Case study Esophagus
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Transcript of Case study Esophagus
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Dr W.J. ConradieDepartment of Diagnostic Radiology
March 2012
Case studyEsophagus
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Housewife
No previous major surgery
Medical history: Hypertensive with mild CCF on medication. Irritable bowel syndrome
Medication: Fosamax Disprin Adco Dol Enalapril and Lasix
Family history: Eldest son died of esophageal Ca in 2007
93 year old Caucasian female
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Progressive dysphagia (solids/fluids) over couple of months.
Episodes of coughing while eating/drinking
Intermitted regurgitation of undigested food.
Feeling of “fullness” in neck
Weight loss ± 5kg
2008: Presented with..
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Large para-tracheal mass on the left extending into/through thoracic inlet
Moved with swallowingNo features of thyrotoxicosis
No cervical lymphadenopathy
Severe kypho-scoliosis
Clinically:
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CXR: Degenerative spineClear lung fields
Bloods:Normal
FBC, U&E, LFT CRP and ESR Thyroid functions
S-albumin
Special investigations:
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Large irregular mass from left thyroid lobeExtends deep into superior mediastinumCyst with calcifications inferiorlyNodule in superior aspect of lobe with central
breakdownNo mediastinal lympnodes
Lung fields clear
Incidental: Aorta arch anomaly
Special investigations:CT chest (19-06-2008)
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Aorta arch anomaly:
1. Main stem for right and left common carotid
2. Left subclavian artery
3. Aberrant right subclavian artery
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Special investigations:Barium swallow (AP)
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Barium swallow (lateral)
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Differential diagnosis for
dysphagia
1. Thyroid mass
2. Zenker ‘s Diverticulem
3. Aberant right subclavian artery (dysphagia lusoria)
4. Achalasia
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Named after Friedrich Albert von Zenker who was a German pathologist (1825 – 1898)
Definition: Mucosal outpouching of posterior hypopharyngeal wall. Proximal to upper esophageal sphincter (Cricopharyngeal muscle)
Pathophysiology: Pulsion-pseudodiverticulum with herniation of mucosa and submucosa through Killian’s dehiscence.
Focal weakness in cleavage plane between the fibers of inferior pharyngeal constrictor and cricopharyngeus muscles.
Due to cricopharyngeal dysfunction luminal pressure
Zenker ‘s Diverticulem
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Zenker ‘s Diverticulem Prevalence
<0.2% of general population Elderly woman >50% occur in 7th -8th decade
Clinically: globus feeling dysphagia halitosis regurgitation
Associated with: Hiatus hernia GER / Reflux oesophagitis Achalasia
Complications Aspiration Perforation Ulceration Carcinoma
Differential diagnosis1. Killian-Jamieson diverticulum
(K-J)
2. Esophageal web
3. Lateral pharyngeal pouch
4. Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica
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General features:Location: Killian’s dehiscence Posterior above cricopharyngeusC5-6Size: 0.5-8cm (average 2.5cm)Best diagnostic clue: Barium filled sac!
Radiographic findings: CXR/CT:
Air-fluid level in superior mediastinum
Zenker ‘s DiverticulemImaging findings
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Zenker ‘s DiverticulemImaging findings Barium swallow
AP: Barium-filled sac below the level of
hypopharynx
Lateral/oblique view: Barium-filled sac posterior to cervical
esophagus
Neck opening into posterior wall above cricopharyngeus m.
Prominent or thickened cricopharyngeal muscle
Luminal narrowing at upper pharyngoesophageal junction
± Nasopharyngeal regurgitation
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Zenker ‘s DiverticulemClassification
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Dysphagia secondary to extrinsic esophageal compression by an aberrant right subclavian artery
Described by Bayford in 1794
lusoria - Greek phrase lusus naturae, meaning “ freak or zest of nature”, which refers to the freaky course of the artery (lusoria artery)
Dysphagia Lusoria
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Dysphagia LusoriaAberrant Right Subclavian artery
Prevalence of 1.8% 1/3 experience symptoms
(90% = dysphagia)
Any age Old age: atherosclerosis or
aneurysmal dilatation of ARSA.
Associated: Dyspnoea Lower right arm BP/pulse volume Diverticulum of Kommerell.
Management: Conservative Carotico-subclavian bypass
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Definition: Primary motility disorder of esophageal smooth muscle Failure of LES to relax
“Failure to relax” Sir Thomas Willis in 1672. 1929: Hurt and Rake
Discovered failure of LES to relax.
Pathophysiology Degeneration of Auerbach’s plexus
Primary(classic) - idiopathic (number decrease, CNX – nucleus or nerve)
Secondary - metastases, adenocarcinoma, vagotomy, scleroderma Infectious - Chagas disease (trypanosoma cruci neurotoxin destroys
ganglia)
Achalasia
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AchalasiaPrevalence
Primary: younger (20-50) Secondary: older Male=female
Clinically: Dysphagia (solids and liquids) Regurgitation Weight loss in 90%
Diagnosis Exclude malignancy Exclude oesophageal spasm Manometry
Complications: Coughing Aspiration Pneumonia Lung abscess Esophageal carcinoma (2-7%)
Management: Aimed at improving
esophageal emptying Calcium channel blockers Botulinum toxin injection Pneumatic dilatation Heller myotomy
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General findings2 criteria:
Absent primary/secondary peristalsisLES fails to relax when swallowing
Tertiary waves
"Bird-beak" deformityDilated esophagus with smooth, symmetric,
tapered narrowing at GEJ
AchalasiaImaging findings
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AchalasiaImaging findings
CXR:Mediastinal widening
Double contour
Anterior tracheal bowing
Air-fluid level in mediastinum
Small or absent gastric air bubble
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AchalasiaImaging findings Barium meal
Classic Achalasia
Dilated esophagus (>4cm)
Absent peristalsis
Distal segment "Bird-beak" deformity
Hurst phenomenon: transit when hydrostatic pressure of
barium column is above tonic LES pressure
Narrowed segment: <3.5 cm in length
Secondary Achalasia
Less dilated (<4 cm)
Decreased or absent peristalsis
Distal segment: Eccentric, nodular, shoulder smooth, symmetric, tapered
Narrowed segment: >3.5 cm
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Achalasia
Differential diagnosis1. Scleroderma
2. Esophageal carcinoma
3. Gastric carcinoma
4. Esophagitis with stricture
5. Diffuse esophageal spasm
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Cause for dysphagia: Thyroid massSurgicaly removed 16-07-2008Histology: Benign, Non toxic Nodular goitre
Outcome (2012): Improved but still suffers from dysphagia!!
Zenker’s divertikulem?ARSA?
THANK YOU
Back to grandma..
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1. Weissleder, Wittenberg, Harisinghani, Chen. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging. Fifth edition. 2011.
2. Federle, Jeffrey, Desser, Anne, Eraso. Diagnostic Imaging of the Abdomen. First edition. 2004.
3. (PPP) ZENKER’S DIVERTICULUM. N. D’Souza,Underbrink. 2010
4. J. Dandelooy, J.P.M. Coveliers, P.E.Y. Van Schil, S.Anguille. Dysphagia lusoria. CMAJ • October 13, 2009 • 181(8)
5. P.D. Kent, T.H. Poterucha. Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery and Dysphagia Lusoria. N Engl J Med, Vol. 346, No. 21 May 23, 2002
REFERENCES