'Guilt by Heredity’ Case Revealed la Coast Guard

By Myra TannerSeaman N. Pierre Gaston graduated from the officer's

training school of the Coast Guard at New London, Conn. He ranked as eighth in his graduating class. That was lastA p r il. Now he is w o rk in g as an

THE MJLJTANPUBLISHED WEEKLY IN THE INTERESTS OF THE WORKING PEOPLE

apprentice seaman w h ile his classmates are on active du ty as commissioned ensigns. Gaston's commission was w ithhe ld .

W hy was he le ft behind? Be­cause the Coast Guard isn ’ t sure o f his m other’s po litics.

M rs. Jean Grisez o f San F ra n ­cisco, Gaston’s another, is not charged w ith being a Com m unist. A ccord ing to Gaston’s a tto rney, M urdaugh S. Madden, “ she was a woman who was in terested in c iv ic be tte rm ent and w elfa re o r­ganizations. She probably has belonged to more than 100 o r­ganizations over the las t ten years.’’

Gaston’s m other po in ted out. “ even i f I were g u ilty — and I ’m not — i t shouldn’t re fle c t on the boy. T h a t’s g u ilt by hered ity , o r som eth ing.”

M rs. Grisez is now being in ­vestigated. B u t before any “ g u ilt ” is established, she has already been punished by having her son le f t behind h is classmates under

Teachers Debate Witch Hunt at Union Convention

The Convention o f the A m e ri­can Federation o f Teachers, A F L , m eeting in F o rt W ayne, In ­diana, centered its a tten tion on the problems o f teachers fac ing c iv il libe rties attacks.

A m a jo r po in t o f discussion was the case o f the three New­a rk teachers who had been fire d fo r invok ing the F if th Am end­ment. Robert Lowenstein, P erry Z im m erm an and M rs. Estelle Laba, members o f Local 481, refused to te s tify before the House U n-A m erican A c tiv itie s Com m ittee la s t M ay. Because o f th e ir action the N e w ark Board o f Education dismissed them, contending th a t th e ir stand con­s titu te d conduct “ unbecoming a teacher.”

A f te r s tud y ing the case, the F edera tion ’s Executive Council recommended support o f the N ew ark teachers by a lloca ting $500 in legal fees fo r the de­fense o f each teacher. Th is was ra t if ie d by the convention a fte r heated debate.

However, the teachers’ p r in ­cipled stand in defense o f then- con s titu tion a l r ig h ts was under­m ined when the convention yielded to w itch -h u n t pressure. A n amendment was added to the m otion dem anding the teachers f i le a ff id a v its to the union stag­in g th a t they have never been members o f a subversive o r­ganization . B y ta k in g th is step they are p lacing a ll the respon­s ib ilitie s fo r po lic ing the m inds o f teachers upon the union, in ­stead o f free ing the teachers fro m the constant fe a r o f the w itch -hun t.

On the segregation fro n t the convention instructed the B irm ­ingham , Alabama, teachers union local to remove the lim ita t io n that on ly w h ite persons could be­come members. Delegates also adopted a reso lution ca llin g the G eorgia Board o f Education reg­u la tion, denying licenses to teachers fa vo rin g desegregation, a “ vicious a ttack on the status, tenure and dem ocratic r ig h ts of educational personnel.”

a cloud o f suspicion. And Gaston is being punished fo r h is m othe r’s alleged po litica l unorthodoxy.

S IM IL A R TO L A N D Y CASE P u b lic ity on the Gaston case

fo llow s closely on the heels o f a s im ila r N avy ease th a t g-ot public a tten tion . M idshipm an E u g e n e Landy, second in the class th a t graduated th is month fro m the M erchan t M arine Academy a t K in g ’s Point, New Y o rk , was denied bis commission as a naval reserve o ffic e r because his m other a lleged ly had onc<? been a "C om ­m un ist.” Landy ’s case is being appealed to the Secretary o f the N avy.

Both o f these “ g u ilty m othe r” cases have s tirred up popu lar ind igna tion .

E v id en tly embarrassed by the Gaston case, tshe Com m andant o f the Coast. Guard, Vice Adaniral A lfre d C. Richmond, A ug . 2-1, in an appearance on “ C e leb rity Parade” over the Am erican Broadcasting System said, “ U n ­fo rtu n a te ly the case has no t yet been resolved. B u t I hope i t is resolved qu ick ly and I hope it w ill be in his fa v o r.”

Richmond expla ined th a t the Coast Guard tr ies “ to lean over backwards to p ro tec t the r ig h ts o f the in d iv idu a l.” B u t on the o ther hand i t doesn’t w an t “ to jeopardize the secu rity o f the U n ited States.”

How fa r back does one have to lean in order to g ra n t th a t the “ sins” o f the fa th e r (o r m other) should no t be v is ited upon the son ?

B u t o f course the re ’s “ national secu rity ” to consider. And how much more dangerous fo r national security i t m ust be, when the associate is one’s own m other. In evidence o f how a “ -subversive” m other m ig h t in fluence her in fa n t wc subm it the fo llo w in g verse fro m the radical version o f a w e ll-know n lu lla b y :

Hock a-bye baby on the tree top, When you grow up, you’ l l work

in a shop.When you get m arried your w ife

w i l l w ork too,So tha t the boss w ill have no th ing

to do.

Now m other can add another•erse:

Rock a-bye baby on the tree top. When you grow up your th in k in g

m ust stop.Learn to in fo rm on ma and pa

too,Or you w ill f ind there ’s no work

fo r you.

Vol. X IX — No. 35 267 NEW YORK, N. Y., MONDAY, AUGUST 29, 1955 PRICE: 10 Cents

General Strike, Civil War EruptsIn North Africa--------------------------- --------------<?. ---------------------------------

Independence Fighters Assail U. S. Support Of French Imperialists

STRIKERS SWEEP FRANCE; WORKERS IN PITCHED BATTLES WITH COPS

S trikes o f such a m ilita n t na ture have been break ing out in F rance in the past three m onths tha t the bosses, govern­ment and labor o ffic ia ls — both S ta lin is t and Social Dem ocratic — arc asking themselves whether it w ill cu lm ina te in a general s tr ike movement.

The m ost recent o f th is series o f s trikes is now ta k in g place in Nantes, s ix th la rges t c ity in France. I t has been m arked by­s tree t fig h tin g , mass arrests, a t­tem pts to fre e arrested pickets, a bombing and sym pathy s trikes o f o the r workers.

This s trugg le is in o rig in a sh ipyard w orkers ’ s trike fo r a new wage con tract. On A ug. 17 the exasperated s tr ike rs m arch­ed in to the company office where the bosses were s ta llin g on nego­tia tions . They demanded and the te rr if ie d company representatives acceded to a wage increase of

Negro-White Unity in Sugar StrikeUnited labor support for the

1,500 CIO sugar refinery work­ers, who have been on strike in Louisiana for four-and-a-hslf months, was demonstrated at. an A F L -C IO sponsored mass meeting in New Orleans. Large, strike delegations traveled to New Orleans to attend the meeting. Here the interracial solidarity which has marked this strike again demonstrated itself when for the first time in the history of the munici­pally-owned auditorium the Negro-white delegations were seated without segregation.

Another development in the battle against the Colonial and Godchaux refineries, w h i c h refuse the ten-cents-an-hour increase other companies have

25% (11-ccnts an h o u r). Sub­sequently the bosses claimed they had been coerced and re ­pudiated the contract.

P O LIC E S T R IK E B R E A K E R SThe French governm ent rush ­

ed its special s tr ikeb rea k ing po­lice, called the CRS, to the s tr ike scene. Instead o f being overawed by these forces the s tr ike rs fo u g h t them ju s t as they had the local cops.

A t 6 P.M . on A ug . 19 more than a thousand dem onstrators marched on the ja i l where s t r ik ­ers were im prisoned. They threw stones th rough the w indows of the governm ent b u ild in g and broke down the ou ter gates o f the ja i l , shouting “ Free the p risoners !” Police barraged the dem onstrators w ith tear gas grenades b u t they continued the f ig h t t i l l 10 P.M. Though there were m any casualties, the com- b a tiv ity o f the s tr ike rs was ev i­denced by the fa c t th a t a goodly percentage o f the in ju re d were arm ed police.

The w o rk ing class of Nantes is so lid ly behind the shipyard w orkers and the bu ild ing w o rk ­ers, who were also on s trike . T h is was shown by the sym pathy s trikes declared by postal w o rk ­ers and c ity tra n s p o rt workers.

The Nantes s trugg le is bu t the la tes t o f a series o f con tract s trikes in which the French w orkers have dem onstrated th e ir readiness to occupy factories, organize s tree t dem onstrations and f ig h t the s trikeb rea k ing po­lice, be they local o r the centra l governm ent’s CRS.

On Aug. 1, fo r example, a day­long pitched ba ttle was fough t by 5,000 sh ipyard w orkers in St. Nazaire against, the steel-hel- meted CRS police. When the ba ttle was over, o f the 110 cas­ua lties, 60 were cops.

This f ig h t, too, came in the

m ids t o f negotia tions fo r a new contract. D u ring the vacation shut-down m anagem ent had sent each w o rke r an an ti-un ion le tte r. When w o rk resumed Monday, Aug. 1, the w orkers made a pile o f these le tte rs in the shipyard and burned them as an answer to the company. Im m ed ia te ly the heavily-arm ed CRS police were rushed in to the sh ipyard to a t ­tack the workers. Despite police use o f tea r gas and exp loding grenades the w orkers fo u g h t back t i l l dark. In the course o f the f ig h t the company office was burned to the ground — how or why has not been found out.

The St. N aza ire s tr ik e rs bad also demanded a 25% wage in ­crease — th is was no exo rb ita n t demand when i t is realized th a t the m etal w orkers in these sh ip­yards were ea rn ing 30% less an hour than m etal w orkers in the Paris region. The St. Nazaire s tr ik e was won when the bosses granted a 22% wage increase, oi- about 10 cents an hour.

T h a t th is new s p ir it o f m il i­tancy is not lim ited to w orkers in Nantes and St. N azaire is testified by s im ila r ou tbursts in s tr ik e strugg les in A lb e rt, Home- cou rt and Com m entry.

W h ile the French and U.S. B ig Business press is screaming that, the s tr ike wave is being organized by the Com m unist P a rty , there are m any ind ica­tions th a t even where the S ta l­in is ts head the unions, they have been caught by surp rise by the w o rkers ’ com b a tiv itv and, though t ry in g to contain it , are swept a long in its wake.

O f p a rticu la r note is the so li­d a r ity shown by government workers toward the curren t s tr ike strugg les. I t means that they have not been placated by the meager concessions granted them. The general s tr ik e o f 1953 was sparked by governm ent workers.

Negro Murdered In Mississippi

A second Negro has been murdered in Mississippi for in­sisting on his right to par­ticipate in politics. This victim was Lamar Smith of Casey- ville, Miss. According to in­vestigators for the National Association for the Advance­ment of Colored People, Smith “had received several threats on his life if he did not slow down on his political activities.’’ Nonetheless, Smith registered and voted in the Aug. 2 primary. He was shot down on the Lincoln County Court House lawn Aug. 13. This was a Saturday morning when normally large numbers of people congregate around the court house. Yet the sheriff claims there “weren’t any witnesses.”

Smith’s murder follows that of Rev. G. W. Lee in Belzoni, Miss. Lee was the first Negro to register in his county and he resisted demands of the White Citizen Councils to remove his name from the registration list. He was shot down and his death listed as "accidental." Though the police were later forced to admit he was murdered, there has been no attempt to arrest his slayers.

In Crawford, Miss., the three Negroes registered to vote have received repeated death threats.

By George LavanOn August 20 the people of French Morocco and

Algeria demonstrated to the world their hatred for the French imperialist, regime that rules them by brute forcealone. •$>------------------------------ »------------------------

In Morocco the w.hole w o rk ing class carried ou t a general s tr ik e as a dem onstra tion o f its detesta­tion o f F rench ty ra n n y . M ost shopkeepers in the coun try closed down th e ir stores in a s im ila r dem onstration. The popu la tion as a whole observed the day — the second ann iversary o f the French deposition o f the p ro -na tiona lis t Sultan — as a day o f m ourning.

In both countries merciless flig h tin g occurred. T h is was no th­ing new in A lg e r ia where a g u e rr illa w a r fo r independence ha„s been on fo r a. year. The Move­ment fo r Dem ocratic L ibe rties (M T L D ), w h ich is leading the anti-colon.ial s trugg le there, took advantage o f the tra n s fe r of French arnvy un its fro m A lg e ria to Morocco to stage attacks in foroe around the cities o f Con­stantine and P h ilippev ille .

U.S. SUPPORT H ITU.S. support of French im­

perialism, which has made Amer­

ica ha te fu l to N o rth A frican s be­cause i t alone pe rm its France to c a rry on the repressions in A lg e ria and Morocco, was de­nounced in A lg e ria . A M T L D statem ent sa id : “ A m erican arm s and French d iv is ions o f the N o rth A tla n tic A lliance, said to be organized fo r the defense o f the free w orld , are used da ily against old men, women and ch ild ren .”

W hile the f ig h t in g and casualty lis ts were h ighest in A lg e ria , b itte r f ig h t in g also took place in Morocco. T h is f ig h t in g took place, iro n ic a lly enough, not around the bag c ities to which the French and U.S. press have been .pretend­ing the independence movement is lim ited , b u t in the in te r io r.

M oreover, the a ttacks were launched by the so-called Berber ribesmen. These Berbers, whom

the French w ith the a.ge-old d iv ide-and-ru le po licy have tr ie d to p lay o f f aga inst the rest o f the Moroccan people, are moun­taineers, w ith the lowest l iv in g

(C ontinued on page 3)

New Legal Step Taken In Case of Legless Vet

A Study of 50 Security Case Historieschurch and refused to jo in any j sim ple-m inded person w ith no o ther organ izations. The organ- n o litn V a .l m a tu r itv .” Case 66. Bra-

By Henry GitanoA no ther blow against security-

Ih rough -though t-con tro l has been struck, w ith the publication of “ Case Studies in Personnel Se­c u r ity .” edited h " 'Ham Yarm o- lilis k y .

This mass o f fa c tu a l m ate ria l, exposing the though t - contro l (procedure was made possible th rough a g rant fro n t the Fund fo r the Republic which, financed by the Ford Foundation, is con­cerned w ith the pro tection o f c iv il liberties . The 310-page book pub­lished by the Bureau o f N a tiona l A ffa irs , covers 50 cases selected fro m over 300.

The n igh tm a rish security tests, rum m ag ing fo r the seeds of heresy, now cover ten m illio n men and women, one out o f every six workers. P riva te indus try engaged in defense w o rk accounts fo r three m illio n ; the A rm ed Forces another three m illio n ; Federal Governm ent employees: tvo -an d - a -h a lf m illio n ; m erchant seamen, po rt w orkers and atomic, energy w orkers make up tile balance. I t

is w ith these various categories th a t the Report concerns itse lf.

SOME C A S E H IS T O R IE SA pow erfu l fea r is evident, as

we read these case histories. The decaying social system o f ca p ita l­ism fears any th in k in g th a t m ig h t question its rule. The chairm an o f a hearing board says: “ The basis fo r the secu rity .program as i t is set up, is no t to detennine w hether he is o r m ig h t be. d is­loya l, bu t whether there is any doubt as to his lo y a lty under any foreseeable circum stances.” Case 57. ( A ll quotations are from the Y arm o lin sky study.)

Some hearings accomplish th e ir d iabolical a im s: “ Since my ea rlie r suspension, I have tr ie d to keep my mouth shut on po litica l ques­tions . . . it would be fo lly to deny that 1 had learned that silence is golden.” Case 67. Em ploye was cleared.

“ Counsel observes th a t the lo ya lty proceeding in 1952 g re a tly upset and w orried the employe, and th a t the re a fte r she w ithd rew fro m a ll o rgan izations except her

iza tions fro m which she w ith ­drew included the N a tiona l Asso­c ia tion fo r the Advancement, o f Colored People, and the local P arent Teachers Associa tion .” Case 55. Em ploye cleared w ith back pay.

A c iv il forem an employe o f the A rm y , b ro ug h t an expert witness to h is hearing : “ The expert was a P resbyterian m in is te r o f p ro m i­nent standing in the com m unity who had studied communism ex­tensively, traveled throughout, the w orld , w r itte n a dozen theological works. . . The expert did not. know the employe personally before an extensive in terv iew ’, eondl'iieted at the request o f the employe's counsel, in which he had examined the employe on his re lig ious back ground and on his po litica l beliefs . . . the expert deduced th a t it was impossible fo r the employe to be a be liev ing Com­m un is t as well as a p ra c tis in g C hris tian , and he re inforced th is deduction w ith the opin ion tha t

employe was an extrem e ly

po litica l m a tu r ity .” Case 66. Em ­ploye cleared w ith back pay.

To force minds into a vacuum, is the wTetched goal of those who can’t defend the ir ideas in free discussion.

S E C U R ITY NO T IN V O L V E DNone o f these eases even pretend

to deal w ith espionage, sabotage, force or violence. A proof-reader was asked by a hearing o ffice r, according to counsel’s best, reco l­lection : “ Don’t you th in k tha t any person is a secu rity r is k who a t one tim e o r another associated w ith a Communist — even though i t was no t a sym pathetic asso­c ia tion and even though he may not have known a t the tim e tha t the person was a Com m unist and even though the association te r­m inated m any years ago?” Case 16.

A genuine revo lu tion is t or a S ta lin is t is a rare catch in the security sieve nowadays. B u t the hu n t goes on, i t hounds those who have insurance w ith the In te rn a ­tiona l W orkers O rder, those a f­

filia te d w ith organ izations listed by the House Com m ittee on Un- Am erican A c tiv it ie s o r by the C a lifo rn ia Com m ittee, besides the A tto rne y General’s l is t ; also those who are in ‘‘sym pathetic associa­tion .”

An arm y p riva te ’s a tto rney “ stated th a t he would not con­tro v e rt the purported ac tiv itie s o f the p riva te 's fa the r, m other and sis ter. He did in troduce a newspaper report o f a speech . . . in which the President critic ized countries where ch ildren are asked to in fo rm upon th e ir parents.” Case 108.

A S S O C IA TE OF A S S O C IA TEA c lerical employe o f the Signal

Corps was charged w ith m a in ta in ­in g a “ close and con tinu ing asso­c ia tion w ith you r b ro the r who is a close associate o f reported Com­m un ist P arty m embers and sym ­pathizers. . .’ ’Board m em ber; “ Suppose you

were re instated and found out la te r th a t you r b ro the r was in ­volved in any o f these organ-

(Continued on page 2)

The Case o f the Legless V e t­eran, James Kutcher, against the A tto rn e y General’s po litica l b lack lis t is hack on the court calendar in W ashington, D. C.

K u tche r is the com bat veteran who los t both his legs in I ta ly and then was fire d fro m his Veterans A d m in is tra tio n job fo r be longing to the Socialist W o rk ­ers P a rty .

In m ost “ lo y a lty ” eases the v ic tim s are accused o f associa­tion or they deny membership in b l a c k l i s t e d organ izations. K utcher, however, fro m the f ir s t p roud ly proclaim ed his SW P membership, said no t r ia l or hearing had found his p a rty “ subversive,” and th a t the re fo re his f i r in g was illeg a l. H is case is unique in th a t it. goes to the very heart o f the w itch h u n t — the le g a lity o f the A tto rn e y Gen­e ra l’s lis t.

There has been a succession o f c iv il libe rtie s v ic to ries in the federal courts in the past three months. In m ost o f these cases, however, the courts have dodged cons titu tiona l issues and ruled on secondary issues.

T h is is w hy i t is im p o rtan t now to press fo r federal cou rt ru ling s on c o n s titu tio n a l issues. The B il l o f R ights cannot be re­established in force u n til the courts have spelled i t ou t in specific ru ling s on the cu rre n t w itch hunt.

1952 R U L IN GThe K utche r case has been be­

fore governm enta l bodies and the courts since 1948. On October 16, 1952 the U . S. C ourt o f A p ­peals ru led in K u tc h c r ’s fa v o r but. avoided the cons titu tiona l issue, ru lin g instead on the i l ­legal fo rm o f his f ir in g . Though the c o u rt’s fa ilu re to speak on the key question was a d isap­po in tm ent, the ru lin g on the sec­ondary po in t was a c iv il libe rties v ic to ry .

The New Y ork T im es com­m enting e d ito r ia lly , said (O ct. IS, 1952) th a t the decision cast "new doubts . . . on the v a lid ity o f the A tto rn e y G eneral’s lis t as a proper means o f de te rm in ing the lo y a lly o f in d iv idu a l A m e ri­cans.” I. F. Stone, then a co l­um nist fo r the N. Y . Compass, hailed if as “ the f i r s t ju d ic ia l de feat” sustained by the “ lo ya l­ty ” program .

Indeed, the decision in K u t-

cher v. G ray, as i t is lega lly know’n, has been an im p o rta n t precedent fo r o ther cases against the w itch hunt. I t recently was in the news when the judges in the Shachtmen passport, de­cision c ited i t as one o f the legal bases fo r ru lin g against the State Departm ent.

The K u tcher v. G ray decision, however, sent the K u tcher case back to its p o in t o f o rig in . I t has been p a in fu lly re-fought, up th rough the m yria d “ lo y a lty ” hoards to the federa l courts. In June a federa l d is tr ic t judge in the D is tr ic t o f Colum bia o ra lh ruled fo r a governm ent m otion, thus g iv in g the green l ig h t fo i

appeal to the U. S. Court of Appeals. This appeal is being mado.

The noted civil liberties at* torney, Joseph Rauh, continues to direct Kutrher’s legal battle without remuneration. There are, nevertheless, heavy legal ex­penses. The Kutcher Civil Rights Defense Committee states that it must raise, a minimum of $1,- 250 to carry the Kutcher case through the Court of Appeals. It requests financial support from all interested in the preser­vation of civil liberties. Contri­butions should be sent to this committee at its address: 68 Fifth Avc., New York 11, N. Y.

Legless Vet vs. P o lit ic a l B la ck lis t

Legless World AVar I I veteran James Kutcher. and his 73-year old father Hyman shown in 1953 when they were Ihreatcned v illi eviction from a federal housing project in Newark on the basis of a “loyalty” oath law. The eviction move was defeated when a state court suspended the order. This episode is a sample of the government persecution that has dogged Kutcher becau.se of his socialist views and his fight against the Attorney General’s political blacklist.

granted, was the announce­ment that three, international officers of the United Packing­house Workers of America would travel to Gramercy, La., on Sept. 21 to take up com­pany-stooge Judge Walter B. Hamlin’s threat to jail them on contempt charges if they re­entered the strike area.

The officers are President Ralph Helstein, his adminis­trative assistant C h a r l e s Fischer and District Director George Thomas. Maximum pen­alties they will face from union-hating Judge Hamlin are a year in prison and $1,000 fine each. Hamlin has been conducting mass contempt trials of the 31 local executive committee members of the union.

Page Two — T H E M I L I T A N T Monday, Augnat 29, 195S

The Big-Hearted Rockefellers

By Robert Chester

“ Rockefeller Benefactions Placed at Two and a Half Billions” was the headline blazoned in a recent New York Times front-page article. Encompassed w ith in these simple­sounding words is the com plex® system o f c a re fu lly nu rtu red propaganda designed to tu rn a name, synonymous w ith the ra ­pacious trus ts , in to one id e n ti­fied as a prom oter o f “ the well be ing o f m ankind.”

The background o f Rockefel­le r ’s rise fro m a hum ble book­keeper to the richest man o f his tim e , dispensing shiny new dimes to wide-eyed ch ildren, has be- oome a legend. W hile the details o f the source o f h is fo rtun e are kep t qu ie t, like a skeleton in the closet, the s to ry o f his “ bene­fa c tio n s ” is spread fa r and wide.

ROBBER BARO NSThe rise o f S tandard O il is an

in te g ra l p a r t o f the phenomenal in d u s tr ia l expansion th a t fo llo w ­ed the C iv il W ar. W ith govern­m ent sanction, the na tu ra l re ­sources o f the coun try were ap­p ro p ria ted and explo ited by an aggressive, ruth less group o f “ robber barons” who recognized no ru les th a t hindered th e ir ae- qu is itio n o f the cou n try ’s wealth .

B eg inn ing w ith some modest investm ents in Ohio o il re fine r­ies du ring the decade o f the C iv il W ar, Rockefeller found h im se lf in the center o f a boom ing in du s try . In the mad scramble fo r dominance he proved to be the m ost w ily and ruth less. H is method was sim ple — e ither d rive the com petito r fro m the fie ld or, fa il in g tha t, am alga­mate w ith him .

Inside o f a decade Rockefeller contro lled the o il re fin in g and d is tr ib u tio n in Ohio. A decade la te r. Standard O il contro lled n ine-tenths of the o il business in the country. I t (hen moved in to ra ilroads, m in ing and banking, ca rv ing out an economic empire. A l l the fa r f lu n g hold ings were then am algam ated in to a vast tru s t, whose operations were con­tro lled by a few “ trustees” w ith Rockefeller at. th e ir head.

U s ing special laws o f the State o f New Jersey, Standard O il o f New Jersey was set up as a ho ld ing company to manage the a ffa irs o f the R ockefeller enterprises. I t paid dividends to its stockholders o f 30% to 48% a year. These huge am algam a­tions o f cap ita l, centra lized th rou gh the Rockefe ller banks played a dom inant ro le in A m e ri­can po litica l life , fro m the “ buy­in g ” o f Congressmen to supp ly­in g cabinet officers and in fluenc­in g state and na tiona l machines. R ockefe ller in te rests s p r e a d th roughou t the w o rld and in ­fluenced Am erican fo re ign po licy.

This m eteoric rise in personal w ealth o f one man in less than h a lf a cen tury could no t be the resu lt o f in d iv idu a l e ffo r t. I t rose fro m the dynam ic in d u s tria l expansion, fro m the exp lo ita tion o f labor and the sale o f monopoly products to an expanding m ar­ket. The benefits o f th is social process were appropria ted by the t in y group o f tycoons who though t o f w ealth on ly in te rm s o f th e ir p riva te benefit and mod­estly accepted a ll c red it fo r it. W orkers, meanwhile, made gains in th is period on ly th rough b it ­te r class struggles.

A N T I-T R U S T S E N T IM E N TA f te r the tu rn o f the cen tury

popu lar revu ls ion aga inst the trus ts , and p a rtic u la r ly Standard

Three SpecialsBy Colvin R. de Silva:

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W e ll Never Forget Martyrdom O f Sacco and Vanzetti in 1927

O il, led to a change in surface po licy. A Supreme C ourt ru lin g dissolved the Standard O il T ru s t and its operations were taken over by its subsid iaries. I t was in th is period th a t the Rockefel­le r Foundation was set up to spend a fra c tio n o f h is fo rtune on “ w o rth y causes.”

Even the process o f g iv ing away money was conducted along the lines o f a cap ita lis t en te r­prise. Donations, claimed to value $1 b illion , were made in the fo rm o f stocks.. Through stock sp lits , dividend payments and rise in m arket value the funds “ g rew ” in to a to ta l o f $2 1/2 b illion , a ll o f which is now credited to Rockefe ller gracious­ness.

The system o f m illio n a ire p h il­an th ropy has been given pene­tra t in g analysis by investiga tors. In his classic w o rk “ A m erica ’s (50 F am ilies ” Ferd inand Lund- berg devotes a chapter sum m ar­iz in g th e ir find ings. He w rites , “ The reader, then, should p re­pare to en ter in th is chapter a subterranean cavern o f modern cap ita lism , d iscard ing a t once a ll preconceptions about m unificent donations by economic barons fo r the w e lfa re o f m ankind. Fos­tered by the newspapers and the p u b lic ity bureaus o f the m illio n ­aires, these preconceptions have l i t t le ju s tific a tio n in objective fa c t.”

The m illio na ires found several advantages in endowing p riva te foundations. Most im p ortan t, they were s t i l l able to re ta in contro l o f the stocks and safe­guard the rest o f th e ir invest­ments. The in s titu tio n s , being tax free, saved them g re a t sums in income tax paym ents to ta lin g over the years to m ore than the value o f the stocks themselves.

S O FTE N O P P O S IT IO NThe “ ph ilan th rop ies” played

another im p o rta n t role. They were able to con tro l or n e u tra l­ize la rge sections o f “ public op in ion” thus so ften ing popu lar resentm ent against them. This process, o f course, was aided by the h igh powered p u b lic ity de­pa rtm ents m ainta ined by the m illiona ires.

Endowm ents to colleges usual­ly have a s tr in g attached to them . A n y c r it ic is m o f the cor­pora tions would make fo r d i f ­ficu lties fo r the college and cut o f f the supply o f g ia n ts . M any investiga tions in the fie ld o f medicine have resulted from the special needs o r desires o f the “ benefactor.” Rockefe ller In s t i­tu te , fo r example, expended con­siderable am ounts fo r the study and con tro l o f trop ica l diseases. The find ings were useful in ex­p lo it in g the o il fields o f trop ica l L a tin Am erica where Standard O il has m a jo r hold ings.

The very fa c t th a t these fou n ­dations, in spite o f the m illions given ou t in g ran ts , continue to increase th e ir assets indicates they are not p r im a r ily o rgan iza­tions fo r spending money. They are set up fo r the con tro l o f w ealth and the m aintenance o f the specific in terests and needs o f the corporations.

Yet i t is on th is basis tha t these “ barons” who have profited from the resources and w ealth o f the country, reaped the ir p ro fits from the w orkers, con­tro lled the po litics o f adm in is­tra tion s and explo ited the natives o f co lon ia l lands, set themselves up as the “ benefactors o f m an­k ind .”

Subversion?A federa l postal w o rke r has

been suspended fo r w r it in g a le tte r to a paper c r it ic iz in g the governor o f Texas.

By John Thayer ®August 22 — A few m inutes

a fte r m id n ig h t 28 years ago Sacco and V anzetti were lega lly m urdered by the State o f Mas­sachusetts^ not fo r any crim e they had com m itted hut fo r th e ir rad ica l ideas and th e ir labor a c tiv ity .

Immense crowds o f class con­scious w orkers a ll over the w orld w a ited tensely as m id n ig h t ap­proached, hoping th a t a las t- m inute change o f heart o r fea r o f consequences on the p a rt o f the Am erican ru lin g class would save the tw o labo r m a rty rs fro m the e lectric chair.

B u t fo r the A m erican ca p ita l­is t class and th e ir p o litica l h ired hands Sacco and V anze tti had become w h a t they were fo r w o rk ­ers th roughou t the w orld — sym ­bols o f the s trugg le fo r a class­less society. Thus th e ir destruc­tion was to serve as evidence o f A m erican B ig Business’ ru th less­ness towards labo r and revo lu ­tio n a ry social though t.

I t m attered no t th a t the fram ed-up evidence and the open h o s tility o f the judge so dis­credited the ve rd ic t th a t tens of thousands of people unconnected w ith the w o rk in g class — lib ­erals and even m any conserva­tives — demanded another t r ia l.

RECORDED IN L IT E R A T U R EIn the 28 years th a t have

elapsed since th a t te rr ib le n ig h t a generation has grow n up which knows l i t t le about Saeco and V anze tti. M ost o f those fo r whom the names are m eaning­fu l have th e ir knowledge from the legends about these two men. F o r th e ir m artyrdom has en ter­ed in to A m erican lite ra tu re .

A few exam ples: the poetry o f Edna St. V incent M illa y ; the novels o f John Dos Passos; M ax­w e ll Anderson’s p lay, “ W in te r- set,” o f which a movie was also made: T hu rb e r’s p lay (also a m ovie) “ The Male A n im a l.”

Y e t the li te ra ry legend which has grow n up about Sacco and V anze tti leaves much to be de­sired. M ost o f the w r ite rs are libera ls , and though they decry the executions as a m ockery of jus tice , they neglect the w o rk ­ing class ro le o f the heroic v ic tim s — y e t i t was precise ly th is ro le w h ich led to th e ir ex­ecution.

Sacco and V a n ze tti’s execution was no mere “ m isca rriage o f ju s tice ” as so m any libe ra l w rite rs o f today seem to th in k . I t was p a rt and parcel o f a

W ork ing Class M a rty rs

The tw o v ic tim s o f cap ita lis t fram e-up, Bartolom eo V anze tti and N ico la Sacco, are shown here under armed guard sho rtly a fte r they were sentenced to death in Massachusetts.

Qcado fo r days and th ird-degreed in the Departm ent o f Justice bu ild ing in New Y ork C ity . F i­na lly his body came h u rtlip g th rough the w indow and crashed on the pavement 14 floo rs below. Salsedo had e ith e r been pushed (an old police th ird -degree tr ic k is to threaten to push the prison er out the w indow and sometimes they do) or the to rtu re was so b ru ta l th a t Salsedo pre ferred to die.

Ita lia n rad ica ls were trem en dously s tirre d by Salsedo’s in u r der o r suicide. M any armed themselves. Two days la te r Sacc< and V anze tti were arrested on the way to organize a pro test meeting. They were arm ed; they refused to say where they were go ing ; they refused to g ive the names o r places o f people they had been w ith in the preceding days.

The police decided to combine w itch -h u n tin g w ith a fram e-up (a rou tine way o f “ c losing” c r im ­inal cases). They charged the tw o w ith an unsolved payro ll robbery and m urder in the town o f B ra in tree .

w itch -h u n t cam paign launched at the end o f W orld W ar I.

The Russian R evolution and the spread o f rad ica l beliefs among the workers a ll over the w orld te r r if ie d the cap ita lis ts . In A m erica the rage to stamp out a ll rad ica lism was the p o lit i­cal face o f the B ig Business re ­solve to smash unionism which had made a few gains du ring the w a r and which threatened— i f rad ica l ideas spread — to re­su lt in the o rgan iza tion o f the w orkers in the mass production industries.

The p a rtic u la r w itch hun t of th a t period is known by the name o f the “ Pa lm er Raids,” a f te r the then A tto rn e y General. The un ion-busting cam paign was dubbed by its creators the “ Am erican P lan,” and i t meant the open shop.

Under the Palm er Raids c iv il libe rties were destroyed in a fash ion th a t m ust s t i l l make A tto rn e y General B row ne ll en­vious. Mass roundups o f p o lit i­cal “ suspects,” hurried deporta­tions by the boatload, kangaroo cou rt tr ia ls , ja i l a troc ities, sup­pression o f w o rk ing class p o lit i­cal movements. I t was here J. E dgar Hoover won his spurs and la te r con tro l o f (he F B I.

Sacco and V anze tti were tw o labo r m ilita n ts out o f thousands picked up in the Palm er Raids. Chance circumstances, th e ir own heroic conduct, and the in te rven ­tion o f w o rkers ’ organizations

made th e ir case o f w orld im p o r­tance.

S T R IK E LE A D E R SBoth had been born in Ita ly ,

where, as in Spain, anarchism and syndica lism were pow erfu l cu rren ts in the labor movement In th is country they persisted in th e ir anarch is t ideals (wh ich are not “ bom b-th row ing” as the Am erican press v u lg a r ly makes ou t) and were active in organ iz ing the la rge com m unities o f Ita lia n -A m e rican w orkers in New England.

Thus B arto lom eo V anze tti be­came known to the em ployers’ organ izations in 1916 when he led a s tr ik e o f rope and tw ine w orkers in a P lym outh , Mass., fac to ry . The s tr ike was won but he was b lack lis ted and had to make his liv in g peddling fish. H is o ther ac tiv itie s included teaching classes, o rgan iz ing and lead ing Ita lia n w orkers in the Boston area along rad ica l lines.

N icola Sacco was also popular among rad ica l Ita lia n workers, though not as prom inent as Van ze tti. l ie had come to the bosses’ a tten tion in a v ic to rious shoe w orkers ’ s tr ike in 1918. As the P a lm er w itch -h u n t go t under way he worked w ith his close fr ien d V anze tti on defense cam­paigns fo r v ic tim ized comrades.

A few m onths before th e ir a r­rest, a fr ien d and comrade o f the irs , Andrea Salsedo, was a r ­rested. He was held incom m uni-

The New Military Code of Conduct’

By Art Sharon

WITCH HUNTERS BLUNDER IN MICH.

A Marxist Classic The Foundations Of Christianity

byKarl Kautsky

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By Bob HimmelD E TR O IT , Aug. 22 — N um er­

ous enlisted men have been d is­charged from the Arm ed Forces as “ undesirables” because o f th e ir un fo rtuna te choice o f p a r­ents, o r th e ir “ questionable as­sociations” p r io r to induction. Sanford W axer is ju s t one o f a long line o f v ic tim s o f th is g u ilt - by - association technique. H is case received considerable pub lic ity in D e tro it th is week be­cause i t presents a p a rticu la rly ludicrous example o f how inno­cent people are casually smeared by the w itch hunt.

W axer, who is a graduate o f W ayne U n ive rs ity , was separat ed fro m the A rm y on M ay 31, 1955. He had served fo r two years as a p riva te and had been an in s tru c to r at an A rm y c le r i­cal school a z F o r t Knox, K en­tucky. H is A rm y record was ad­m itte d ly exce llent and on Aug. 12, 1953, he received a commen­dation fro m his comm anding o f­ficer aw ard ing h im a c igare tte lig h te r fo r “ so ld ie rly qua lities, m il ita ry bearing and in te rest in you r duties.”

“ U N D E S IR A B L E ”Two m onths a fte r his separ­

ation, on A ugust 4, 1955, W axer received a fo rm fro m the A rm y D epartm ent requesting him to accept an “ undesirable dis­charge.” The A rm y included a statem ent lis t in g the reasons fo r th is action.

“ In fo rih a tio n has been re ­ceived,” the statem ent said, “ f u r ­n ish ing reasons to believe th a t you m ay be subject to coercions, influences or pressures which may cause you to act con tra ry to the best in te rests o f the na­tiona l security .

“ Th is in fo rm a tio n is to the e f­fe c t th a t you were associated w ith persons who were members in o r in sym pathetic association w ith the Com m unist P arty .

“ These persons are:“ How ard and Hope Sm ith,

leaders in. the 14th Congressional Club, D is tr ic t 7, D e tro it Com­m un is t P a rty a t whose house in Oct. 1950 you attended a p a rty .

“ Saul and Peggy W ellm an, leaders in the Com m unist P a rty in the D e tro it area, w ith whom you were fr ie n d ly in 1950 and 1961.

“ D r. A lfre d H. K e lly , a con­tr ib u to r to and supporter o f the Am erican Youth fo r Democracy, an organ ization cited as Com­m unist and subversive by the A t ­torney General o f the United Stales.

“ On M arch 4, 1954, you listed D r. K e lly as a character re fe r­ence in com pletion o f a D epa rt­ment o f Defense fo rm No. 398 in a statem ent o f personal h is­to ry .” (T h is fo rm is used in ap­p lica tion fo r an A rm y commis­sion.)

“ Leo S ha ffe r, your b ro the r-in - law, whom you listed as a char­acter reference on or about Sept. C, 1952, and who was chairm an o f a Com m unist P a rty shop u n it in 1946 and 1947 and was p re s i­dent o f the Diesel Com m unist C lub in 1950.”

W axe r’s a tto rney, C h a r l e s Lockwood, pointed ou t th a t the A rm y “ does no t accuse W axer o f be ing a com m unist or a com­m un is t sym path izer. The A rm y is t ry in g to fo rce th is young man to accept an undesirable discharge on the basis o f accusa­tions based on incidents before he even entered the A rm y .”

D enying the charges against him , W axer stated th a t he had never been a Com m unist o r a sym path izer o f Communism and knew the iSmiths and W ellm ans casually because o f a m utua l in ­te res t in music. He added th a t at no tim e had they ever discussed po litics . Saul W ellm an was one o f the v ic tim s o f a S m ith A ct t r ia l about a year ago.

S ha ffe r, W axer’s b ro th e r-in - law , is a fo rm e r president of U A W local 163 and cu rre n tly chairm an o f the local’s ba rga in ­in g com m ittee. He said th a t he had signed numerous T a ft-H a r t- ley a ffid a v its to the e ffec t th a t he was no t a Communist.

I t was the inclusion o f D r. K e lly , however, th a t brought the case in to the pub lic spo tlig h t and served to expose the fan ta s­t ic smear techniques used by the w itch hunters. Here the A rm y pulled a boner th a t they w ill not recover from fo r a long tim e.

K e lly , who is cha irm an o f W ayne U n iv e rs ity ’s H is to ry De­partm ent, has tru e enough been associated w ith the A Y D , bu t h is connection was not qu ite w ha t the A rm y portrayed. In 1947 D r. K e lly headed a com­

m ittee th a t investigated the ac­t iv it ie s o f the A Y D and as a resu lt o f th e ir in vestig a tion suc­ceeded fn hav ing the o rgan iza ­tion banned fro m the Wayne Campus.

The sm earing o f a man like D r. K e lly who has been a model o f the s te r lin g v irtu e s o f “ lo ya l­ty and p a trio tism ” shows tha t not even the most fana tic “ an ti-com m unists” are safe any longer. “ A n t i - C om m unis t? ” — the w itch hunters don’t care w hat k ind o f a Com m unist you are.

U nder o rd in a ry circumstances there is no doubt th a t W axer’s case would have been passed qu ie tly by like countless others. D r. K e lly is an in te rn a tio n a lly known educator, however, and as a re su lt the case has become fro n t page news.

'H E IG H T S O F S T U P ID IT Y ’Great concern is now being

shown by prominent- libe ra ls and conservatives a like over the A rm y ’s w itch hu n t campaign. T yp ica lly enough, however, th is concern is no t over W axer o r the o ther v ic tim s o f the w itch hunt who don’t have the resources to defend themselves, bu t m a in ly over K e lly , the p rom inent a n t i­communist.

Much o f th is concern is no doubt a re su lt o f fea rs th a t the en tire w itch h u n t program is be­in g discredited in the eyes o f a g ro w in g num ber o f people.

Even the conservative D e tro it Free Press directed an ed ito ria l against the A rm y ’s “ monumen­ta l he ights o f s tu p id ity .”

They are no t w orried so much about D r. K e lly ’s repu ta tion be­cause, “ he is su ffic ie n tly p ro m i­nent and hacked by the prestige o f a g re a t u n ive rs ity . . .”

B ut, the ed ito ria l po in ts out, “ the damage caused by th is in ­cident could be incalcu lable.

“ In the f irs t place, w h a t cre­dence now can be given to any o f the o ther charges against W axer? Can we no t assume they are o f equally f lim s y and false m ateria l ?

“ I f th is is a sample o f the way on r m il ita ry in te lligence operates,” the ed ito ria l continues, “ w hat confidence can we have in i t now in regard to any m a t­te r in vo lv in g na tiona l sa fe ty or se cu rity? ”

“ M O R A L L Y C U L P A B L E ”Faked evidence, perju red w it ­

nesses, the p la n tin g o f dynam ite- bombs, newspaper lies fa ile d to make a plausible case against them. A dozen witnesses were able to place V an ze tti 35 m iles fro m B ra in tree a t the tim e o f the crim e. B u t Judge W ebster Thayer in his charge to the ju ry declared: “ T h is man (V a n ze tti) a lthough he may not have actua l­ly com m itted the crim e a ttr ib u te d to h im , is nevertheless m ora lly culpable, because he is the enemy o f ou r e x is ting in s titu tio n s .”

“ P a trio ts ” cried out th a t the accused were fore igners, radicals had opposed the recent w ar, and the re fo re “ they deserved to die.” The judge boasted to reporters how he was going to g ive it to “ those a rn a rch is t bastards.”

Sacco and V an ze tti were f irs t defended by a com m ittee set up by th e ir comrades. Then the In .tem ationa l Labor Defense, head ed by James P. Cannon, entered the case. I t b u ilt a world-w ide un ited f ro n t o f w o rk in g class o r ­ganizations to pro test the fram e- up.

The IL D was o f the correct be lie f th a t only mass pressure could s tay the hand o f the exe­cu tione r — and indeed, i t was th is alone th a t delayed the exe­cution so long and presented the p o ss ib ility o f rescuing the two.

Throughout the te rr ib le seven years o f th e ir im prisonm ent the revo lu tiona ry pa ir set such an example o f courage and s ince rity tha t th e ir m em ory can never be fo rgo tten . When the names o f A lv in F u lle r (then Governor o f M assachusetts) and Calvin Cool- ftige (then President o f the U S A ) cannot even be found in the a r­chives, the youth w ill read the s to ry o f these tw o pure soldiers fo r hum an ity and shed a tear at th e ir s im ple fa rew e ll messages.

i t is now an executive order and in e ffect a legal f ia t on how •a G I should th in k and behave when he is captured.

The code came ouit o f a volum inous rep o rt prepared by the special com m ittee th a t reveals much o f the problem faced by the Pentagon brass in t ry in g to make the Am erican GI in to a reasonable facs im ile o f the Nazi storm trooper. U n like the German General S ta ff (ve ry much ad­mired and im ita ted in the Pen­tagon) th a t could d raw upon hundreds o f thousands o f demor­alized, declassed, Nazi - indoc­trina te d youth and in s ti ll a fana tic hatred o f “ in fe r io r” peo­ple and revo lu tiona ry w orkers, our General S ta ff lias as its raw m ateria l d iffe re n t s tu ff.

R A N K A N D F IL EOutside o f the sm all m in o rity

o f 30-year men the troops of Am erican im peria lism come fro m factories in South Bead, fa rm s in Tennessee, a m ilk rou te in Boston, a departm ent store in Los Angeles. I f they share any idea it is th a t the people have the r ig h t to choose th e ir own way o f life and to be free o f dom ination. They also share a general skep tic ­ism about the purposes and ob­jectives o f the B ig Brass and the B ig Business leaders a t the head o f the country.

O f course they repeat the slogans and catchwords about the Am erican way o f life , free en ter­prise, etc. They can ha rd ly help th a t since i t has been and s t il l is drum m ed in to th e ir heads da ily f r o m a thousand d iffe re n t sources.

I t was th is same type o f young man th a t faced a weapon in the Korean w a r never before faced by an Am erican serviceman. They were subjected to a po litica l o f­fensive — that no m atte r how inep tly i t was handled or ho» d is to rted i t was presented — had te llin g e ffect.

The tnue s to ry about “ b ra in ­w ashing” is now com ing out. This is no secret and ancient Chinese to rtu re method or some d iabo lic­a lly cunning modern invention; it is s im p ly the practice o f posing o f po litica l questions to the captured A m erican soldiers — questions tihat could no t be answered.

The report records w ith dism ay how m any a Chinese o ff ic ia l was more acquainted w ith Am erican po litics and h is to ry th ftn the prisoner h im self. The remedy ac­cord ing to the rep o rt is to teach the G I’s more about the ideals of the country.

CO URT M A R T IA L SC oncurrently w ith the w ork o f

th is select Pentagon com m ittee a series o f court m artia ls have

. . . Security Case Histories(Continued from page 1)

iza tions on the A tto rn e y Gen­e ra l’s lis t. Would you come fo r th and to ll you r supervisor in th is agency th a t you r b ro ther was connected in any o f these organ izations ?”

Em ploye: “ W ould th a t be p a rt o f m y du ties? ”

Board member: “ You w ould re­ceive instructions here.”

Board mem ber: “ You don 't know'; is th a t you r answer? You don’t know what, you should do?”

Em ploye : “ I don’t know w ha t I -Would db. Some th in g s you don’t know u n til they re a lly happen.’’ Case 75. Em ploye was d is­missed. E lem entary h u m a n d ig n ity is n o t recognized by secu rity boards.W ha t one th inks, o r reads, or

hangs on the w a ll, can ind icate a threalt to th is na tion ’s secu rity : “ In 1950, Com m unist lite ra tu re was observed in the book-shelves and Com m unist a r t was seen on the w a lls o f you r residence.” The substitu te posta l employe ad­m itted he owned the Modern L ib ra ry ed ition o f M arx ’s C apita l and there were reproductions of Picasso, Matisse, Renoir and M od ig lian i in his home. Case 107.

An in d u s tria l employe faced the charge: “ th a t an in fo rm a n t had reported th a t w h ile s it t in g in a restau ran t lis te n in g to a broad­cast on the House U n-Am erican A c tiv it ie s Investiga tion o f the “ Hollyw ood Ten,” the employe had characterized the investiga ­tion as ‘despicable’.’’ Case 5.

Reading is always suspicious:Q : “ W hat was your purpose in

buy ing the books?”A : “ I was interested to know

w h a t Communism was. I don’t know i f you remember hack d u r in g the depression. Everyone was try in g to f in d th is ou t and th a t. E verybody was reading something. . . I read every th ing th a t came along. N ow I am a fra id to read anyth ing . I am te ll in g you. You never know w h a t can happen 20 years fro m now.” Case 53.

A committee of top Pentagon brass and selected civilian advisors have worked out a Code of Conduct to govern every U.S. serviceman who is captured in war. ThePresident has signed the code and £--------------------------------------------------------

taken place w ith many more to fo llow . These cou rt m artia ls have revealed even more about life in the prisoner o f w ar camps in Korea. The te rrib le pressure upon the un fo rtuna te G I’s up on t r ia l and the genera lly heavy propa­ganda smoke screen about the “ b a rba rities ’’ o f the Chinese Red A rm y have made i t d if f ic u lt to get an accurate p ic tu re o f w hat re a lly took place in these camps. But enough has been to ld to make us realize th a t a savage s trugg le sp lit the prison camps in to two w ings — so called progressive and reactionary.

In the m idst o f th is s trugg le th a t took place in surroundings a lm ost p r im it iv e m any episodes o f ind iv idua l b ru ta lity and be s tia lity took place. These f ig u re la rge in the cu rren t cou rt m artia ls espe­c ia lly in the case o f Sergeant Gallagher.

A c tu a lly , however, the Pen­tagon is l i t t le concerned w ith the personal conduct o f the soldier prisoner who seeks to be tte r his lot at the advantage o f his fe l­lows. I t is the soldier prisoner who fa ils to ca rry on the w ar in prison against his “ communist enemy” tha t w orries the Pentagon.

I t is the GI who sympathizes w ith the colonial people who is the danger and the po in t o f in ­fection, from the po in t o f view o f the m il ita ry au thorities .

We w ill have to w a it fo r the whole s to ry of w hat went on in these camps. Some o f these young men who went through an ex- oerienee unique in Am erican h is ­to ry w ill some day te ll the s to ry — and i t w ill be fa r d iffe re n t *'rom the propaganda lies th a t come out by the ream.

W HOSE A T R O C IT IE S ?In a somewhat d iffe re n t cate­

gory are those Am erican f lie rs vho have ju s t been released. They cere given a tr ia l and sentenced .o prison in China. T he ir release oecame p a rt o f the p re lim in a ry •oncessions made by the Chinese in the cu rre n t negotia tions at Geneva.

B ut around the airm en is b u ilt the la rgest propaganda campaign, about Chinese to rtu re . The re p o rt on the POW problem states th a t no drug was- used by the Chinese to get the “ confession” fro m the -ap tured a ir force o ffice rs. And when they appeared a f te r then- release they were pronounced to be in excellent physical condition, bu t undoubtedly they had a rough tim e.

However there is som ething hideously hyp ocritica l in the propaganda cam paign about the to rtu re used by the Chinese against our prisoners. The A m e r­ican public have been worked up to a h igh p itch o f ind igna tion about “ Chinese b a rb a r ity ” and i t is hoped th a t the real crimes and bestia lities o f U.S. im peria lism w ill be fo rgo tte n . B u t we come in to the in te rna tiona l arena w ith d ir ty hands.

Our conduct o f the Korean w ar was in the classic pa tte rn o f every counter revo lu tion. We brought death and te rro r to the peasant in his cottage and to the streets o f Korean cities both no rth and south. And th is was de libera te ly done to crush any semblance o f revo lu tiona ry sen ti­ment and sym pathy and was calculated to in tim id a te the colonial w orld . I t was a w ar carried on in the best s ty le o f the Nazi S torm Troops.

We b rough t to the Korean peo- ule the wonders o f Napalm — je llied gasoline and w ith i t we fr ie d people in th e ir hults. We "ounded up and turned over to Syn-gman Rhee's hangmen thou­sands o f c iv ilia ns who were taken ou t in batches and slaughtered. We b rough t the m ost devastating w a r to the c iv ilians th a t any people have ever suffered.

J. Donald K ings ley U n ited N a ­tions d irec to r fo r Reconstruction said ait the tim e :

“ I doubt that ever in the h is­to ry o f the w orld , since perhaps the sacking o f Carthage has there been such complete destruction as has occurred in Korea.”

Th is is the background to the curren t campaign about “ Chinese b a rba rities .” The g u ilty are not the young G I who was dragged five thousand m iles fro m South Bend to become n l ir t o f “ Opera­tion K il le r .” and then couldn’t exp la in to h im se lf, above a ll else, why he was there. The g u ilty ones are the Pentagon brass and the top circles o f Am erican cap ita lism th a t designed and carried on th is mass campaign o f exte rm ina tion o f the Korean peo­ples.

The on ly charge against an a rm y priva te personally, was, th a t he “ E xh ib ite d a h yp e rc ritica l a ttitud e towards society th a t ap­peared t-o re fle c t home in do c trina ­tion .” Case 108.

An employe’s w ife was asked by the security advisor “ i f she ever made statem ents expressing a ‘softness tow ard cap ita lism ’ and expressing a preference fo r liv in g in Paris ra th e r than in A m erica.’ ' Case 96.

In s u lt is added to in ju ry : C hairm an: “ Do you feel tha t you

have had a fa ir and im p a rtia l hearing before th is D iv is io n ? ”

Em ploye : “ Yes S ir.”I t took 20 m onths fro m date o f

suspension w ith o u t pay, t i l l clearance. Case 119.

FA C E LE S S IN FO R M E R S“ C o n fid en tia l” in fo rm a tio n was

the basis o f most o f the charges. O nly in one case was in fo rm ation p a rtly revealed. These faceless in ­form ers are unsworn, not subject to p e rju ry , no t available fo r cross- exam ination, and o f unknown c re d ib ility . The burden o f p roo f is on the suspect who has to dispel doubts th a t he doesn’t know exist.

The in q u iry moves from the in q u is ito r ia l to the confessional. I t deals not on ly w ith a person’s past bu t w ith bis possible fu tu re conduct. I t demands c rin g in g h u m ility , con fo rm ity , in fo rm in g , as p roo f o f one’s lo ya lty , a renun­c ia tion o f every la s t shred o f d ig n ity .

The though t-con tro l cops o f a ro tt in g social o rder demand ab­solute u n th in k in g obedience. The s ligh te s t deviation is fo llow ed by v ic tim iza tion . Y e t a ll these labors are in va in . F o r ne ithe r books nor ideas can be banned; no steel prisons are s trong enough to in ­carcerate them . In the long run o f h is to ry , the in q u is ito r and the censor, however elaborate th e ir weapons, are crushed by those ideas which progress demands.

The New Y o rk press headlined the C ity T ra n s it A u th o r ity ch a ir­man’s “ pledge” o f a “ new day” in labor-m anagem ent re la tions ; w h ile the T ransport W orkers U n ion rejected b is o ffe r o f a n ickel-an-hour raise.

T H E M I L I T A N T •— Page Three

Slide and Slippery Apologists for Stalinism

The Flood DisasterLast week “ flash floods” brought

disaster to six Northeastern states. One hundred and eighty persons were killed, over 100,000 driven from their homes.

Flood-swollen rivers tore up industrial towns in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Penn­sylvania. Tens of thousands of jobs were wiped out when factories were destroyed. The waters also wreaked havoc in the workers’ residential districts.

So much of a problem did the floods create for working people that on Aug. 24 the CIO set up a flood relief committee to aid 50,000 of its members made homeless or jobless.

The floods created an emergency calling fo r the Federal government to speedily mobilize all resources to alleviate suffering and repair the damage.

A government responsive to the needs of the working people would do the fol­lowing things as a minimum: (1) Provide unemployment compensation equivalent to fu ll time pay at union wages for all those rendered jobless by the floods. (2) Rebuild homes at government expense and replace lost personal property. (3) Begin rebuild­ing towns, installing flood protection measures for the future. (4) Begin build­ing flood control basins and watershed system in all the river ai*eas.

In short, a program calling for the ex­penditures of many billions for the elemen­tary needs of the working people would be launched. But that is not how a capitalist government functions. Even disaster relief follows class lines.

The Federal government, which under both Republicans and Democrats, has poured out tens of billions of dollars in giveaways to Big Business, w ill only spare $75 m illion for flood relief. Governors of the six states complain that this is hardly

enough to get started on road rebuilding programs, let alone rebuild homes and establish flood control.

Workers rendered jobless w ill have to live on the dole of unemployment com­pensation fo r an indefinite period of time. They w ill have to solve their housing problem on their own. Those who lost their homes will have to buy them all over again if they can. The most help the government w ill give them is a chance to borrow money at interest of 3%.

A fa r lusher kind of relief is in store for employers. According to the Aug. 24 N. Y. Times, Federal and state officials “ discusesd possible conversion of the assets of the old Reconstruction Finance Corporation into a new agency to meet the financing of new factories. Tax write-offs to permit a corporation to pay fo r a new factory w ith money that would otherwise go for corporate income and business taxes also were discussed.”

Employers in the disaster areas are reported to have received offers to build factories elsewhere. That means the floods are aggravating the runaway plant problem that workers in the Northeast have confronted for several years.

So callous are Big Business politicians to the suffering of the working people that they even see a special virtue in the floods. I t helps in war preparations they find.

Thus Army Secretary Brucker stating, according to the Aug. 24 N. Y. Herald Tribune, that even an atom bomb could not have been more destructive of property than the floods, went on to say: “ Maybe i t ’s a good thing in the long run fo r gov­ernment that we have these things. I t may seem terrible at the moment, but they’re going to test and try out people and they’re going to make them more ready for what­ever may happen.”

By Daniel RobertsFor the bene fit o f thousands

o f S ta lin is t w orkers and sym pathizers who cannot swallow the crass argum ents pu t fo rth on any question by the o ff ic ia l CP organs, a special magazine a ttem pts to serve up S ta lin is t ideology in w hat its editors hope is a more pa latable fo rm . This is, the Modern M on th ly — “ an independent socia list magazine,” as i t calls its e lf — edited by Leo Huberman and Paul Sweezy.

This m agazine pretends to be sc ie n tific and ob jective and per­m its its e lf occasional c ritic ism o f S ta lin ism . B u t in 1953, the ed itors defended the Moscow fram e-up tr ia ls o f the 1930’s and did so to pass o f f as va lid the purge t r ia ls o f alleged T ito is ts in Eastern Europe.

T ha t is enough to dispose o f Modern M o n th ly ’s c la im to in ­dependence. F o r the purge tr ia ls

o f the 30’s were so tho ro ug h ly exposed as fram e-ups by an In ­te rna tiona l Commission o f In ­q u iry , headed by P rofessor 'John Dewey, th a t on ly case-hardened S ta lin is ts s t i l l dare to uphold them.

In its A ug ust 1955 issue, M on th ly Review a ttem pts a whitewash o f the K re m lin ’s a t­tack on Yugoslavia in 1948. The S ta lin is ts are eager to cap ita lize on the renewal o f re la tions w ith the T ito is ts to erase the m is­tru s t and hatred they aroused as a resu lt o f th e ir previous b ru ta l course.

U n fo rtu na te ly , the o ffic ia l ex­planation given by Khrushchev — nam ely, th a t Beria, a lleged ly ac ting as a too l o f im peria lism , was alone responsible fo r the rup tu re — can convince on ly morons. B eria ’ s own execution is co rre c tly regarded by th in k ­in g w orkers as a fram e-up. The whole s to ry is too clum sy and

pa ten tly absurd to cons titu te an exp lanation o f any k ind. A p lausib le-sound ing exp lanation is le ft to “ an independent socia list m agazine” to provide.

T I IE IR E X P L A N A T IO NHere is how Sweezy and Hub

erm an go about exp la in ing the 1948 S ta lin -T ito break. In the f i r s t place, they say: “ There is no longer any need to discuss the once-fashionable theory tha t the quarre l o rig ina ted in a se ll­ou t by the Yugoslav leaders: th is has been expressly repud i­ated by its au thors.”

“ The once-fashionablo theory” indeed! As i f a ll there was to it was a theory. Not a word about the m onstrous purges o f alleged “ T ito is ts ” — endorsed by the M on th ly Review — which sent thousands o f the best Commu­nist workers in Eastern Europe to th e ir death or labor camps. A ll these purges were conducted

A tom ic Power E le c tr ifie s Tow n

The Anti-Fifth Amendment LiberalsFrom its very inception the witch hunt

ran up against constitutional difficulties. The F ifth Amendment was a major obstacle. And the F ifth Amendment has been the principle target fo r those who would stifle all critical thought in the United States.

The F ifth Amendment was intended to prevent the extortion of confessions by torture and to put the burden of proof of gu ilt on the law-enforcing agencies of government.

When a crime was committed the police had to prove a criminal act had occurred. But the witch hunt isn’t concerned with any actions. I t tries to ferret out and stigmatize the political views of people — and views are much harder to pin down than acts.

In addition, the holder of a proscribed political view has to be punished. The laws do not provide for the persecution of ideas — so in place of the courts, public fear and the lynch sp irit are mobilized as punitive forces. The blacklist and social ostracism supplement the function of jails.

The public show tria l becomes the trans­mission belt. But witnesses who don’t want to become parties to this illegal persecu­tion, who find the role of stoolpigeons repugnant, were protected by the F ifth Amendment and other clauses of the Bill of Rights.

McCarthy understood this well. That’s why he set as one of his major objectives the destruction of the F ifth Amendment. He tried to establish the use of the F ifth Amendment as equivalent to a confession of “gu ilt.”

When McCarthy was forced into a back seat by the decision of top Big Business

circles, the liberals took up his crusade. The earlier opposition of the liberals to McCarthy did not stem from any love for freedom. They opposed McCarthy because he didn’t bother to distinguish liberals from radicals. And this scared them.

But now that the Democrats are back in control of the congressional “ investigat­ing” committees, the liberals have taken over the frame-up technique of McCarthy and added i t to the ir own considerable ex­perience as witch-hunters.

A good illustration of this was supplied by James T. Farrell, the well-known novelist and ex-radical in an appearance on the radio program of Barry Gray in New York City. In a debate on the Foley Square Walter “ investigation” of the Actors’ union Farrell shouted, “ I am op­posed to all F ifth Amendment Com­munists.”

Farrell took the position that people had the righ t to use the F ifth Amendment, but i f they did the public should judge them “ guilty.” Isn’t this exactly what McCarthy tried to put across w ith his “ F ifth Amend­ment Communist” campaign ?

Farrell’s assault on the B ill of Rights is particularly odious when even a conserva­tive capitalist politician like Harry P. Cain defends civil liberties. Cain accused people like Farrell “ who use ‘F ifth Amendment’ as an adjective of disapprobation modify­ing the noun ‘Communist’ ” of being “ gu ilty of disrespect fo r the Constitution.”

The anti-F ifth Amendment liberals are violating their own professed conceptions of democracy. The reason fo r this is to be found in their support of the foreign pol­icy of U.S. imperialism. Those who would destroy the struggle fo r freedom abroad, cannot figh t for it at home.

Hara-Kiri for A llHara K ir i was advocated by the Japan­

ese m ilitarists during World War II. But only young men in combat were urged to practise it. For World War III , the Japan­ese government proposes to involve all of us in th is ancient feudal custom of suicide.

Shigemasa Sunada, Japanese Defense Minister, proposed on August 16 that Japan undertake research toward the manufacture of hydrogen and cobalt bombs. This is the f irs t time that any high official of any government has publicly proposed that the cobalt bomb, the “ most dreaded weapon of all,” be produced. For scientists have maintained that the cobalt bomb could destroy all life on earth.

The occasion for this fantastic proposal was a break-down in Chinese-Japanese negotiations fo r a peace settlement. In an obvious threat to the Chinese the hair- raising plan for the cobalt bomb was an­nounced.

The fact that a high government of­fic ia l can threaten the Chinese — and everyone else — w ith production of a cobalt bomb merely because negotiations broke down, underlines the distance the Japanese capitalists and m ilitarists have

traveled since the ir defeat in 1945.The Japanese war gang who fought for

almost ten years to conquer China are now being prepared fo r a new attempt — this time under the sponsorship of the Wash­ington Big Business rulers. The U.S. won World War I I but lost the major prize in the Pacific conflict when the Chinese peo­ple took China fo r themselves. Japanese m ilitarists, allied w ith the Pentagon, hope to recover the loss.

One can only begin to imagine with what horror and revulsion the Japanese people, who were subjected to two attacks by U.S. atom bombs, greeted the cobalt bomb proposal. The working class of Japan has consistently fought against the rem ili­tarization of the ir country, jus t as the German workers have resisted the new war plans in Europe.

But the U.S. State Department is the power that should be held to account for this threat to human existence. I t is in Washington, not Tokyo, where the m ili­tary policy of the capitalist world is made And therefore i t is the task of the U.S. workers as much as the people of Japan to free the world from such threats of nuclear destruction.

The f i r s t tow n in the w orld to use nuclear- powered e le c tr ic ity exclusive ly is A rco, Idaho ( to p ), where fo r m ore than an hour on Ju ly 1 7, eve ry th ing e lectrica l depended on the atom. The power was produced by an experim enta l b o ilin g w ate r reactor operated by the Argonne N a tiona l Labora tory. In bottom picture, engineer M eyer Novick tu rns a valve 1o release steam from the reactor in to the tu rb ine which drives t be 3,500-kilow att generator at r ig h t .

. . . C I V I L WAR IN NORTH AFRICA(Continued from page 1)

and cu ltu ra l standards in the poverty-ridden colony.

The French im p e ria lis ts have m aintained th a t the Berbers are supporters o f the reactionary feudal lo rd E l G laoui, the o u t­s tanding q u is ling o f Morocco. Indeed, i t was a Berber m ove­ment, the French propagandists c la im , th a t led the French to depose the p ro -na tiona lis t Sultan Ben Yonissef tw o years ago and p u t on h is th rone the hated puppet, Ben A ra fa .

The death Mow to French cla im s o f Berber support was given by these fie rce m oun­ta ineers on A ug. 20 when they swept down fro m th e ir h ills on the tow n o f Oued Zerm and massacred a ll the French res i­dents. They showed no m ercy, but i t m ust be realized th a t they have never experienced mercy fro m im peria lism . In fact, the French, who used them as troops and who hoped to use them against the res t o f the Moroccan people, have long encouraged them in th e ir fierceness.

A t K houribga , a g re a t phos­phate m in ing area in the in te rio r, on ly 40 m iles fro m the m ain U.S. A ir Force base, Berber tribesmen swept the area bu rn ing and destroy ing a ll surface in s ta lla ­tions o f the m in in g companies over a 12-mile area.

SEV E R E R EPR ESSIO N SFrench troops, in elm d ing the

Foreign Legion which ie la rge ly composed o f fo rm e r Nazi SS troops, were merciless in th e ir re ta lia tio n , even though the Berber tribesm en had fled . The re ta lia tions were aga inst tihe local Moroccans. One Am erican re ­porte r, fo r example, described how a Moroccan woman stepped outside her house and threw stones at passing French troops who im m edia te ly k illed her.

Repressions in A lg e ria were equa lly severe. F rench censor­ship keeps back m ost o f the facts b u t i t le t pass the news th a t it had levelled w ith a r t i l le ry f ire nine v illages “ suspected” o f ha rbo ring independence figh te rs .

A lthough there was no de fin ite f ig h t in Casablanca, m ain c ity of Morocco, between the French and the Is tiq la l (Independence) P a rty French police k ille d a t least 35 Moroccans. The nex t day, Aug. 21, 30,000 Moroccans attended the mass fu n e ra l.

The seriousness o f the s itua tion in N o rth A fr ic a fo r French im ­

peria lism is demonstrated by the ca llin g up o f 60,000 m ilita ry reservists (French you th who have recently fin ished th e ir peacetime d ra ft service) fo r sh ip­ment to N o rth A fr ic a . A lready the French, have over ten U.S. equipped d iv is ions in the tw o seething colonies and are nego­tia t in g w ith the U.S. and Great B rita in fo r the tra n s fe r o f th e ir three rem a in ing N A T O divisions from Europe to N o rth A fr ic a .

French arm ored columns, under f ig h te r plane cover, are now a t­tack in g the m ountainous d is tr ic ts o f the Berber tribesm en. I t ap­pears lik e ly th a t there w ill now Occam- a repe tition o f the A lg e ria n events. A steady g u e rr illa w a r w ill go on in the m ountains; the French w i l l not be able to w in such a w ar, as A lg e ria has shown, even though they v is it te rr ib le reprisa ls on the inhab itan ts ef these d is tric ts .

S E N T TO D IEW hile ' French troops are h a rry ­

ing the m ountain areas and w h ile young Frenchmen, who have com­pleted th e ir d ra ft service, are being called fo r shipm ent and death in Morocco and A lg e ria , the French c a p ita lis t po litic ians opened discussions w ith M oroc­cans in A ix-les-B a ins, a resort in the French A lps.

These ta lks are ostensib ly aimed a t reaching some sort of. compromise w ith the Moroccan nationa lis ts . So fa r, however, no na tiona lis ts have been ta lked to. The Moroccans in te rv iew ed by the French P rem ier and cabinet so fa r have been the qu is lings, who no t on ly have no support b u t are the m ost hated fig u re s in Morocco.

W hether Is tiq la l representatives w ill go la te r to A ix-les-B a ins, as the French have in tim ated , is hard to say. The Is tiq la l has declared th a t i t w ill not pa r­tic ipa te in discussions unless the ir ob ject is defined and they have the s ta tus o f negotiations. The French leaders have refused to make any com m ittm ents about the “ ta lks ” o ther than they are to ga ther in fo rm a tion .

I t m ay be th a t the French are banking on lu r in g some lesser leaders o f the Is tiq la l to A ix - les-Bains. Then they m ig h t be able to persuade them to accept a compromise — such as the Tunis ian settlem ent — th a t would g ive ground on a few m inor po in ts, bu t w ith ho ld m a jo r con­cessions.

The French im peria lis ts are d e fin ite ly expected to dump th e ir puppet Sultan Ben A ra fa . There has been constant tu rm o il in Morocco since they put him on the throne. He is so hated tha t he is now unable to leave the heavily-guarded palace. Since he became Sultan he has le ft the palace three tim es in tw o years. Tw ice he was shot a t ; on the th ird occasion a hand grenade nearly k illed him in a mosque.

FR E N C H P O LIC YHowever, the French w i l l not

now b ring back the p ro -Is tiq la ! Sultan Ben Youssef, who is a prisoner in the South Pacific. Instead they propose a Regency Council, w h ich w il l set u,p a gov­ernm ent, which in tu rn w ill negotiate w ith French o ffic ia ls on reforms: fo r Morocco.

T ills system would a llow the French im p e ria lis ts to con tro l the extent o f the re form s, v.-ihile a llow ing the Is tiq la l some repre­sentation — enough they hope to make i t assume resp on s ib ility fo r continued French rule.

The plan o f the Fairro govern­ment, however, faces tw o m a jo r hurd les: (1 ) Can the Is tiq la l, or a s p lit fro m it , be lured in to such a com prom ise; w i l l its mass fo l­low ing, especially am ong the Moroccan w o rk in g class pe rm it it? (2 ) can the Faure govern­ment survive the b it te r a ttacks from the ca p ita lis t in te rests in Morocco and the extrem e r ig h t- w ing in France, both o f whom appose any concessions w hatso­ever on Morocco ?

in the name o f the “ once-fash­ionable theory .”

N o t a w ord e ith e r about how the “ express rep ud ia tio n ” o f the theory “ by its au thors” served u n w itt in g ly to expose a ll p re­vious S ta lin is t fram e-ups. N or is there m ention o f the v ic tim s o f a ll purges th a t s t i l l languish in concentration camps o r a de­mand raised th a t they be set free.

Huberm an and Sweezy cover a ll th is up w ith the o ily declar­a tion - th a t “ there is no longer any need to discuss.” Th is leaves unexamined the whole S ta lin is t fram e-up system — an ingrained method o f the bureaucracy’s ru le — exac tly according to the wishes o f the GPU.

Huberm an and Sweezy p ro ­ceed. Though tire “ onee-fashion- able” Conrin form theory is no longer va lid , the “ obverse theory, th a t the quarre l o rig in a ted in a Soviet urge to dom inate fo r the mere sake o f dom ination , has no g re a te r exp lana to ry value.”

S TR A W M A N ]B u t who ever o ffe red such an

id io tic exp lanation ? N o t the rev o lu tio n a ry socia lists who defend­ed Yugoslav ia aga inst the K re m ­lin ’s cam paign. N o r the Y ugo­slav CP leaders.

They accused the K re m lin o f seeking to dom inate the Y ugo­slav governm ent in order to w rest economic advantages fo r the ru l in g Soviet bureaucracy.

The Yugoslavs never though t they were being bu llied and dom inated by the K re m lin fo r the “ mere sake o f dom ination .” They understood th a t the S ta lin is t caste in the S oviet Un ion had de fin ite m a te ria l in terests and p riv ileges to defend aird advance. They saw themselves, as w e ll as the o th e r countries o f Eastern Europe as the ob ject o f the Soviet bureaucracy’s appetite fo r power, prestige and revenue. And in the course o f the public presentation o f th e ir position the Yugoslavs m any tim es explained i t along these very lines.

W hy doesn’t M on th ly Review discuss tha t exp lanation instead o f an inane theory they in ven t­ed?

E v id en tly , the S ta lin is ts are so anxious to conceal the crim es o f the bureaucratic caste tha t th e ir apologists don’t even dare take public notice o f charges th a t such an oppressive fo rm a ­tion exists in the world .

How then does M o n th ly Re­v iew account fo r the S ta lin - T ito break? The K re m lin , i t seems, was look ing ou t fo r the w e lfa re o f the peoples o f the en tire Soviet bloc. B u t the Y ug o­slav leaders — who “ had just, emerged fro m the crucib le o f w a r and revo lu tion in a mood o f se lf-e xa lta tion bo rde ring on chauvin ism ” — were engaging in in te rna tiona l adventures such as

shooting down o f Am erican planes. They also demanded “ more Russian aid than the o ther members o f the soc ia lis t bloc could expect to ge t.”

T h is forced the Soviet leader­ship to take some k ind o f action. But, though w e ll-in ten tioned, they used the w ro ng methods. T hrough “ m isca lcu la tion ,” the Soviet leaders displayed “ a ll the w o rs t tra its o f rudeness and a r ­rogance” th a t they had acquired in th ir ty years o f b it te r in te rn a l and exte rna l s t r ife ” (here is M on th ly Review ’s independent c ritic ism a t la s t) and tr ie d “ to bludgeon the Yugoslavs in to sub­m ission.”

W hat S ta lin should have done, say Huberm an and Sweezy, m odestly a d m ittin g th a t they are exerc is ing h inds igh t, was to t r y to compromise.

There is no t the s ligh tes t shred o f fac t to back up the M on th ly Review exp lanation. I t is on ly a sub tle r fo rm o f s lan­der against the Yugoslav w o rk ­ers and peasants than the “ once- fash ionable” C om info rm theory which the M on th ly Review no longer sees any need to discuss.

S T A L IN IS T ‘N E W D E A L ’Since an oppressive bureau­

c ra tic caste s im p ly does no t ex­is t fo r Huberm an and Sweezy, they have no troub le p re d ic ting a “ changed pa tte rn o f re la tions am ong the soc ia lis t sta tes” to be inaugura ted by Khrushchev, B u lgan in and Co. The renewed re la tions w ith the Y ugoslav CP, they c la im is an ind ica tion of th is . “ The essence o f ‘new deal’ in the Com m unist movement can on ly be a re v iva l o f independent and creative th in k in g .”

A ll th is is illus ion -m ongering .I t completes the deception th a t the S ta lin is ts w ish to spread about the reactionary a ttack launched by the K re m lin aga inst the Yugoslavs in 1948. “ The a t­tack was a ‘m isca lcu la tion ’ in pu rsu it o f correct aims, and i t w on’t ever happen aga in ” — th is , in e ffec t, is w ha t M on th ly Review te lls its readers.

I t is no tew o rthy th a t H ube r­man and Sweezy in constructing th e ir dishonest, apology bo rrow heav ily fro m the theory o f the se lf-re fo rm o f the S ta lin is t bureaucracy advanced by Isaac Deutscher and parroted by the Pabloi.te and Cochranite rev is ion­ists.

To th is illus ion -m ongering , the revo lu tiona ry socia lists re p ly : The K re m lin has indeed been forced to back down in its cam ­paign against (he Yugoslavs. B ut its bureaucratic s trang lehold over the rest o f Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union rem ains un­changed. O nly a w orkers ’ p o lit i­cal revo lu tion can b r in g about “ a changed pa tte rn o f re la tions” w ith in the Soviet bloc.

World Events

CHICAGOSWP Headquarters

Reopening CelebrationSun., Sept. 4, 6:30 P.M.

Guest Speaker;

V. R. Dunne• food

I n t ’I Sm orgasbord

• entertainmentT w in C ities Chorus

• play in one act“ B ig F ou r C ircus”

Dancing Refreshm entsdonation $1.25

777 W est Adam s

GOA, T H E PO R TU G ESE CO L­O N Y IN IN D IA , is a police state, says A . M . Rosenthal in the A ug . 21 N . Y . T im es. There are 10,000 soldiers and 2,000 police in Goa, o r one arm ed man fo r every f i f t y Goans. Hundreds o f residents have been placed in ja il. The Ind ian governm ent has demanded th a t the Portugese give up th e ir colony, which is the last fo re ign ho ld ing in Ind ia . On A ug. 15, 3,000 Ind ians en ter­ed Goa to stage an unarmed dem onstra tion fo r the colony’s libe ra tion . Portugese soldiers and cops fired on them, k il l in g 22 and w ound ing over 200. Neh­ru ’s governm ent then broke o f f d ip lom atic re la tions w ith P o rtu ­gal. The Portugese governm ent f la t ly refuses to q u it Goa fo r fe a r th a t th is w ill create na­tiona l independence demands in its A fr ic a n colonies o f A ngo la and Mozambique.

* * *

A N E W IN D O N E S IA N C A B ­IN E T is based on the Moslem and o ther r ig h t-w in g parties. The N a tion a lis ts and S ta lin is ts are now in opposition. The N a ­tion a lis ts headed the governm ent up to a m onth ago w ith CP sup­po rt. I t was toppled when the A rm y defied the governm ent over appo in tm ent o f a ch ie f o f s ta ff. The new prem ier, B urhan- udin Harahap, announced he would w o rk closely w ith the A rm y as w e ll as the U.S. gov­ernm ent.

* * *

T H E S O V IE T G O V E R N M E N Tis re leasing a num ber o f p r is ­oners fro m slave labor camps according to Am erican and B rit is h businessmen who have ju s t re turned to London from Moscow. They ac tu a lly saw some o f the released prisoners. These were women who had been sen­tenced to long prison term s when the cold w a r set in fo r associa ting w ith W esterners in Moscow. The women form ed the ties d u rin g the period o f the W orld W a r I I a lliance between the S ta lin reg im e and the U.S. and E ng lish governm ents. There is no in d ica tion o f any recent

releases o f the hundreds o f thousands o f p o lit ic a l prisoners held in slave labor camps.

* * *

W E S T G E R M A N S T E E L M IL L S have begun to im p o rt la rge quan tities o f p ig iron fro m the Soviet U n ion, reports M. S. H and ler in the A ug . 21 N. Y. T im es. W est German business­men are m ore o p tim is tic than the governm ent about trade pos­s ib ilitie s . They are u rg in g im ­ports o f raw m a te ria ls and sem i­m anufactured goods, where p r io r to W orld W a r I I , Germ any im ­ported m a in ly fo o d s tu ff fro m the Soviet U nion. W est Germ any would supply Russia w ith such goods as ships, in d u s tr ia l equip­ment and m achinery. W est Ger­man businessmen th in k o f trade w ith the Soviet Un ion “ as re ­insurance aga inst possible eco­nomic upheavals in the W est.”

* * *

A C O N S E R V A T IV E B R IT IS H M A G A Z IN E , t h e Econom ist, says th a t i t has been in ves tig a t­in g com pla ints fro m subscribers in the UjS. o f la te de liveries, and has received an exp lanation fro m the Am erican postal au th ­o rities . I t seems th a t the Bureau o f Customs review s a ll fo re ig n publications b e f o r e decid ing w hether o r not to de live r them. Because o f the la rge volum e of m a il a considerable backlog has accumulated and the exam in ing u n it is considerably in arrears in “ processing the m a ils .” “ We feel th a t comment by us on th is s tate o f a ffa irs m ig h t be in bad taste, and is ce rta in ly sup e rflu ­ous,” says the Economist.

* * *

C A N A D IA N P O L IC E barred Canadian U n ited A u to W orkers (C IO ) p ickets fro m M ontrea l docks, where they sought to p re ­vent un loading o f c lay fo r the strikebound K oh le r p lan t in She­boygan, W isconsin. Tw o N o r­wegian fre ig h te rs c a rry in g the c lay were tu rned aw ay by p ic­kets a t several U.S. ports. M on­trea l longshoremen refused to cross the U A W p icke t lines bu t la te r unloaded the ships when police cleared the docks.

•ube o rlp tlo n $8 per y e a r ; ^ k 4HV Signed a rtic le s by ooatr!&-

H .W fo r 8 m o n th s F e re lrn : l / l N f r e r e™Yhe»4.BO per y e a r: $2.2a to r « P U K I T M W f W m . W W TheBe K n K csr„ , m<1 )t,m onths. C anadian: $3.50 per Published W eekly In the In te res ts o f the W o rk in g People ed ito ria ls .year; $1.75 fo r 8 m onths. THE M IL IT A N T P U B LIS H IN G ASSO CIATIO N "E n te re d as second classBundle O rders: B o r more )16 Cni , e r, | t y p i. , n . Y . 3. N . Y . Phone: A L 5-746# ^ a “ or. f“ furoh / • *94* a*oopies 6c eaoh In U.S., 7o __ ____ Post O ffice a t New Y ork.„ - ___E d ito r: M U R B Y W EISS N .Y .. under the act o f M archee.cn in fore ign countries. ____ 0 ,,

Business M anager: DOROTHY JOHNSON s- 1879-

Vol. X IX — No. 35 Monday, A ugust 29, 1955

The Negro Struggle rut MILITASomething Seldom Heard on Radio

[The following is part of the text of a radio talk given over Station KPFA on Aug. 16 by Frank Barbaria, Socialist Workers Party candidate fo r mayor of San Francisco. Frank Barbaria has a long and outstanding record of militancy in the West Coast labor movement and has previously represented the SWP as candi­date in San Francisco elections. — Ed.]

The board of education of the State of Georgia unanimously adopted a resolution in July revoking the teaching certificates “ fo r life ” of teachers belonging to the Na­tional Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or any teacher who “ sup­ports, encourages, condones or agrees to teach mixed classes.” The Board later added an amendment allowing teachers belonging to the NAACP or, as they word it, “ any allied organization, or any sub­versive organization” to resign from such organizations and thus escape forfeiture of licenses as long as such persons do not condone mixed classes.

The action of the Georgia Board of Education is indicative of the attitude of the state governments in the Deep South towards the Supreme Court opinion that schools must be desegregated. I t reveals the attempt of these government bodies to terrorize the people, the Negroes in par­ticular.

Those who oppose the integration of Negro and white in the schools and every­where else refer to the so-called “ natural” prejudice of the races as a fundamental reason why integration won’t work.

Both opponents of, and compromisers on, integration approach the question of prejudice w ith the conception that pre­judice causes segregation. Consequently,

they say, you can legislate rules of con­duct but as long as prejudice exists there is ground fo r segregation.

I maintain this is false. Segregation is the focal point in race relations in the Southern social system because of the tremendous financial profits resulting from it. This social system was established by force and violence by a m inority of the population organized into the Ku Klux Klan. Segregation has been responsible for the continued existence of the worst con­ditions of share-cropping and the lowes* wage scale and standard of living in the United States. Segregation is responsible fo r prejudice, not the reverse.

A new development is occuring in the Deep South which is going to give a big push to the struggle for desegregation. I ’m referring to the awakening union move­ment. When workers engage in strike struggles against the ir bosses, Negro and white workers are often brought together in such solidarity that their prejudices take a shellacking. I personally have witnessed this on the waterfront.

The Aug. 1 M ilitant reports the “ in­spiring example of interracial solidarity” that has grown out of the 14 weeks strike against two sugar refineries in Louisiana. [See story page one — Ed.] And everyone can recall the strike struggles in telephone that shook the South this spring. These are only a couple of instances, but I predict that many more strike struggles in the future w ill help to overcome prejudice be­tween the races.

No matter what methods are used to threaten or coerce, they won’t stop the Negro people from realizing that long cherished ideal of equality — even in America, “ the land of the free.”

Margaret Sanger Story------------------------------ By Joyce Cowley ---------------------------- —

THE MARGARET SANGER STORY and the Fight for Birth Control. Lawrence Lader, Doubleday & Co. §4.

When Margaret Sanger went to Japan in 1922 she was met by 25 women each representing one of the women’s labor or­ganizations. Their spokesman said: “ When leaders say women need the vote, most women do not listen. When they say women need economic equality, most do not listen. But when women hear of birth control, like lightning, they understand.”

Margaret Sanger’s successful figh t to legalize b irth control has undoubtedly contributed more to the happiness and health of women in this country, and many other countries, than any other “ reform” movement for the emancipation of women. This biography presents a detailed study of her life. The book is not outstanding in either its w riting or insight, but fascinat­ing because of the extraordinary person­a lity O f Margaret Sanger herself and the revolutionary significance of the struggle that she led.

Margaret Sanger was a member of the Socialist Party for a number of years and f irs t attracted attention through her series of articles in the Socialist Call in 1912 entitled “ What Every Girl Should Know.” In the Socialist Party she met John Reed, Bill Haywood and Eugene Debs, and it was from this group that she received her f irs t encouragement and support.

When she attempted to p rin t her firs t pamphlet on contraceptive techniques, “ Family Lim itation,” twenty printers fused what they called a “ Sing Sing job.” But she fina lly found B ill Shatoff, then a linotype operator on a foreign language paper, who agreed to set the type at night when his shop was supposed to be closed.

The printing, binding and storing of the

R O BERT B. M E Y N E R , G overnor o f New Jersey, spoke out in defense o f the B ill o f R igh ts before the Jun io r B a r Conference o f the Am erican B ar Association, m eeting in Philadelph ia . He called on the young law yers to com bat th e forces th a t have “ cold bloodcdiy set about the ob ject o f m aking the F if th Am endm ent a te rm o f oppro­brium and disgrace.’’ “ The technique o f g u ilt by im p u ta tio n has again done its d ir ty w o rk ,” he charged.

* * *

T H E U N IT E D M IN E W O R KERS and the N o rthe rn s o ft coal mine operators signed an agreem ent A ug . 20, w in n in g the f i r s t wage in ­crease in three years. The new con trac t provides fo r a $1.20 pe r day increase Sept. 1, w ith an additiona l 80 cents next A p r il, tim e-and -a -ha lf on S atu rday and double tim e on Sunday w hether or not the m iner has pu t in a fu l l week, an increase in vacation pay fro m $100 to $110, and con tinua­tion o f the 10-cents-a-*ton paym ent to the w e lfa re fund. T h is is the la rge s t increase ever won in a mine w orkers ’ con tract. W h ile i t applies only to N orthern “ cap tive” mines, they have genera lly set the p a tte rn fo r the Southern mines. John L. Lew is has announced th a t he w il l open discussions w ith the Southern operators im m edia te ly .

* * *

W H IT E M E N C O N V IC T E D OF R A P E in the South ge t d iffe re n t trea tm e n t fro m Negroes. T w o w h ite bro the l’s were declared g u ilty o f rap ing a Negro g ir l by the ju r y a fte r one o f them con­fessed. Judge John K. W haley o f Dodge County G eorg ia S uperior C ourt sentenced one b ro th e r to tw o to f iv e years and the o ther to one to tw o years. The Savannah T ribune , w h ich carried the

pamphlet was done separately by five men, each of them unknown to the others. This was the beginning, and in the next 20 years Margaret Sanger went to ja il nine times. Probably no woman has been more b itterly attacked and vilified. Yet w ith in 40 years such a profound change has taken place in this country that today we take many of her achievements for granted.

The most significant thing about the Sanger story is that b irth control did not ju s t “ happen,” but was consciously achieved as the result of a long and b itter figh t on the part of fearless and self- sacrificing men and women. Like many other movements, in its later days i t be­came more “ respectable.”

But at the start there were no wealthy society ladies, not even a doctor, in the small group that worked with Margaret Sanger. She couldn’t find a doctor for the firs t birth control clinic which she opened in 1917. She and her sisters, both nurses, staffed the clinic and faced the inevitable arrest and ja il sentence (in ja il she con­tinued teaching birth control to the prison­ers). I t was 20 years later before the American Medical Association gave formal approval to b irth control.

Her early support came from men and women in the socialist and trade union movement who understood the urgent need of working class women to lim it the size of their families. Margaret Sanger herself was essentially a revolutionist in her ideas and in the uncompromising action with which she backed up these ideas.

The book provides an interesting in­troduction to her work and a chance for many of us to get acquainted w ith some of the little known details of her story, which prove that we can claim it as part of the inspiring heritage of the American Socialist movement..

story, did no t have to po in t ou t th a t Negtrocs accused o f rape are fre q u e n tly sentenced to death w ith o r w ith o u t evidence.

* * *W H E N “ V O IC E OF LA B O R ,” newspaper of

Local 086 o f the U n ited A u to W orkers in Lock- port, N. Y. p rin ted a “ D on’t buy K oh le r” notice on its mailing- w rapper the local Post O ffice would no t accept it . The Local then carried the message inside the w rapper, b u t i t was s t i l l re ­jected'. Postal o ff ic ia ls cited a ru lin g whioh they claimed applied. I t fo rb id m a ilin g de fam atory in fo rm a tio n or in fo rm a tio n w h ich m ig h t h u r t a business.

* 4k *

R A IL R O A D U N IT Y P A Y S O F F ! A spontane­ous dem onstration o f a l l the ra ilroa d c ra fts got re instatem ent in one day fo r J. B. W illiam son, a sw itch forem an fo r the L o u isv ille & N ashv ille Railroad, w h ich recently settled a long s trike . W illiam son was accused o f hav ing pumumelcd an armed scab a t the conclusion o f the s tr ike . When a ll the w orkers walked o f f , ty in g up service in B irm ingham , the com pany qu ick ly changed its m ind.

* *T H E A IR D E F E N S E SYSTEM is undergoing

expansion and reo rgan iza tion , reports Hansen W. B a ldw in in the New YorPx Times. B y next m onth the num ber o f a ir d iv is ions in the system w i l l be increased fro m 12 to 16. A ir-obse rve r posts w i l l jum p from 16,500 to 24,000 and a ir f i l t e r centers w ill rise from 49 to 7,‘i. This means tha t the ex­pansion w ill he about one th ird . The to ta l num ber o f planes and m anpower involved, as w e ll as the costs, are con fidentia l.

Notes from the News

V O LU M E X IX MONDAY", AUGUST 29, 1955 N U M B E R 35

From Detroit

American Motors And Chrysler Hit By Strike Votes

E ffo r ts o f the U A W -C IO to negotiate new contracts w ith the Am erican M otors and C hrys ler corporations have so fa r been unsuccessful. The Am erican M o­tors contract, o r ig in a lly schedul­ed to exp ire th is week has been extended to m idn igh t. Sept. 1. N egotia tions, recessed Aug. 13, w ill resume A ug . 30.

The company is in s is tin g on a sm alle r wage increase than the s ix cents won from GM and Ford. I t has offe red to meet th is f ig u re , however, i f the union w ill agree to e lim ina te wash-up and break tim e am ounting to 20 m inutes per day.

Am erican M otors workers have voted by a 92% m a jo rity to s tr ike i f no agreement is reach­ed by the new dead-line.

The C h rys le r con tract expires Aug. 31. W h ile the ta lks con­tinued th is week, C hrys le r w o rk ­ers also voted to s tr ik e i f nec­essary. Points o f dispute include company proposals to reduce the num ber o f stewards on the job, and changes in the sen io rity sys­tem. The C hrys le r corpora tion also refuses to app ly the sup­plem ental unem ploym ent com­pensation plan to the 8,000 office workers represented by the U A W in these negotiations.

* * *

The alleged w ire tap p in g o f a local b rick com pany’s phone was being investigated th is week by D e tro it police. The company in ­volved was recently s trike bound.

The owner o f the company be­came suspicious when, d u rin g the Strike, p ickets appeared m yste r-

F o rd L ikes Robot Union Leader Brutally Beaten In Calif. Strike

By Roy GaleSEBASTOPOL, Calif. — W illiam Grami, A FL Team­

ster’s Union organizer, was kidnapped and brutally beaten here on Aug. 12 early in the morning.

As he was leaving un ion head--®

ll won’t be news to auto workers that the Ford Motor Co. liked this robot enough to award its creator top ingenuity prize at the 9th Annual Industrial Arts Award show in New York. Dubbed “Gismo” by its 14-year old inventor, Sherwood H. Fuehrer of Cranston, R. I., the mechanical man is show n going through his paces with a 2-year-old playmate.

iously to meet scab d rive rs who had been secre tly dispatched by phone.

A fte r the s tr ike , a telephone linem an discovered a w ire lead­in g fro m the b r ick company to a nearby garage rented by John E m m ert, a Team sters Union o ffic ia l. E m m ert denied know ing an y th in g about the w ire .

T h is is the f i r s t recorded in ­stance o f a w ire tap case in De­t r o i t a lthough the practice has been against the law in M ich i­gan since 1893, on ly 16 years a fte r the telephone was develop­ed.

We wonder w hy no action is taken to investiga te F B I w ire tapp ing which also comes in con­f l ic t w ith M ich igan law .

* * *Two W ayne u n ive rs ity fa c u lty

members overheard discussing the case o f Sanford W axer (see page tw o) in the campus snack ba r: F irs t P rofessor: “ W ho are these W e l l m a n s ? ” (A lleged “ Com m unists” named in A rm y charges aga inst W axer.) Second P rofessor: “ I don’t know, and i f I did I w ou ldn ’t ad m it i t . ”

T h a t’s the state o f freedom as it looks from here th is week.

quarters a t about 4:30 A .M . to check p icket lines a t s trikebound apple-processing p lan ts he was forced in to a car by three armed men. They drove him to a lonely road and forced him out o f the car. Then they s tripped o f f his w indbreaker and s h ir t, tied his- arm around a telephone pole, put a gag in his m outh and lashed him across the back w ith a bicycle chain.

The 28-year-old union o ff ic ia l worked the gag ou t o f h is mouth and called fo r help. Soon a fte r, a 16 - year - old youth, M arv in Not.t, drove by and stopped to cut him loose fro m the pole. Not.t then summoned the S h e r if f ’s office .

G ram i was taken to the Sonoma County hosp ita l and had his wounds dressed. He was then re ­leased to the care o f his persona! physician.

K E E P UP P IC K E T IN GFrom the hosp ita l he went

d ire c tly to union headquarters to urge Ghat a ll p icke t lines be kept a t norm al size. He also urged his friends no t to seek “ revenge” be­cause the best “ revenge” would be to w in the s tr ike .

A s news o f the flo g g in g spread, old tim e rs recalled the violence tha t accompanied the 1935 apple s tr ike . Then union organ izers were given a pa in t and

Our Readers Take the FloorClippings From Baltimore PressE d ito r:

Enclosed are a couple of pages fro m the B a ltim ore papers, the a rtic les in which may g ive you a be tte r idea o f conditions down here.

You w ill note in the a rtic le on the tugboat w orkers ' s trike th a t tru c kd rive rs had no hesita ­tion in acting con tra ry to the in terests o f the s tr ike rs . A lso th a t the a rtic le is w r itte n cas­u a lly to break the m orale of the s trike rs .

The second a rtic le which I have underlined, I am certa in involves a Negro. Even a fte r the police fire d e igh t bu lle ts at him , he was beaten w ith a club w h ile he was dy ing !

I decided you -p lig h t be in ­terested in seeing the “ help wanted” ads which are in the da ily papers.

I am not go ing to sign m y name. I ’m go ing to t r y to get a job sometime soon, and the less involved I am in th is c ity , the be tte r o f f I w il l be.

B a ltim ore , Md.

[The s tr ik e o f the I L A tu g ­boat w orkers re fe rred to in the above le tte r ended a fte r 19 days w ith a 20-cent an-hour package increase over a tw o-year period. The w an t ads specify “ w h ite ” o r “ colored” fo r m ost jobs. Sample ads: fo r women to w ork n igh ts in a bank, 6 P.M. to 2 A .M . — $38 a week; fo r labo r­ers (co lored), aged 21 to 35 — $1.25 an hour; fo r tu r re t la the, j ig borer and d r i l l press opera­to rs — “ Regu lar w o rk week 52V2 hours, day s h ift, 50 hourn ig h t s h ift , p lus 10% prem iumpay.” We appreciate readerssending us c lipp ings o f in te rest fro m th e ir local papers. Suchclipp ings should show the name and date o f the newspaper. — Ed.J

* * ¥

Is Baltimore In the South?

E d ito r:I th in k the M il ita n t has made

a m istake in considering B a lt i­more in the South. I t is ra the r a borderline c ity o f N o rth and South. There M A Y be news in th is area o f general in te rest, but i t is ra re ly th a t I see o r hear o f an y th in g not reported by the B a ltim ore Sun, a conservative paper, and the B a ltim ore News- Post, a reactionary paper. I re ­ceive Steel Labor, b u t i t looks more lik e a paper fo r the p u r­pose o f heaping pra ise on the na tiona l leadership o f the United S tee lworkers o f A m erica than an actual newspaper.

As you know, B a ltim ore was once an a lm ost com plete ly seg­regated town, the exception be­in g the streetcars and buse^. The bigoted B altim oreans d idn ’t lik e the Supreme C ourt decision

ca llin g fo r in te g ra tion o f black and w h ite in the school system, b u t i t seems to me th a t it d idn ’t ge t beyond m u tte rin g s in the f i r s t phase, fo r nobody though t o f f ig h t in g the Supreme Court.

Then, when Bowles and his N A A W P [N a tio n a l Association fo r the Advancem ent o f W h ite People] moved in to B a ltim ore , th ings changed fo r the worse. W h ite parents were told by m ys­terious callers to keep th e ir ch ildren home because there would be troub le , mobs gathered, and the police and c ity govern­ment seemed to take a pure ly defensive a ttitud e . They were caught between two pressures— th a t o f the decision in nearby W ashington, D. C., and the ac­tive h o s t it i l i ty to the decision by some Baltim oreans.

I f they tho ugh t th a t the storm would blow over they were w rong. F ir s t the papers here reported troub le in tw o schools o f South B a ltim ore . L a te r more schools in the same area go t in ­fected, though slow ly. Then m archers came fro m N o rth B a l­tim ore schools, in c lud ing C ity College, m y “ A lm a M ater.” The students were bold enough to m arch on C ity H a ll dem anding action on the p a r t o f the M ayor.

T h is was go ing too fa r. S tu ­dent s tr ike rs were to ld th a t any tim e lo s t ' fro m school sessions would be los t and the police were to ld to see th a t the s tu ­dents w ent to school and d idn ’t lo ite r. The segregation is t move­m ent th a t had go tten so ug ly as to t r y to fo rce its po licy on the c ity governm ent collapsed im m edia te ly . No incidents were reported and p ic tures appeared in the newspapers show ing suc­cessful in te g ra tio n in the school­rooms.

The local school board acted s trange ly in the m a tte r. F irs t, they announced th a t they would in teg ra te the system, bu t th a t i t would take tim e to w o rk ou t the details. A t the beg inn ing of the school year they ordered in te ­g ra tion anyhow. They seemed paralyzed d u rin g the “ s tr ik e ,” bu t were im m ed ia te ly successful in in te g ra tion a f te r the c ity gov­ernm ent backed in te g ra tion f i r m ­ly . B u t the state o ff ic ia ls took the a ttitu d e th a t each lo ca lity would decide fo r its e lf and sev­era l o f the counties in M ary land are s t i l l contesting the decision.

Worse, they defended the de­mands o f Southern school sys­tems to w o rk ou t in teg ra tion by loca lly -se t tim e tables (wh ich transla ted means “ they can w a it t i l l Doomsday” ).

I wonder i f th is two-faced ac­tion is re lated to the ro le o f the M ary land delegation in tihe las t Dem ocratic P a rty convention. When the m a jo r ity o f the Dem­ocrats outside the South tr ie d to bind the Southern Democrats to th e ir decisions by a prom ise o f lo y a lty to the p a rty , the M ary land delegation, though i t

had supported the N orthern Dem ocrats in every way, sud­denly and ostenta tious ly sup­ported the rebellious Southern­ers-

There is a pers is ten t though qu ie t tendency to lin k B a ltim ore to the South. I don’t know w hy th is is because natives here gen­e ra lly d is like Southerners and the word “ Southerner” is m ild ly in su ltin g . The pro-Southern ten­dency has long been a t w ork, however.

There is one battle-m onum ent dedicated to those men who gave th e ir lives suppo rting the Union in the C iv il W ar. I t was set up by the M ayo r and c ity govern­ment im m ed ia te ly a fte r the C iv il W ar ended. E ve ry o ther monu­ment m ourns the slavers o f the Confederacy. One r itz y ne igh­borhood has a m onum ent to the “ M others o f the Confederacy,” another, s itua ted near the best B a ltim ore a r t school, m ourns the “ Confederate dead.” A ll o f these monuments arc much la te r than the Union b a ttle monument. V e ry recently , less than ten years ago, the local c ity gov­ernm ent b u ilt a m onum ent to Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, tre a tin g them as heroes. T h is monument is in a local park fac in g one o f the tw o m a­jo r a r t museums o f B altim ore .

The state college, the U n iv e r­s ity o f M ary land , sends its fo o t­ba ll teams to p lay Southern teams. A suburban n ig h t club advertises on the rad io th a t it has the “ la rges t bar in the South.” Road signs in to B a lt i­more advertise “ Southern Fried Chicken” and p ic tu re a k in d ly old Southern gentlem an instead o f the food.

B u t we’re N o t Southerners.In m y opin ion the answer

probably lies in the dreams o f a w ea lthy a ris tocracy th a t s t i l l ro ­manticizes the Old (South. T hey ’ve los t th e ir slaves, and the y ’ve lost the w ar, bu t they s t i l l yearn fo r the “ good old days.” I don’ t th in k th is is a popu lar fee lin g because M ary land supplied sol­diers fo r the Un ion a rm y as w e ll as the Confederacy, and d idn ’t have enough b itte rness tow ard the federa l governm ent to have to be Reconstructed.

So the on ly reason I can see in the erection o f pro-Southern monuments in recent years is the pressure o f the w ea lthy ele­ment th a t survived the C iv il W ar. Because B a ltim ore was not involved in the f ig h t in g , the a ris tocracy th a t was pro-S outh­ern pa radox ica lly probably es­caped the ru in th a t caught up w ith the slave owners who were ac tive ly Confederate in the South. A la te co lum nist, Can’oll Dulaney, whose column dealt w ith local trad ition s , had many a s to ry to te ll o f Southern spies active here d u rin g the C iv il W ar, b u t on ly one o f N ortherners.

Fellows here were impressed by the de term ination o f the Southern s tr ike rs , b u t otherw ise

d idn 't grasp any special m eaning fro m i t — such as th a t the a n t i­union South was cracking . In the p lan t where I w o rk there is no obvious d isc rim ina tion except th a t Negroes are in the m in o r­ity . B u t a la rge m in o rity . The union local has no Negro execu­tives, though a few shop stew­ards. I don’t know i f th is is a t a ll typ ica l o f the res t o f the c ity , in is union local has been ho ld ing two ou tings a year fo r its membership — a banquet in the w in te r and a p icn ic in the summer. These are qu ie tly seg­regated a ffa irs . The colored m em bership has the irs else­where.

S. L.B a ltim ore , Md.

* * *

Suggest Text For SermonE d ito r:

Upon the ten th ann iversary of the atom ic bom bing o f H iro ­shima, I extend th rough th is newspaper m y m ost reverent greetings to the re lig ious lead­ers o f the U n ited States, and m y thanks to them fo r th e ir noble denunciations o f th is crim e o f ou r ru l in g class aga inst hu­m an ity .

I would also lik e to suggest to these s a in tly representatives o f the Apostles the fo llo w in g te x t, as a m ost app rop ria te sub­je c t fo r a sermon, in com m em or­a tion o f the agony and death o f the people o f H iro sh im a :

Then sha ll He say also unto them on the le f t hand, D epart fro m Me, ye cursed, in to ever­la s ting f ire , prepared fo r the devil and his angels:

F o r I was a new-born in fa n t and ye roasted Me in M y cradle: I was an innocent ch ild and ye blinded Me a t M y p la y : I was an unarm ed w o rke r and ye bu rn ­ed Me to death a t M y to il :

I was sick and weak and ye to rtu re d Me in M y bed: I was old and feeble and yc seared M y flesh in M y la s t days on earth .

Then sha ll they answer H im , saying, Lord, when saw we Thee an in fa n t and roasted Thee ? Or a ch ild and blinded Thee?

When saw we Thee a worker, and burned Thee to death ? O r sick and to rtu re d Thee?

O r when saw we Thee an old man and seared T hy flesh ?

Then shall He answer them , saying : V e rily , I say unto you, inasmuch as yc have done it. unto one o f the least o f these M y breathern, ye have done i t unto Me.

* * *

I have, o f necessity, a lte red the exact words o f the S crip ­tures, bu t I have NO T alte red th e ir s p ir it , the re fo re I subm it th is te x t to ou r C h ris t- lik e preachers o f today, fo r th e ir consideration.

A nn Springs Cam bridge, Mass.

fea thers trea tm ent and hustled across the county line.

Pete Andrade, d irec to r o f tihe W estern Council o f Cannery w o rk ­ers, avowed th a t no union o r­ganizers were go ing to be booted ou t o f Hie area th is tim e.

“ We are go ing to take precau­tion a ry measures to p ro tec t a ll our people in the area,’’ he said.

“ We w il l hold the in d u s try re ­sponsible fo r any act o f violence com m itted on any o f our people,” he added.

F o u r b ig apple processing p lan ts are now s truck by Hie union. The W estern Council o f Cannery W orkers is dem anding th a t wages be boosted to meet the scale paid in the rest o f Hie state. Wages here are $1.26 per hour fo r men and $1 per hour fo r women compared w ith the sta te­wide scale o f $1.48 and $1.32.

A dd ing fue l to an already tense s itua tion is a scheduled N L R B hearing on charges th a t one o f the shippers used u n fa ir labor practices. The Sebastopol App le Growers Union, an em ployers’ co-operative processing p lan t, is accused o f having tr ie d to r ig the N L R B election held la s t year. They fire d 142 w orkers ju s t fo u r days before the vote was to take place.

Pete Andrade to ld a packed m eeting a t union headquarters on South M ain S tree t th a t “ because o f the w ay the companies have acted up here” Hie un ion w ill on ly settle on an in d u s try basis, and w ill refuse to ba rga in w ith in d i­vidual companies.

Kerry and Dunne Speak at Trotsky Memorial Meeting

LOS A N G E L E S , A ug . 19 — The 15th ann iversary o f the death o f Leon T ro tsky , co-lead­er w ith Lenin o f the Russian Revolution, was commemorated here ton igh t at a public m eeting.

A la rge audience heard Tom K e rry , L. A . O rgan ize r o f the Socia list W orkers P a rty , speak on the question, “ Can Co-exis- tcnce b rin g W orld Peace?” A na­lyz in g the in te rna tiona l s itu a ­tion in the lig h t o f the recent B ig F our “ .Sum m it” Conference held a t Geneva, K e rry showed th a t as long as cap ita lism re ­mains entrenched in the U n ited States and in o th e r pa rts o f the w orld , the danger o f w a r aga inst the Soviet U nion, China and the countries a llied w ith them re ­mains.

O nly the v ic to ry o f the A m e r­ican w orkers can f in a lly p u t an end to the danger o f a tom ic an­n ih ila tio n . Deals such as the one a rrived a t in Geneva are made a t the expense o f the w orkers and colonial peoples and w il l be tem po ra ry in nature.

The chairm an o f the m eeting, V incen t R. Dunne, N a tiona l L a ­bor Secretary o f the SW P and fo rm e r leader o f the M innesota Team sters U n ion, described the ro le o f ind iv idua ls in m aking h is to ry . He showed how h is to r i­cal events do not s im p ly happen by themselves b u t are the prod­uc t o f conscious acts o f social forces in which everyone can f in d a place.

The m eeting also heard a re ­cord ing o f a speech made by T ro tsky in E ng lish in 1938 on the occasion o f (ho ten th ann i­ve rsary o f the S ocia lis t W orkers P a rty .

San Francisco Bay Area

Hear

Frank BarbariaSW P Candidate F o r M ayor o f San Francisco

•“Automation —

Threat or Promise?”•

Radio Station KPFA - FM Berkeiy

•Aug. 30, 7:35 P.M.