Case study head and neck
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Transcript of Case study head and neck
Case study head and neckGerrit Engelbrecht
Department radiology
UFS
Case
24 year old male
Refered from ophtalmology Fluctuating mass, painless, left temporal region.( aware of it for
several months, insidious in onset )
Mild proptosis of the left eye.
No visual field fallout.
No cranial nerve fallout.
Normal movement of the globe.
Neurological exam normal.
No systemic illnesses.
No histology available
MRI and CT
T2* FGRE
T2 Ax
T2 Flair
Sag T1
AxT1-fs SE S 3mm
Cor T1-fs SE S 4 mm
AxT2 FSE H 3 mm
Ax T1 SE + C
Cor T1 +C FS SE 4 mm
Ax T1+ C FS SE S 3 mm
Scout of CT
CT pre and post contrast
General features
Best diagnostic clue:
Cystic, well-demarcated, anterior extraconal mass with fatty, fluid or mixed contents
Location
Tethered to orbital periosteum, near suture lines
Majority extraconal in superolateral aspect of anterior orbit, at frontozygomatic suture (65-75%)
Remainder mostly in superonasal aspect, at frontolacrimal suture, but can occur anywhere
Size
Typically less than 1-2 cm in superficial lesions
Larger in deep, complicated lesions
Morphology
Ovoid, well-demarcated cystic mass
Most show thin definable wall (75%)
No nodular soft tissue outside cyst (80%)
Contents
Internal fat or fluid features; may be mixed or contain debris
Lipid components evident in 40-50% of lesions
Fluid-fluid levels in 5 % of lesions
Dermoid cysts typically but not exclusively contain fat and appear more heterogeneous
Epidermoid cysts typically have features similar to fluid and appear more homogeneous
Subtypes
Superficial (simple, exophytic)
Typically smaller, discrete, rounded
Present in early childhood
Deep (complicated, enclophytic)
More insidious, frequent bony changes
May extend into sinuses, high deep masticator space, or intracranially
Radiographic findings
Scalloped bony lucency with sclerotic margins
CT Findings NECT
Hypodense fat in about half Density -30 to -80 HU
Calcification in 15% Fine or punctate, in cyst wall
osseous remodeling in majority of lesions (85%)
Pressure excavation; smooth, scalloped margins
Thinning of bone, may cause focal dehiscence
Bony tunnel, cleft, or pit in up to one-third, leading to “dumbbell appearance
Irregular margins indicate rupture and inflammatory reaction
Bony changes less common in superficial lesions
CECT Mild, thin, rim-enhancement Irregular inflammatory
enhancement if ruptured
MR Findings
T1WI Strongly hyperintense (cf
vitreous) if fatty contents
Isointense or slightly hyperintense otherwise
T2WI Isointense or mildly
hypointense (cf vitreous)
Heterogeneous debris
TI C+ Thin rim-enhancement
More extensive inflammation if ruptured
Diffusion and FLAIR Epidermoid cysts show
high signal as in other areas of CNS imaging
Ultrasonographic findings
Adequate for evaluation of simple superficial lesions without posterior extension
High internal reflectivity, variable attenuation
Debris may impair determination of cystic nature
Pathology (general features)
Developmental mass, non-neoplastic contents
Epidermoid: Desquamated keratinaceous debris, cholesterol; thin capsule
Dermoid: Keratin, sebaceous secretions, lipid metabolites, hair; fibrous capsule
Etiology
Congenital inclusion of dermal elements at site of embryonic suture closure
Sequestration of trapped surface ectoderm
Epidemiology
Present from birth; spontaneous occurrence
10% of head and neck dermoid and epidermoid cysts are periorbital
5% of orbital masses
Gross pathological features
Whitish, well-delineated mass
Connected to orbital periosteum by fibrovascular tissue
Oily or cheesy material that is tan, yellow, or white
May contain blood or chronic blood products
Microscopic features Dermoid
Contains dermal structures, including sebaceous glands and hair follicles, blood vessels, fat and collagen within a fibrous capsule
Sweat glands in minority (20%)
Lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium
Epidermoid Inner surface of thin capsule lined by
keratinizing, stratified epithelium
Half show disruption of lining indicating rupture at some point
Inflammatory changes in 40%
Granulomatous reaction, particularly in deep, complicated lesions
Presentation
Demographics
Age
Most frequently presents in childhood and teenage
Mean age in late teens to twenties
Simple, superficial lesions often present in infancy
May present or grow at any age
Occasionally will appear in adult and grow significantly over several months
Gender: Equal or slight male predominance
Natural history and prognosis
Benign lesion, usually cosmetic considerations
Very slow growth, usually dormant for years
Present during childhood but small and dormant
Becomes symptomatic during rapid growth phase ¡n young adult
Sudden growth or change following rupture
Significant inflammation and increased size
Rarely fistula may occur
Treatment
Surgical resection is curative
Entire cyst must be removed to prevent recurrence, including growth center at periosteal interface
Approach depends on location in orbit
Lesions evident in early childhood should be removed to avoid traumatic rupture
Steroids or non-steroidal drugs to calm inflammation in ruptured lesions
References
Grainger&Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology, Fifth Edition.
Head and neck Imaging, Fourth Edition, Peter M.Som & Hugh D Curtin.
Diagnostic imaging, Head and Neck, H. Ric Harnsberger
Differential diagnosis