Case Work II Chapter 7 Responses and Leads. Benjamin stated – when I respond, I speak in terms of...

Case Work IICase Work II

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Responses and LeadsResponses and Leads

Responses and LeadsResponses and Leads

Benjamin stated – when I respond, I speak in Benjamin stated – when I respond, I speak in terms of what the client has expressed. I react to terms of what the client has expressed. I react to the ideas and feelings he has communicated to the ideas and feelings he has communicated to me with something of my own.me with something of my own.

Benjamin stated – when I lead, I take over. I Benjamin stated – when I lead, I take over. I express ideas and feelings to which I expect the express ideas and feelings to which I expect the client to react.client to react.

Client – Centered Responses & Client – Centered Responses & LeadsLeads

SilenceSilence Silence can be a response. The response is Silence can be a response. The response is

nonverbal but can express a great deal. Silence has nonverbal but can express a great deal. Silence has meaning.meaning.

““Mm-hm”Mm-hm” ““Mm-hm” is a verbal responseMm-hm” is a verbal response ““Mm-hm” can indicate approval or criticism by the Mm-hm” can indicate approval or criticism by the

helper.helper. See pp. 209-210See pp. 209-210


RestatementRestatement

Restatement – serves as an echo to let the client Restatement – serves as an echo to let the client hear what he/she has said on the assumption that hear what he/she has said on the assumption that this may encourage them to go on speaking – this may encourage them to go on speaking – looking deeper.looking deeper.

Restatement can be effected in 4 basic ways:Restatement can be effected in 4 basic ways:1.) Restate exactly what has been said 1.) Restate exactly what has been said

without even changing the pronoun the without even changing the pronoun the client has used.client has used.


Restatement (cont.)Restatement (cont.)

2.) Restate exactly, changing only the 2.) Restate exactly, changing only the pronoun. pronoun.

3.) Restate part of what has been said – 3.) Restate part of what has been said – the part the helper feels to be more the part the helper feels to be more significant and worth having the client significant and worth having the client hear hear again.again.

4.) Restate in summary fashion what the 4.) Restate in summary fashion what the client has said. client has said.


ClarificationClarification Clarification is commonly understood to mean the Clarification is commonly understood to mean the

helper’s clarification for the client of what the helper’s clarification for the client of what the latter has said or tried to say.latter has said or tried to say.

See examples – pp. 213 – 215.See examples – pp. 213 – 215.

ReflectionReflection This is a very difficult response to achieve.This is a very difficult response to achieve. To reflect the feelings and attitudes of the client To reflect the feelings and attitudes of the client

demands deeply emphatic listening and demands deeply emphatic listening and understanding.understanding.


Reflection (cont.)Reflection (cont.) When reflecting, the helper verbalizes what the client When reflecting, the helper verbalizes what the client

feels.feels. Reflection is very similar to restatement except that Reflection is very similar to restatement except that

the former is more loaded emotionally.the former is more loaded emotionally. See examples pp. 215 – 218.See examples pp. 215 – 218. When reflecting, the therapist neither guesses nor When reflecting, the therapist neither guesses nor

assumes.assumes. True reflection will be accepted by the client because True reflection will be accepted by the client because

it simply consists of putting into words the feeling tone it simply consists of putting into words the feeling tone of what he has just said.of what he has just said.

When the helper uses reflection, he responds not to When the helper uses reflection, he responds not to his own inner frame of reference but solely to the his own inner frame of reference but solely to the feeling tone of the client.feeling tone of the client.


Interpretation and ExplanationInterpretation and Explanation There are 2 kinds of interpretation:There are 2 kinds of interpretation:

1.) The first is based on the internal 1.) The first is based on the internal frame of reference of the client. frame of reference of the client.

2.) The second one is based on the 2.) The second one is based on the internal frame of reference of the internal frame of reference of the therapist or helper.therapist or helper.

When a helper interprets what they have When a helper interprets what they have understood from the client’s communication to understood from the client’s communication to me in terms of their life space, the helper is me in terms of their life space, the helper is responding to him.responding to him.


Interpretation and Explanation (cont.)Interpretation and Explanation (cont.) When the helper interprets it in terms of his/her own When the helper interprets it in terms of his/her own

life space, the helper has crossed the rubicon and is life space, the helper has crossed the rubicon and is expected to have them respond to the helper.expected to have them respond to the helper.

See pp. 220 – 221See pp. 220 – 221 Explanation – it is a descriptive statement. It may Explanation – it is a descriptive statement. It may

include evaluative overtones – whether intended as include evaluative overtones – whether intended as such or not – that may be sensed by the client.such or not – that may be sensed by the client.


Interpretation and Explanation (cont.)Interpretation and Explanation (cont.)

The helper may utilize explanation as a lead – in The helper may utilize explanation as a lead – in structuring the interview – for example – or as a structuring the interview – for example – or as a response to the client’s statements and questions.response to the client’s statements and questions.

As it is descriptive in character, explanation should be As it is descriptive in character, explanation should be neutral in tone.neutral in tone.


Orientation to SituationOrientation to Situation See examples – pp. 221 – 222.See examples – pp. 221 – 222.

Explanation of BehaviorExplanation of Behavior See examples – pp. 222 – 223.See examples – pp. 222 – 223.

Explanation of CausesExplanation of Causes See pp. 223 – 224.See pp. 223 – 224.


Explanation of the TherapistExplanation of the Therapist

See pp. 224 – 225See pp. 224 – 225

In many situations, these two responses, In many situations, these two responses, interpretationinterpretation and and explanationexplanation – merge and elements – merge and elements of both are present in the response.of both are present in the response.

Therapist – Centered Leads Therapist – Centered Leads and Responsesand Responses

In leading we must be conscious that we are In leading we must be conscious that we are doing so and know whom we are leading and to doing so and know whom we are leading and to what end.what end.

EncouragementEncouragement Our attitude, our approach, our responses – all Our attitude, our approach, our responses – all

are meant to support and reinforce the client in are meant to support and reinforce the client in his/her efforts to change in a direction meaningful his/her efforts to change in a direction meaningful and worthwhile for the client.and worthwhile for the client.


Assurance/ReassuranceAssurance/Reassurance We use assurance/reassurance as leads to tell the We use assurance/reassurance as leads to tell the

client in words that we believe in his capability to client in words that we believe in his capability to overcome obstacles, to face up to this situation overcome obstacles, to face up to this situation successfully.successfully.

See pp. 280 – 281See pp. 280 – 281

SuggestionSuggestion Suggestion is a mild form of advice.Suggestion is a mild form of advice. Its overtones tend to be tentative and vague.Its overtones tend to be tentative and vague. See pp. 231 - 232 See pp. 231 - 232


AdviceAdvice Advice essentially is telling someone else how to Advice essentially is telling someone else how to

behave – what to do or not to do.behave – what to do or not to do. It may be directly or indirectly.It may be directly or indirectly. Non threateningly or as an ultimatum.Non threateningly or as an ultimatum. See pp. 233 – 239See pp. 233 – 239 It is often easier to advise than to become more It is often easier to advise than to become more

deeply involved in the struggles of another.deeply involved in the struggles of another. When advice is given, it should be followed up.When advice is given, it should be followed up.


UrgingUrging Urging is very closely related to persuasion and Urging is very closely related to persuasion and

cajoling.cajoling. Urging is a lead or response – the purpose of Urging is a lead or response – the purpose of

which is to which is to prodprod clients – to not escape what they clients – to not escape what they should evade.should evade.

Urging involves supporting in order to strengthen Urging involves supporting in order to strengthen the client’s determination to carry out whatever it the client’s determination to carry out whatever it is that both partners have discussed and the is that both partners have discussed and the helper – at least, feels would be beneficial to the helper – at least, feels would be beneficial to the client.client.

See pp. 241 - 243See pp. 241 - 243


MoralizingMoralizing Moralizing is a mixture of advice giving and Moralizing is a mixture of advice giving and

urging with one significant addition.urging with one significant addition. Use of Use of conscienceconscience and: and:

morals – those sacred, social norms no morals – those sacred, social norms no one in his right sense could possibly one in his right sense could possibly oppose oppose or even question.or even question.

See pp. 245 - 246See pp. 245 - 246


Authority Leads and ResponsesAuthority Leads and Responses In this group the therapist perceives his role in a In this group the therapist perceives his role in a

specific light and acts accordingly.specific light and acts accordingly.

Agreement – DisagreementAgreement – Disagreement Here the helper tells the client whether in their Here the helper tells the client whether in their

opinion the latter is right or wrong.opinion the latter is right or wrong.


Approval – DisapprovalApproval – Disapproval Approval – Disapproval is similar to agreement – Approval – Disapproval is similar to agreement –

disagreement. However, the question is not of disagreement. However, the question is not of right or wrong, but of good or bad.right or wrong, but of good or bad.

The helper expresses a valve judgment when The helper expresses a valve judgment when from his frame of reference, this seems from his frame of reference, this seems appropriate.appropriate.

See pp. 250 - 251See pp. 250 - 251


Opposition and CriticismOpposition and Criticism When a helper opposes, they are saying “no” to a When a helper opposes, they are saying “no” to a

contemplated course of action.contemplated course of action. When the helper criticizes, he/she expresses their When the helper criticizes, he/she expresses their

displeasure with the client’s “bad” conduct or displeasure with the client’s “bad” conduct or mistaken action.mistaken action.

The helper from his/her vantage point, is certain The helper from his/her vantage point, is certain that this opposition or criticism is well – founded.that this opposition or criticism is well – founded.

See pp. 251 - 252See pp. 251 - 252


DisbeliefDisbelief Disbelief assumes that the client’s perception of a Disbelief assumes that the client’s perception of a

given situation is incorrect or distorted and that given situation is incorrect or distorted and that the helper, from his/her position, can detect this the helper, from his/her position, can detect this and present and undistorted, more objective and present and undistorted, more objective view.view.

See p. 252See p. 252


RidiculeRidicule In intent, ridicule is related to disbelief, but the In intent, ridicule is related to disbelief, but the

lead or response is sharper, more sarcastic.lead or response is sharper, more sarcastic. Here the helper condescendingly instructs the Here the helper condescendingly instructs the

client for the purpose of demonstrating how client for the purpose of demonstrating how absurd the client and his/her perceptions are.absurd the client and his/her perceptions are.

See p. 253 See p. 253


ContradictionContradiction ““It is not so. It is otherwise.”It is not so. It is otherwise.” The helper is saying “no” “wrong”, to what the The helper is saying “no” “wrong”, to what the

client has expressed.client has expressed. See p. 254See p. 254

Denial and RejectionDenial and Rejection Of the leads and responses listed in this series, Of the leads and responses listed in this series,

denial and rejection are the most extreme.denial and rejection are the most extreme.


Denial and Rejection (cont.)Denial and Rejection (cont.) The client is made to understand that under The client is made to understand that under

prevailing conditions, the client can be neither prevailing conditions, the client can be neither guided nor assisted.guided nor assisted.

See pp. 254 – 255See pp. 254 – 255

Open Use of AuthorityOpen Use of Authority Helper makes open use of their authority.Helper makes open use of their authority. The helper assumes complete responsibility for The helper assumes complete responsibility for

what occurs in the interview and dominates the what occurs in the interview and dominates the situation accordingly.situation accordingly.


ScoldingScolding When scolding, the helper interprets and When scolding, the helper interprets and

evaluates the ideas, feelings, and actions of the evaluates the ideas, feelings, and actions of the client.client.


ThreatThreat The helper will mobilize the power at his The helper will mobilize the power at his

command – which is much greater than any the command – which is much greater than any the client can muster.client can muster.



CommandCommand The helper unequivocally orders the client to The helper unequivocally orders the client to

follow their instructions.follow their instructions. See pp. 257 – 258See pp. 257 – 258

PunishmentPunishment The helper – feeling he/she must chastise the The helper – feeling he/she must chastise the

client for some impropriety of deed or attitude – client for some impropriety of deed or attitude – brandishes the power and influence implicit in his brandishes the power and influence implicit in his role.role.

See pp. 258 - 259See pp. 258 - 259

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