?F2EK YO=>= MDSFCF=K D>=

M2>?LED?= =E2LQO ?2 OD'= 2E= BD>=E? K?DR D? O2S= ?2 GD>= M2> ?O= GOFC4>=E@ F? FK LKLDCCR ?O= S2?O=>( T=GDLK= ?O= B>=K=E?

KF?LD?F2E FK E2? ?O= E2>S@ ?OFK SDR FDC G2L>? D=?F2E 4FEQ

B>FSD>R >=KF4=E?FDC GLK?24R 2M ?O= SFE2> GOFC4>=E ?2 ?O= MD?O=>@ ?O= BD>=E? YO2 ODK E2? Y2>Z=4 2L?KF4= 2M ?O= O2S= M2>

?O= BDK? ?O>== R=D>K FE 2>4=> ?2 GD>= M2> ?O= SFE2> GOFC4>=E(

N2> DCC ?O=K= >=DK2EK@ ] 4FKK=E? DK ?2 ?O= SD_2>F?RaK 4=GFKF2E DK ?2 ?O= GOFC4 GLK?24R FKKL=@ == YF?O ?O= SD_2>F?R@ DK ]

2>FQFEDCCR 4F4 FE ?O= BDE=C 2BFEF2E@ ?OD? ?O= MFEDEGFDC FKKL=K SLK? ='=>K=4 DE4 >=SDE4=4 M2> ML>?O=> B>2G==4FEQK(

N22?E2?=K

l PL4Q= 1O='FE FK >=GLK=4(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

5( ,OFK G=>?DFECR YDK D 'DCF4 G2EKF4=>D?F2E YOFGO G2LC4 OD'= MDG?2>=4 FE?2 ?O= C2Y=> G2L>?aK 4=?=>SFED?F2E DK ?2 ?O=

GLK?24R 2M ?O= SFE2> GOFC4>=E FE ?OFK GDK=(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

3( ,O= MDG? ?OD? ?O= GOFC4>=E 4==S=4 ?O=F> S2?O=> ?2 =E? YO=E ?O=R Y=>= FCC 2> 4FK?>=KK=4 4L>FEQ ?O=

EFQO? KB=DZK '2CLS=K D=E? ?O=R 4==S=4 ?2 OD'= G2EK?DE? GD>=QF'=>( W2>=2'=>@ F? KLBB2>?K ?O=

QLD>4FDE D4 CF?=SaK 2'D?F2E ?OD? ?O= S2?O=> OD4 = G2EK?DE? MDG?2> ?O>2LQO2L? ?O= =E?F>=

>=CD?F2EKOFB(g

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

7( ehf !2L ?=K?FMF=4 ?OD? R2L OD4 ?>F=4 ?2 Q=? ACFG= ?2 BL? ?2Q=?O=> D R ?FS= M2CC2Y F? LB YF?O D G2SS=E?@ gAE4 R2L E==4 ?2 Q2 ?2 Y2>Zng

eND?O=>f $2(

ehf JF4 KO= ='=> KLQQ=K? ?2 R2L R2L E==4=4 ?2 Q2 ?2 Y2>Zn


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eND?O=>f !=K(

ehf "E S2>= ?ODE MF'= 82f "O@ R=K@ YO=E KO= MFC=4 M2> 4F'2>G=@ F? YDK D C2? S2>= ?ODE MF'= 2GGDKF2EK(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

/( AK ?O= MD?O=> ?=K?FMF=4i

ehf ]E ?O= ='=EFEQK@ YO=E ACFG= G2S=K O2S=@ 42 R2L B>=??R SLGO DK=CM KFEG= ?O= ?FS= ?OD? KO=aK FE4FGD?=4 ?OD?

KO= YDE?K ?OFK 4F'2>G=n

eAf !=K DE4 E2( 1O=@ D C2? 2M ?FS=K@ CFZ=K ?2 KF? 42YE OD'= D CF??C= ?FS= ?2 O=>K=CM DE4 =D? 4FEE=> DE4 E2? ?OD? KO= YFCC =EQDQ= ?O= ZF4K( AE4 ] YFCC =F?O=> C=D'= ?O= O2LK= DE4 C=D'= O=> YF?O ?O= ZF4K 2> ] SDR Q2 ?2 SR

>22S 2> ] SDR Q2 ?2 ?O= K?L4R DE4 GC2K= ?O= 422>( ] 42Ea? Q=E=>DCCR KF? 42YE E=`? ?2 O=> DE4 KDR@ gV=?aK DCC BCDR ?OFK QDS=

?2Q=?O=>(g !=K@ ] ?>R ?2 QF'= O=> KBDG= YF?O ?O= ZF4K@ DK ] S=E?F2E=4 =D>CF=>( ] 42Ea? G2SB=?= YF?O O=>@ =F?O=>(

ehf J2 R2L KB=E4 S2K? ='=EFEQK DE4 K2S= EFQO?K DYDR M>2S ?O= O2S=n

eAf W2K? ='=EFEQK@ ] 42Ea? ZE2Y( ] KB=E4@ KO= G2S=K O2S=(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

6( ,O= ?>FDC G2L>?aK KZ=B?FGFKS DaK gDG?LDCg D'DFCD ?O= GOFC4>=E 4L>FEQ ?O= 4DR YDK DCK2 E= 2L?

G= FK

B=E4FEQ DE4 O=aK G=>?DFECR E2? Q2FEQ ?2 42 F? YF?O ?Y2 CF??C= GOFC4>=E ?OD? O= ODK ?2 GD>= M2> K?D>?FEQ D? ?O>== 2aGC2GZ ='=>R

4DR = ?FS= YF?O ?O=

GOFC4>=E D? C=DK? ?ODE D 9i00 ?2 6i00 B2KF?F2E DE4 SDR=B2>? ?O= M2CC2YFEQi

NFEDCCR@ F? FK SR =E? FK LE>=DCFK?FGU DE4 DC?O2LQO O= >D?F2EDCFc=K ?OD?

?OFEQK Y2LC4 =E? FM O= Y=>= D Y2SDE@ ] 42Ea?


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1FSFCD>CR@ 4L>FEQ GC2KFEQ D>QLS=E?K@ ?O= MD?O=>aK G2LEK=C 2'=4i

*KK=E?FDCCR F?aK DE =G2E2SFG FKKL= '=>KLK D ?FS= FKKL=( W>( !2LEQaK B2KF?F2E >FQO? E2Y@ YOFGO Y= DCC DQ>== FK LE>=DK2ED=E(

]M R2L Y=>= ?2 K?DR O2S= DE4 ?=4 DE4 =E DE4 Q=? >F4 2M ?O= O2LK=Z==B=> ?OD? Y2LC4 KG=ED>F2( ] 42Ea? ?OFEZ DER2E= FK KLQQ=K?FEQ F?(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

5( WLGO 2M ?O= BFGZFEQ D? ?O= BDE=C MDCCDGF2LKCR DKKFQEK ?O= gGD>=?DZFEQ MLEG?F2EKg 2M ?O= O2LK=Z==B=> ?2 ?O= S2?O=> DE4

>=CF=K LB2E D B2KKFGLSK?DEG=K 2M ?O= BD>=E?K YOFGO SFQO? M2CC2Y ?O= 4FKK2CL?F2E(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

3( j 3(07 J=MFEF?F2EK

8H; +D>=?DZFEQ MLEG?F2EK D>= ?DKZK ?OD? FE'2C'= FE?=>DG?F2E YF?O ?O= GOFC4 2> 4F>=G? ?O= FE?=>DG?F2E DE4 GD>= B>2'F4=4 K( +D>=?DZFEQ MLEG?F2EK FEGCL4=

8D; M==4FEQ@ 2L?FE=K@ GD>= 2M ?O= GOFC4 YO=E KFGZ 2> OL>?@ 22SFEQ@ B=>K2EDC ORQF=E=@

4>=KKFEQ@ >=G>=D?F2E DE4 BCDR@ BORKFGDC KDM=?R@ ?>DEKB2>?D?F2E@ DE4 2?O=> MLEG?F2EK ?OD? S==? ?O= 4DFCR BORKFGDC E==4K 2M

?O= GOFC4U

8=G?F2E 2M ?O= GOFC4aK 'D>F2LK 4='=C2BS=E?DC E==4K@ FEGCL4FEQ ?O= DGdLFKF?F2E 2M S2?2> DE4 CDEQLDQ= KZFCCK@ ?2FC=?

?>DFEFEQ@ K=CMIG2EMF4=EG=@ DE4 SD?L>D?F2EU

8G; 4FKGFBCFE=@ FEK?>LG?F2E FE SDEE=>K@ DKKFQES=E? DE4 KLB=>'FKF2E 2M GO2>=K@ DE4 2?O=> ?DKZK ?OD? D??=E4 ?2 ?O= GOFC4aK

E==4K M2> 2B>FD?= ?2 ?O= GOFC4aK E==4K DE4

FE?=>=K?K@ G2SSLEFGD?F2E YF?O ?=DGO=>K DE4 G2LEK=C2>K@ DE4 KLB=>'FKF2E 2M O2S=Y2>ZU

8=; ?O= 4='=C2BS=E? DE4 SDFE?=EDEG= 2M DBB>2B>FD?= FE?=>B=>K2EDC >=CD?F2EKOFBK YF?O B==>K@ KF>DEQ=S=E?K M2> O=DC?O GD>=@ FEGCL4FEQ SDZFEQ DBB2FE?S=E?K@ G2SSLEFGD?F2E YF?O O=DC?OIGD>= B>2'F4=>K@ S=4FGDC

M2CC2YILB@ DE4 O2S= O=DC?O GD>=U

8Q; S2>DC QLF4DEG=U DE4

8O; D>>DEQ=S=E? 2M DC?=>ED?F'= GD>= GOFC4IGD>= B>2'F4=> 2> MDGFCF?R@ FEGCL4FEQ

FE'=K?FQD?F2E 2M DC?=>ED?F'=K@ G2SSLEFGD?F2E YF?O B>2'F4=>K@ DE4 KLB=>'FKF2E(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

7( j 3(09 ACC2GD?F2E 2M +LK?24FDC -=KB2EKFYFK= >=K2C'=4 ==S=E? 2M ?O= BD>=E?K ((( 2> LEC=KK SDEFM=K?CR OD>SMLC ?2 ?O= GOFC4@ ?O= G2L>? KO2LC4

DCC2GD?= GLK?24FDC >=KB2EKF2B2>?F2E 2M GLK?24FDC ?FS= ?O= GOFC4 KB=E4K YF?O =DGO BD>=E? DBB>2`FSD?=K

?O= B>2B2>?F2E 2M ?FS= =DGO BD>=E? KB=E? B=>M2>SFEQ GD>=?DZFEQ MLEG?F2EK M2> ?O= GOFC4 B>F2> ?2 ?O= BD>=E?Ka

K=BD>D?F2E((((

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=


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/( 87; N2> BL>B2K=K 2M KOD>=4 BD>=E?DC >=KB2EKFFSD>R >=KF4=EG=@ ?O= =K?K 2M ?O= GOFC4 KODCC FEGCL4=

DE ='DCLD?F2E 2M DCC MDG?2>K DMM=G?FEQ ?O= Y=CMD>= DE4 FE?=>=K?K 2M ?O= GOFC4@ FEGCL4FEQ@ 2ES=E? DE4 ?O= 4=KF>D=EG=

6( A42B?FEQ 2BFEF2EK FE )FCC '( )FCC@6/: 12(34 .06 8NCD( 74 J+A 59:9;8B=> $=K?c@ +(P(@ KB=GFDCCR G2EGL>>FEQ;@

>='F=Y 4=EF=4@ 6H0 12(34 377 8NCD(5990;(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

H( +>=4F?FEQ ?O= BDK? >=G2>4 2M ?O= 4F'FKF2E 2M GD>=?DZFEQ MLEG?F2EK =E?K DCK2 ODK ?O= '=>R KDCL?D>R

G2EK=dL=EG= 2M D'2F4FEQ >=CFDEG= 2E KLGO MDG?2>K DK ?O= =`B>=KK=4 B>=M=>=EG=K 2M ?O= GOFC4>=E@ K== NCD(-(NDS(VDY (

53(/0.@ DE4@ ='=E S2>=@ ?O= SFKEDS=4 g=`B=>?g 2BFEF2EK 2M BD>?FGFBDE?K FE ?O= ?O>F'FEQ G2??DQ= FE4LK?>R 2M M2>=EKFG GOFC4

BKRGO2C2QR( 1== >FEGFBC=K 2M ?O= VDY 2M NDSFCR JFKK2CL?F2Ei AEDCRKFK DE4 -=G2SS=E4D?F2EK 8AS( VDY

]EK?(599:;8,=E?D?F'= J>DM? $2( 7@ ^D>? ];U -=QDE '( -=QDE@HH0 12(34 55HH@ 55H: 8NCD( 74 J+A 5996;81GOYD>?c@ +(P(@4FKK=E?FEQ FE BD>?;U X==K== '( [email protected] 12(34 H66 8NCD( 6?O J+A 599H;8%>FMMFE@ P(@ G2EGL>>FEQ KB=GFDCCR;( ,O= SD_2>F?RaK

>=MLKDC ?2 M2CC2Y ?O= B>F2> GD>=?DZFEQ D>>DEQ=S=E? >LC= FE ?OFK GDK= SDR Y=CC >=KLC? FE =SBODKFK LB2E ?O=K= MDG?2>K FE ?O=

ML?L>=( 8+2SS=E4DF?K ='=E? ?ODE D 4FKBDKKF2ED?=

K=D>GO M2> D >=KLC? YOFGO S2K? =E FK 2E= 2M ?O= S2K? LEM2>?LED?= DKB=G?K 2M ?OFK GDK=( 1== WFc= '(

WFc=@H35 12(34 /5.@ /30 8NCD(5997;8TD>Z=??@ P(@ G2EGL>>FEQ;8=`B>=KKFEQ Q>D'= 42L


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,O= _L4Q=@ ='=E YO=E O= FK M>==@ FK K?FCC E2? YO2CCR M>==( )= FK E2? ?2 FEE2'D?= D? BC=DKL>=( )= FK E2? D ZEFQO?I=>>DE?

>2DSFEQ D? YFCC FE BL>KLF? 2M OFK 2YE F4=DC 2M 2M Q224E=KK( )= FK ?2 4>DY OFK FEKBF>D?F2E M>2S G2EK=G>D?=4

B>FEGFBC=K( )= FK E2? ?2 RF=C4 ?2 KBDKS24FG K=E?FS=E?@ ?2 'DQL= DE4 LE>=QLCD?=4 K=4 ?OD? 4=GFKF2E E >='=>K=4 FG? YOFGO@ CFZ= 2L> =E ?@ M2LE4

?OD? ?O= SDK?=>aK >=G2SS=E4D?F2E YDK E2? DE D=?F2E( PL4Q= ,O2SBK2EaK 4FKK=E?FEQ 2BFEF2E 4=S2EK?>D?=K

?O= FEG2>>=G?E=KK 2M LBO2C4FEQ D BD>?FGLCD> 4=GFKF2E DK DE =`=>GFK= 2M 4FKG>=?F2E FE ?O= DF?R 2M YO2S@ = 2M?=E

OD'= DG?LDCCR =EaK GD>=?DZ=>K = ?O= 4FKK2CL?F2E@ OD'= OFK?2>FGDCCR DE?=4 GLK?24R(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

53( ] OD'= C2EQ O=C4 DE4 2M?=E =`B>=KK=4 ?O= 2BFEF2E ?OD?@ FE G=>?DFE GF>GLSK?DEG=K@ D Q224 GDK= GDE

G2EKF4=>FEQ@ 4D>= ] KDR F?@ gMDLC?g FE 4=?=>SFEFEQ ?O= MFEDEGFDC G2EK=dL=EG=K 2M D 4FKK2CL?F2E@ 2E ?O= Q>2LE4K ?OD? F?

G2EG=>EK 2ECR FKKL=K SF? DE =>>DE? KB2LK= ?2 4=K?>2R D SD>>FDQ= DE4 ?O=E ?2 GCDFS =SDFE=4 FE?DG?(

1SF?O '( 1SF?O@7.: 12(34 55@ 56 8NCD( 74 J+A 59.9;@ G=>?( 4=EF=4@ 7:: 12(34 555: 8NCD( 59:0;U ^F??K '( ^F??K@/53 12(34 /0/@

/06 E( 5 8NCD( 74 J+A 59:3;U WD>?FE '( WD>?FE@7HH 12(34 /.6@ /.6 8NCD( 74 J+A 59.9;81GOYD>?c@ P(@ KB=GFDCCR G2EGL>>FEQ;UK== DCK2 TD`?=> '( TD`?=>@.30 12(34 H3/@ H3/ 8NCD( 6?O J+A 599:;8)D>>FK@ P(@ G2EGL>>FEQ DE4 G2EGL>>FEQ KB=GFDCCR;( ]? K==SK@

D? C=DK? ?2 S=@ F>2EFG@ DE4 F? FK G=>?DFECR B=>K2EDCCR LBK=??FEQ@ ?OD? ?O= CDY FK E2Y G2SBC=?=CR ?2 ?O= >='=>K= 2M YOD? ]

?OFEZ F? KO2LC4 SF? SFKG2E4LG? ?2 FE?=>M=>= YF?O ?O= >FQO? ?2 >=G2'=> S2E=R DE4 B>2B=>?R

M>2S 2E=aK =`KB2LK=( AE4=>K2E '( AE4=>[email protected] 12(34 /9 8NCD( 6?O J+A 5999;e3/ NV[ J53.7f DE4 ?O= SD_2>F?R 2BFEF2E

O=>= =K?D= 2M GOFC4>=E GDE 2SFK=4


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8] E2?= ?OD? DBBCRFEQ SR 'F=YK ?2 ?OFK GDK= SFQO? G2EG=F'D=KLC? FE D >='=>KDC 2M ?O= GLK?24R DE4 GOFC4 KLBB2>? >LCFEQK

@7/6 12(34 763 8NCD( /?O J+A 59..;@ G=>?( 4=EF=4@ 76. 12(34 5:H 8NCD(59.:;8V=??K@ P(;@ GF?=4 FE

1SF?O '( 1SF?O@ 7.: 12(34 D? 55(

TDGZ ?2 -=M=>=EG=

5/( hL2?FEQ M>2S +DEDZD>FKi

,O= 4FKG>=?F2ED>R B2Y=> ?OD? FK =`=>GFK=4 FDC _L4Q= FK E2?@ O2Y='=>@ YF?O2L? CFSF?D?F2E@ DE4 FD

_L4Q=K KO2LC4 >=G2QEFc= ?O= G2EG=>E YOFGO D>FK=K M>2S KLF?F=K FE 42S=K?FG _L4QS=E?K >=KLC?FEQ M>2S

MDG?LDC GF>GLSK?DEG=K( ,O= DBB=CCD?= G2L>?K OD'= E2? =QD>4( "L> 4=GFKF2EK DE4

?O2K= 2M ?O= 4FK?>FG? G2L>?K D>= 4FMMFGLC?@ FM E2? FSB2KKF=G2EGFC=( ,O= ?>FDC G2L>?aK 4FKG>=?F2ED>R B2Y=> FK KL=DK2ED=K D 4=?=>SFED?F2E 2M YO=?O=> ?O=>= FK C2QFG DE4 _LK?FMFGD?F2E M2>

?O= >=KLC?( ,O= ?>FDC G2L>?Ka 4FKG>=?F2ED>R B2Y=> YDK E='=> FE?=E4=4 ?2 GFK=4 FE DGG2>4DEG= YF?O YOFS 2> GDB>FG=

2M ?O= _L4Q= E2> FE DE FEG2EKFK?=E? SDEE=>( PL4Q=K 4=DCFEQ YF?O GDK=K =KK=E?FDCCR DCFZ= KO2LC4 >=DGO ?O= KDS= >=KLC?(

JFMM=>=E? >=KLC?K >=DGO=4 M>2S KL? ?O= E=F?O=> C2QFG E2> >=DK2ED=EG=

5( *'=E ?O= SD_2>F?R DQ>==K ?OD? ?O= S2?O=>aK Y2>ZFEQ O2L>K D>= E2? g?RBFGDC(g ,O= SD_2>F?R FK 2M ?O= 2BFEF2E ?OD? g?RBFGD

Y2>ZFEQ BD>=E?Kg D>>F'= O2S=

[CASE] Young v. Hector (1999)

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Transcript of [CASE] Young v. Hector (1999)