Case Study on Artificial Recharge Using Remote Sensing and GIS

8/3/2019 Case Study on Artificial Recharge Using Remote Sensing and GIS

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Casestudy onartificialrecharge

usingRemoteSensingand GISDr. M. Ramalingam

Scientist, Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai - [email protected]

Dr. A.R. SanthakumarDirector, Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University, Chennai - 25

AbstractWith the increasing use of groundwater for various activities the fast decline in groundwater takes place.order to prevent the aquifer from fast depletion, the artificial recharge is resorted to. Keeping this in mind

avoid fast decline in groundwater levels in various parts of Tamil Nadu, a study has been undertaken to id

the favourable areas for artificial recharge and suggest suitable recharge structures to augment the aquife

system. The analysis was carried out blockwise for the entire state of Tamil Nadu using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. The various thematic maps such as Geomorphology, Geology, Soil, Slope, LanduseDrainage, Drainage density, Lineament density, Runoff isolines, Depth to weathered zone, Depth to Base

Groundwater level fluctuations and water quality were used in the analysis. The above maps were preparusing IRS-1C LISS III satellite data and other collateral information collected from the field and digitize

Criterion tables were generated considering the importance of different themes and necessary ranks and

weights were assigned to each theme. Using ARC/INFO GIS software, the above themes have been integ

and the areas suitable for artificial recharge have been identified. Considering the 1-sigma criteria, the

favourable areas for artificial recharge has been categorized into highly favourable, moderately favourabfavourable and poor for recharge and verified in the field. Considering the terrain conditions and favoura

zonation, the suitable artificial recharge structures such as percolation pond, check dam, recharge pit, recshaft, contour trench, nallah bund, recharge tube wells and subsurface dyke were recommended. These

recommendations were communicated to district administration for implementation.

IntroductionWith the increasing use of groundwater for Agricultural. Municipal and Industrial needs, the annual extra

of groundwater are far in excess of net average recharge from natural resources. Consequently, groundw

being withdrawn from storage and water levels are declining resulting in crop failures, seawater intrusion

coastal aquifers, land subsidence etc., Vagaries of monsoon and indiscriminate development of groundw

often result in declining trend of groundwater levels. There is an urgent need for artificial recharge ofgroundwater by augmenting the natural infiltration of precipitation into subsurface formation by some su

method of recharge. Artificial recharge is one method of modifying the hydrological cycle and therebyproviding groundwater in excess of that available by process. Keeping this in mind to avoid fast decline i

groundwater levels in various parts of Tamil Nadu, a study has been undertaken to identify the favourabl

for artificial recharge and suggest suitable recharge structures to augment the aquifer system. The analyscarried out blockwise for the entire state of Tamil Nadu using Remote Sensing data and GIS techniques.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.geospatialworld.net/index.php?view=article&catid=154:natural-resource-management-water-resources&id=16884:case-study-on-artificial-recharge-using-remote-sensing-and-gis&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=41http://www.geospatialworld.net/index.php?view=article&catid=154:natural-resource-management-water-resources&id=16884:case-study-on-artificial-recharge-using-remote-sensing-and-gis&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=41http://www.geospatialworld.net/index.php?view=article&catid=154:natural-resource-management-water-resources&id=16884:case-study-on-artificial-recharge-using-remote-sensing-and-gis&format=pdf&option=com_content&Itemid=41mailto:[email protected]


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ObjectivesThe following are the objectives of the study:

to delineate areas favourable for recharge by integrating various themes with different recharge

possibilities and

to recommend suitable recharge structures.

Procedure AdoptedThis study was carried out for the entire state of Tamil Nadu to improve the overall groundwater level so

prevent the wells extracting groundwater to a larger extent. Special thrust is given for the wells extractingwater for drinking water. The description of the study area and the various procedures adopted in this stu

briefly explained below:

Description of the Study AreaThe Tamil Nadu has a geographical area of 1,30,000 sq.km. Majority of the area of Tamil Nadu was cove

by the two major domains of geological formations namely hardrock and sedimentary. More than 70% of

area of this state falls under hard rock domain. The sedimentary formations occurs all along the coastal z

consists of coastal sandy zones, river alluvial sandy formations. The average annual rainfall is around 10In this project, it was contemplated to harness the excess surface water and allowed to recharge the aquife

Description of the Study AreaThe Tamil Nadu has a geographical area of 1,30,000 sq.km. Majority of the area of Tamil Nadu was cove

by the two major domains of geological formations namely hardrock and sedimentary. More than 70% of

area of this state falls under hard rock domain. The sedimentary formations occurs all along the coastal zconsists of coastal sandy zones, river alluvial sandy formations. The average annual rainfall is around 10

In this project, it was contemplated to harness the excess surface water and allowed to recharge the aquife

Data Used for Integration

In this Project both satellite data as well as extensive field data were used for preparation of various themmaps . As far as satellite data is concerned IRS-1C LISS III data has been procured for the entire state an

in the analysis. In addition to LISS III data IRS-1C PAN data also consulted for better interpretations. Inaddition to the above satellite data, the following collateral data namely daily rainfall, groundwater levels

geophysical data, borehole data and water quality were used in the analysis.

Spatial data used for IntegrationIn this analysis, 12 layers of thematic information are used. Among the 12, the following seven basic map

namely (a) Geomorphology (b) Geology (c) Soil and Hydrological soil (d) Slope (e) Landuse (f) Drainag

(g) Transport network and settlement are used. The above maps were prepared using both the satellite da

toposheets. In addition to the above basic layers, the following derived layers such as drainage density,

lineament density, maximum groundwater level variations, depth to weathered portion and water quality used. These maps were generated using ARC/INFO and SURFER softwares.

Processing of DataThe thematic information generated through visual analysis were digitized using ARC/INFO GIS --------

recharge. The first rank classes are considered as most favorable zone for recharge and the fourth rank is for poor recharge. Tranks were assigned to each theme. Apart from the ranks, weights among the parameters were assigned based on group discus

and expert opinion. The different criterion tables are developed for hard rock, sedimentary and alluvial formations. The criteri


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developed for hard rock formation is shown in the Table - 1.

Spatial Analysis of DataUsing the overlay module of ARC/INFO workstation based GIS software, the above thematic layers wer

overlaid with suitable ranks and weights. The final map contains numerous polygons having the characte

of all the above 12 themes. In order to group them in to four classes, a statistical analysis was made assumthe distribution is normal. Considering the 1 - sigma criteria using the above criteria, the final suitability

has been delineated into four classes namely highly favorable, moderately favorable, less favorable and nfavorable.

Field VerificationThe generated output maps were taken for field verification. The scientist verified the zonation created u

GIS and also the suggested type and location of the water harvesting structures. In almost all the cases, th

zonation generated as well as the type and location of water harvesting structures suggested are agreeable

the success rate is more than 90% while suggesting the suitable recharge structures, the zonation map, drpattern, site conditions etc., have been considered.

Recommended Recharge StructuresAfter detailed analysis of the zonation map generated using GIS techniques, the various suitable rechargestructures such as check dams, percolation ponds, recharge pits / shaft, subsurface dykes, nallah bund, co

trench etc., were suggested based on the field condition.

The brief description of the different structures recommended are given below:

Percolation Pond in DindigulIn Dindigul area the quality of water was bad due to infiltration of tannery effluent in the nearby places. Sthe water was not completely affected and it is brackish in nature, if the groundwater is recharged through

percolation pond, there is every chance in the improvement of the groundwater. Keeping this in mind, th

percolation pond has been suggested near Dindigul in Dindigul block (vide Fig - 1a). Moreover, the struchas been suggested in the highly favourable zone to ensue more recharge. Similar types of percolation po

were suggested wherever the highly favourable zone with suitable terrain conditions are exist.

Check dams in Chinnamanur blockThe Odappatti village in the Chinnamanur block is suffering from water scarcity. The wells sunk in the a

dry and they did not give sufficient yield. In order to improve the groundwater potential three check dambeen proposed (vide Fig-1b). The location where the check dam proposed falls under highly favourable z

with good potential of groundwater.

Subsurface dyke in Bhavani RiverThe subsurface dyke is a semi permanent structure constructed across the river where sand thickness is mThe subsurface dyke will be constructed above the bed level of river and upto the sand thickness. This is

normally recommended near the sea shore to prevent the subsurface flow from the river to the sea. But th

subsurface dyke is proposed to prevent the movement of sand in the river. (vide Fig - 1c).

Recharge Pit in KovilpattiThe recharge pit is normally recommended where the soil is having poor infiltration rate. If the clay layer


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present above the shallow aquifer, the clay will be removed by constructing small pits. These pits will bewith pebble stone and sand. Whenver rain occurs, the water seeps through the recharge pits and recharge

aquifer. The Kovilpatti area having full of black cotton soil lacks the recharge capability. In order to imp

the above aquifer, the recharge pit (vide Fig-1d) has been recommended. If the depth of clay formation isinstead of recharge pit, recharge shaft has been recommended.

Similarly the other recharge structures such as nalla bund, contour trench etc., were suggested whereverfeasible. Desilting of tanks were also suggested in some blocks.

ConclusionsAt the present condition, the artificial recharge is to be resorted to sustainable development of groundwatHence, the results obtained from the present study fulfill some of the requirements of selecting suitable

artificial recharge structures. Moreover, this is one of the first operational study made for identifying suit

sites for artificial recharge structures using Remote Sensing and GIS. The criterion table developed in thi

study should be slightly modified according to the site conditions.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank Dr. K. Kasthurirangan, Chairman, ISRO / Secretary., DOS and Mr. Nambiyar,

then Chief Secretary to Government of Tamil Nadu for taking initiative for commissioning the pr

The authors are indebted to the Secretaries to Government, Department of Municipal Administrat

and Water Supply and Department of Rural Development, Government of Tamil Nadu for sponsothe project and the encouragement. The authors wish to express their deep appreciation to the Vic

Chancellor, Anna University for the encouragement given during the execution of the project.

The authors acknowledge the services rendered by the consultants and the members of the Techni

Committee and Quality Evaluation Team for successful completion of the project.

References

Asano, T (Edited, 1985 Artificial Recharge of Groundwater Butter worth Publishers, Boston.

Bansky Vladimir (1983) Artificial Recharge study in Madras Aquifer - The Hindu (Daily) June 1

CGWB, Govt. of India (1992) Proceedings of workshop on "Artificial Recharge of Groundwater

Lowcost Rain Water Management for increasing irrigation & Groundwater Recharges in Chattisg

Region" Held at Raipur, India.

Chow. V. T. (Ed. 1964) Hand book of applied Hydrology MoGrow Hill Book Company, New Yo

Edward, T. Ooksford (1985) Artificial Recharge : Methods Hydraulics and Monitoring, Artificial

Recharge of Groundwater, Edited by Takashi Asano.

Ramalingam. M. & Natarajan. T(2000) Identification of recharge areas using Remote Sensing anNNRMS Bulletin (B) 24. Bangalore, India.

Table1. Criterion Table Hard rock Environs

Theme Rank 1 Rank 2 Rank 3 Rank 4 Weightag

4 x weightage 3 x weightage 2 x weightage 1 x weightage

GeomorphologyBuried Pediment (Deep),Flood Plain, Bazada,

Buried Pediment(Shallow),

Pediment,Pediment

Structural Hills,Denudational Hills,

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Valley Fills, BuriedChannel, PalaeoChannel, LessDissected Plateau

MediumDissected Plateau

Inselberg, HighlyDissectedPlateau

Deflection Slope,Ridges

Hydrological SoilGroup

A B C D 18

Slope 0-3% 3-5% 5-10% >10% 15

Runoff Moderate Less Moderate Low High 12

LineamentDensity

High Moderate Less Moderate Low 9

Geology Alluvium, Schisto GneissCharnockite,Kankar,Limestone

Pegmatite,Laterite

Dolerite, Granite,Quartzite

8

Landuse Wet crop, PlantationDry crop, Fallow,Harvested land

Scrub, BarrenRock outcrops,Forest & Others

7

Drainage

Density Low Less Moderate Moderate High 6

TOTAL 100

Case Study on Artificial Recharge Using Remote Sensing and GIS

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