CASE STUDY OF FLEXIBLE OPERATIONS IN EGYPT

Eng. Ahmed AWAISE General Manager of NPP Studies And Development Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA), Cairo, Egypt

awaise1@excite.com

IAEA Technical Meeting TM Flexible (Non-Baseload) Operation for Load Following and Frequency Control in New NPPs , October 6-8,, Erlangen-GERMANY

• Country overview • Nuclear power development in Egypt • Grid Requiremement • Operational Performance in BIS • Needs for Flexibility • Challenges for newcomers

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

• Country overview • Nuclear power development in Egypt • Grid Requiremement • Operational Performance in BIS • Needs for Flexibility • Challenges for newcomers

Country Profile

I. COUNTRY OVERVIEW

Population: 85 million inhabitants Country Area: 1.009450 million km2 Inhabited Area: 55,520 Km2 (~ 5.5 %) GDP (Nominal): $215.845 billion GDP Per Capita: $2,758 GDP Growth:

07/ 08 08/ 09 09/ 10 10/ 11 11/ 12 12/2013 7.2 4.7 5.2 1.8 0.5 1.8

Installed Generation Capacity: 30,800 MW (megawatts) in 2013

More than 99% of the Egyptian population had access to electricity

Development indicators in the Egyptian electrical network

Egypt overview and energy outlook Egypt’s GDP Growth

- Hydrocarbons: Conventional Hydrocarbon resources (oil & gas),

- Renewable energies (limited hydro, Wind &Solar)

Energy Resource Base

- future economic growth scenarios

Energy situation in Egypt The major energy sources consumed in the Egypt are petroleum (oil), natural gas, coal, and renewable energy.

The major users are residential and commercial buildings, industry, agriculture, transportation, and electric power generators

Egypt’ Share of Total Primary Energy Supply in 2012 Egypt primary energy consumption in

2012

Evolution of Peak Load

Yearly Peak Load Development (MWe)

The recent studies showed that:

- Peak Load is expected to reach to about 57 GW by the year 2027.

- The installed capacity is expected to reach 73 GW by the year 2027.

15000

30000

45000

60000

2008/20

07

2012/20

11

2017/20

16

2022/20

21

2027/20

26

80

88

86

14

2.4

1

6

9.6

13

2020

2012

2007

Development of Power Plant Capacity Share

Thermal

Wind &SolarHydro

National Energy Basic Plan

Expected / Targeted Future Energy Status up 2042

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

30000020

13-2

014

2014

-201

5

2015

-201

6

2016

-201

7

2017

-201

8

2018

-201

9

2019

-202

0

2020

-202

2

2022

-202

7

2027

-203

2

2032

-203

7

2037

-204

2

Peak

Load

(MW

e)

Tota

l Cap

acity

(MW

e)

Year

S- TH S-PV WIND H COAL

N GT CC ST Peak

• Country overview • Nuclear power development in Egypt • Grid Requiremement • Operational Performance in BIS • Needs for Flexibility • Challenges for newcomers

CONTENTS

Background of Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear ambitions in Egypt date back to 1954.

• There are two (2) nuclear research reactors in operation; 1st from Russia (1961) with (2 MW) and the 2nd from Argentina (1998) with 20 MW.

• Egypt realized the importance of nuclear power that could be used to secure the supply of electricity and fresh water.

• Several attempts haven't been materialized in the last 3 decades due to different factors. Recently, Egypt has reconsidered the nuclear power as an option to supply electricity.

Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program(cont.)

• In 2006, a national debate was initiated to asses the nuclear

option as a part of a comprehensive energy strategy that included assessing the feasibility to use nuclear energy.

• Based on the outcome of the national debate, Egypt declared the strategic decision in Oct.2007.

• The strategic decision states that: To construct a number of nuclear plants for electricity generation,

To take necessary steps to construct the first plant,

To develop the program in cooperation with our international partners and IAEA.

The program is to be conducted in a transparent way and respect of Egypt’s commitments to the international community.

Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program (Cont.)

Since strategic decision, several activities have been carried out: Cooperation with IAEA, to support the Egyptian infrastructure

for introducing NPPs. Contracting with International consultant engineering to support

NPPA (Utility) in the implementation of the first NPP.

Complete updating El Dabaa site studies and submit Site Permit Documents and Applications to RB. No rejection criteria is existing.

Survey and ranking the new potential additional sites.

Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program (Cont.)

A Nuclear Law issued in 2010 and its regulations in 2011.

The Nuclear Safety and Radiological Control Authority was established in 2012 as independent Regulatory Body and reports directly to the prime minister.

Prepare the BIS documents.

Development of the Egyptians Human Resources for implementing the NPP.

Egyptian Nuclear Power Plant Program (Cont.)

Mechanisms used for Human resources Development

• Cooperation with IAEA: through training courses, workshops and expert missions.

• Bilateral cooperation through the agreements concluded with nuclear technology supply countries (Korea Republic- U.S.A – France – Russia – China).

• Training by the consultant.

Current Situation of the NP Project • In February 2011, the technical specifications for the

construction of the NPP were completed and NPPA was ready to call for tenders.

• After the revolution of Jan. 25, and Fukushima Accident in March 2011, the Ministers’ Cabinet decided to postpone tendering process until the election of parliament.

The technical specs, have been reviewed by the IAEA experts, the consultant engineer as well as the Egyptian nuclear regulatory body to embody the lessons learned from the accident in the specs.

• In Oct. 2013 the Cabinet of Ministers decided to resume the Egyptian NPP. Accordingly, working is now undergoing to update the specs to be ready for tendering by the beginning of next year.

Main features of the 1st NPP project

• The selected technology is PWR of GIII & GIII+, for which there are several vendors mainly in Korea, USA, France, Russia and China.

• The NPP will be with nominal power of 900 - 1650 MWe for each Unit.

• The tender will call for all qualified international vendors to submit their bids.

• The project will be EPC Lump Sum Turnkey Contract.

Preparing for assuming commitments & obligations

Infra

stru

ctur

e de

velo

pmen

t pr

ogra

m

1st .

NP

P P

roje

ct

Nuclear power option included within the national

energy strategy

10 – 15 years

PHASE 1

MILESTONE 1 Ready to make a knowledgeable

commitment to a nuclear programme

Feasibility Study

Pre-project

Considerations before a decision to launch a nuclear power programme is taken

Infrastructure Development Program

Bid invitation for consulting services announced in February 2008; In June 2009 EGYPT has selected the Australian company WorleyParsons to help develop the first nuclear power plant, the company had won Egypt's bid to be a 10-year consultant for the nuclear plant. The first phase of the contract:

Potential sites selection and evaluation; Updating El-Dabaa site investigations; Pre-contract activities and project implementation.

Towards Achieving Milestone 2

8 • Country overview • Nuclear power development in Egypt • Grid Requiremement • Operational Performance in BIS • Needs for Flexibility • Challenges for newcomers

CONTENTS

22

IV. IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE PROJECT (Cont.)

No Item Action Plan Activities

4 Funding and

financing • Financial and funding mechanisms implemented • Mechanisms implemented to provide the funding for long term spent fuel

handling and final disposal, waste management, and decommissioning

5 Legislative framework

• Comprehensive legislative oversight established • Funding/guarantees remain in place • Funding of human/physical development continues • Legislation maintained and amended as necessary

6 Safeguards • All safeguards measures and an effective SSAC in place before receipt of

initial fuel loading • Information regarding fuel cycle and all relevant nuclear material subject to

safeguards instruments provided to IAEA

7 Regulatory Framework

• All regulatory regulation is in place • Sufficient regulatory staffing is in place • Licenses and permits prior to criticality and operation issued • Plant operators certified • Inspection and enforcement activities in place • Competence of regulatory body staff maintained • Open communications with government, operator and the public

maintained • International and professional interfaces maintained

8 Radiation Protection

• All necessary radiation monitoring and protection programmes to optimize the radiation exposure of the public and workers in place

• Waste management capabilities in place.

9 Electrical

grid • Plans for grid enhancement executed • Grid ready to support commissioning and operation of a nuclear power plant

10 Human

resources development

• All human resources to commission and operate the first nuclear power plant are in place

• Education and training programmes for continuing flow of qualified people are underway

NATIONAL POWER GRID IN EGYPT (Cont.)

Egyptian Electrical Grid The Egyptian Electrical Unified Network (EEUN) in Egypt is divided into six geographical regions, namely, Cairo, Canal, Delta, Alexandria/ west delta, Middle Egypt, and Upper Egypt. The Egyptian Electricity transmission system is composed of 500 kV, 400 kV, 220 kV, 132 kV, and 66 kV levels.

Power system current features

• The egyptian grid will be in the next years a part of Mediterranean sea power ring.

24

Power system current capabilities (Continue)

• Plan for grid enhancement to address NPP needs is executed now by EEHC the owner and the operator of our national grid as scope of service of its relevant consultant.

25

Load following is a utility’s practice of adding additional generation to available energy supplies to meet moment-to-moment demand in the distribution system served by the utility or keeping generating facilities informed of load requirements to insure that generators are producing neither too little nor too much energy to supply the utility’s customers, see: www.energyvortex.com/energydictionary/load_following.html.

HOUR

Unexploited Energy

PEAK LOAD 27000 M.W

23652 M.W.

19300 M.W.

Hou

r 07:

00

Hou

r 18:

00

Hou

r 19

:40

Actual Maximum Load Curve for Year 2012

٢٧

Natural gas-fired generation will be needed to meet peaking requirements, provide load following and backup services

Following are the main types of constraints imposed in the generation expansion planning:

Reserve margin: lower and upper limits on the system reserve margin

are specified to determine the percentage by which the total generating capacity exceeds the annual peak load.

Loss of load probability (LOLP): Defined as the probability (fraction of time) that the

system demand is not fully satisfied or in other words, that the system demand exceeds the available capacity.

III. GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF NINH THUAN NUCLEAR POWER PROJECT

Following are the main types of constraints imposed in the generation expansion planning:

Reserve margin: lower and upper limits on the system reserve

margin are specified to determine the percentage by which the total generating capacity exceeds the annual peak load.

Loss of load probability (LOLP): Defined as the probability (fraction of time) that the

system demand is not fully satisfied or in other words, that the system demand exceeds the available capacity.

Unserved energy: Represents the portion of the initial system

energy that cannot be met by the system's generating units.

Fuel availability: Represents the upper limit on the amount of

fuel of a particular type. -The reliability constraints considered in the

generation expansion optimization are shown in the following table .

Constraint Value

Reserve Margin (%) 15-17

Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) 8 hours / year

Spinning Reserve (MW) 600

Unserved Energy Cost ($ / MWh) 2000

Reliability constraints

Spinning reserve is the on-line reserve capacity that is synchronized to the grid system and ready to meet electric demand within 10 minutes of a dispatch instruction

These constraints define the minimum acceptable level of generating system reliability. With this level, the future generating system could withstand the following conditions:

Forced outage of generating units Random variations in load demand to be supplied by the generating subsystem. Variations in hydraulic flow which affect hydro electric capacity and available energy Maintenance scheduling of generating station

• The basic generating unit characteristics (for existing and new units) include:

• Installed capacity • Forced outage rate • Maintenance requirements • Heat rate • Energy limitations (hydro and pump). • The operating costs include: • Fuel cost • Fixed and Variable components of the operation

and maintenance (O&M) cost.

• Reliable Grid? • Voltage well controlled (+/- 5%) • Frequency well controlled (+/- 1%) • Reactor trip does not cause abnormal voltage or frequency • Abnormal voltage or frequency is rare • Loss of grid supply to NPP is rare • System collapse/blackout very rare

Reliable grid connection for Reactor Cooling

Reliable grid connection for Reactor Cooling

Wind Energy: Strategic Plan in the Electricity Sector in Egypt.

• in August 2009, authorities have approved the

designation of state-owned land, located on the east and west of the Nile River for the implementation of wind farms, which are supposed to contribute 30 000 MW.

• wind energy production by NREA and multinational organisations, whereas two-thirds will be offered to the private sector by bid-procedure.

RENEWABLE ENERGY PENETERATION

• European Utility Requirements (EUR) is used as a basis for the standard

• Number of Variations • scheduled variations, each variation being defined as a

transient from full power to minimum load and back to full power:

• 2 per day, • 5 per week, • cumulatively 200 per year. • Emergency load variations • Load change performance: • ›1 – 2 %PR/min for load following operation • ›> 2 %PR/min in case of primary and secondary control power • ›Range for load change: 100 – 40 %PR available

IV. Load following operation as per BIS

37

Constraints for flexible Operation

Design load cycle numbers

Cross border exchanges

• Country overview • Nuclear power development in Egypt • Grid Requiremement • Operational Performance in BIS • Needs for Flexibility • Challenges for newcomers

CONTENTS

Market Reform

Source: Market Design of Electricity Market - Training Course to EgyptERA Staff - , jan 2013

upward and downward flexibility requirements Upward flexibility is provided by resources that are capable of responding to centralized automatic generation controls to increase output as needed to address balancing and load-following requirements. Conversely, downward flexibility involves resources capable of decreasing output

Needs for Flexibility

• Country overview • Nuclear power development in Egypt • Grid Requiremement • Operational Performance in BIS • Needs for Flexibility • Challenges for newcomers

CONTENTS

42

42

According to the EU experience the share of nuclear generated electricity has to be high before load follow is adopted for nuclear power plants.

• Respecting the operational limits and conditions in all operating activities • Maintaining and checking the availability and reliability of safety related equipment by periodic testing, preventive and corrective servicing (maintenance), re-qualification after repair.

Challenges for newcomers

Nuclear Safety Need to maintain cooling Need electrical power available On-site emergency supplies have finite capacity & reliability Supplies from grid are important

PWRs are the most widespread design in the world and are inherently able to load-follow

Elimination of fuel failure FAs operate in load-follow modes Radiation dose on the staff Outage length /Stratching out cycle length International experience from operating nuclear units is that frequent operation in load following or automatic frequency control modes leads to poorer reliability of the nuclear plant, less efficient use of the nuclear fuel, increased maintenance requirements and possibly shorter plant life.(NG-T-3.8 Electric Grid Reliability and Interface with NPPs)

Challenges for newcomers

NPPs have special safety requirements and need a reliable grid Flexible operation is possible, at extra cost and complexity.

Thank you

شكرا لكم

Vielen Dank