Case Presentation
Transcript of Case Presentation
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation
A project submitted
In partial fulfilment
of the requirements in
RELATED LEARNING EXPERIENCE II
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
II – G
SY 2008 – 2009
CONTENTS
I. Introduction
II. Objective of the Case Study
III. Background of the Study
a. Community Spot Map
b. History of the Barangay
c. Barangay Profile
IV. Significance of the Study
a. Student Nurse
b. Family
c. Community
d. Barangay Health Worker
e. Clinical Instructor
V. Scope and Limitation of the Study
VI. Methodology
a. Actual Data Gathering
b. Data Collation
c. Data Presentation
d. Data Analysis ( tabular/graphical)
VII. Family Health Problem and Nursing Problem (with Problem Tree)
VIII. Analysis of Problems identified using the Problem Tree
IX. List of Family Problems according to Priority
X. Family Nursing Care Plan
XI. Learning Insights
XII. Recommendation
XIII. Appendices
INTRODUCTION
Health is a right of every human being. Healthy people are prerequisite to national
development. The DOH uses the life span approach to design programs and assist in the delivery of
health services to specific age groups. It views health care of individuals within the context of the family.
(Public Health Nursing in the Philippines, pp. 118)
"Families serve as the basic social unit of society." (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2004, p. 563). All
members of the family are empowered to maintain their health status. They must be free from disease
or infirmity with no disabilities. In public health perspective, the health of the family is considered as a
whole and not individually. This paper will focus in the family as an independent unit and as a building
block of a community tasked to practice health principles for the benefit of its operation in the society.
The study focused on the most common health problems of the family (in this case, prioritized
family) in which the student nurses became cognizant with the health needs of family members that
enabled them to render the health services that will develop a quality health for the family.
Goal:
To maintain and sustain a good health status and the health needs of the family with the
participation and cooperation of the community as a whole.
Objectives:
To impart knowledge about the community’s common health problems as a way to help the
prioritized family in managing their family health via preventive and promotive measures.
To gain the participation and interest of the prioritized family together with the community in
health care that will serve as the foundation towards a healthy lifestyle.
To minimize if not totally eradicate the health problems of the prioritized family by rendering
corresponding solutions.
To collect and record data that will serve as future reference for succeeding student nurses who
will undertake this kind of endeavor.
Community Spot Map
History of the Barangay
BARANGAY MATANDANG BALARA
The Origin of Barrio Balara
Over a hundred years ago, there was a small but peaceful village where several wild trees and
thick cogon grass abound. There were only a handful of natives in this forest-like village who had been
leading a happy life tending their farms.
In one stretch of big trees covered land there were three little houses and solitary chapel at a
distance. In front of the chapel was a big shady tree.
One day, a troop of Spanish soldiers looking tired and weary, apparently after several miles of
hiking, dashed into village and right there and then decided to put up a temporary camp under the big
shady tree in front of the chapel. After taking several minutes of siesta in their newly natives what the
name of the trees was. While he was pointing to the tree, two tiny rats sneaked into one of the holes in
the trunk of the tree. The poor native, who evidently did not understand the soldier’s query,
perplexingly answered, “Nabara! Nabara!” which means “the rats could not get inside the hole”. The
astonished soldier thought “Nabara” could only mean the name of the place.
Thereafter, upon return of the troop to their headquarters, the Spanish soldier relying merely on
his vague memory, reported to his superior the name of the place where they had been which referred
to later as “Balara”.
As the years go by however, in order to preserve the original name of the village which was
popularly known as Balara, the later generation referred to the place as Old Balara, indicating that there
is a “New Balara” where at present, NAWASA Filtration Plant is located.
Source: Souvenir Program(May 8-9,1989)
“Old Balara Barrio Fiesta in Honor
Of Nuestra Senora Dela Paz y Buenviaje
Quezon City Public Library, Q.C
Barangay Profile
Barangay Council
Of
Barangay Matandang Balara
(2007-present)
Barangay Chairman:
BEDA T. TORRECAMPO
Barangay Kagawads:
BENJAMIN E. REYES
Chairman, Committee on Appropriations, Ways & Means
Chairman, Committee on Education, Socio Cultural & Religious Affairs
ELMA P. ABUDA
Chairman, Committee on Livelihood, Trade & Commerce
Chairman, Committee on Public Works & Infrastructure
SALVACION “SALLY” C. DE JESUS
Chairman, Committee on Urban Poor Affairs and Peoples Participation
Chairman, Committee on Women & Families
SABINO “BHONG” C. PAMPLONA JR.
Chairman, Committee on Senior Citizens Affairs
NIDA V. SISTONA
Chairman, Committee on Health, Sanitation and Environment
RENATO “IMA” A. GRANADA
Chairman, Committee on Public Order and Safety
Chairman, Committee on Ethics and Blue Ribbon
ALLAN P. FRANZA
Chairman, Committee on Transportation and Communication
Sangguniang Kabataan Chairperson:
KEVIN C. AQUINO
Chairman, Committee on Youth and Sports Development
Barangay Treasurer:
FE S. TOLENTINO
Barangay Secretary:
THERESA T. TAPADO-SISTONA
Barangay Health Worker
1. Belen Manggahoc
2. Leonila Irabon
3. Concorcia Aldave
4. Remigla Lingatong
5. Victoria Litusquen
6. Salvacion Cullera
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA:
Total Population: 70,112 as of 2007 census
No. of Households: 15,807
No. of Registered Voters: 29,620 as of May 2004 election
Total Precincts: 152
Polling Place:
Old Balara Elementary School
Old Balara Elementary School Annex
Balara Academy
North Susana Clubhouse, North Susana Executive Village
Ayala Heights Clubhouse, Ayala Heights Village
INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES:
Barangay Hall
Barangay Matandang Balara Hall
Commonwealth Ave. corner Damayan St., Old Balara, Quezon City
Health Center
Old Balara Health Center
Tandang Sora Ave., Old Balara, Quezon City
Private Hospital
Gen. Miguel Malvar Hospital
531 Commonwealth Ave., Old Balara, Quezon City
Basketball Court/ Volleyball/ Tennis/ Others
Talipapa Basketball Covered Court
Tandang Sora Ave. corner Capitol Hills Drive
Police Stations
Barangay Police Community Precinct
Beside Barangay Hall
Churches
Iglesia ni Cristo
Area 4 Luzon Avenue, Old Balara, QC
Bethel Youth Fellowship
5 Doña Pilar St., Villa Beatriz Subdivision, Old Balara, QC
Sons of Charity
Laura St., Old Balara, QC
Our Beloved Christ Christian Church (OBCC)
Lakas St., Old Balara, QC
Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Philippines
(Maranatha Foursquare Gospel Church)
Purok 3 Area 5 Laura St., Old Balara, QC
Luzon Avenue Foursquare Church
103 Area 1 Luzon Avenue, Old Balara, QC
Balara Tabernacle Baptist Church
Area 1-B Old Balara, QC
City Lighthouse Christian Ministries
307 Crissant Bldg., Old Balara, QC
Luzon Living Faith Church
58 Samar St., Luzon Avenue, Old Balara, QC
Shiloh Fundamental Baptist Bible Church
104 Capitol Hills, Old Balara, QC
Christ to the Philippines (Balara Chapter)
22 Road 2 Sapang Kangkong, Old Balara, QC
Fullness of Christ International Ministries
7 South Zuzuaregui St., Old Balara, QC
Apostolada De Maria Twin Heart of Jesus & Mary Religious Group
254 DMMA, San Rafael St., Old Balara, QC
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
Public
Old Balara Elementary School
Tandang Sora Ave., Old Balara Quezon City
Old Balara Elementary School Annex
Laura St., Old Balara Quezon City
SOCIO-POLITICAL PROFILE
GENERAL INFORMATION:
Name: Barangay Matandang Balara
Area: 15
District: III
Manner of Creation: Quezon City Ordinance
Date created: May 10, 1962
Barangay Fiesta: every second Tuesday of May
Patron Saint: Nuestra Senora Dela Paz y Buenviaje
Other Fiestas:
Patron Saint Place Day
Our Lady of Holy Rosary Samadores HOA, Luzon Ave. 7th day of October
Immaculate Concepcion Visayan Hills Feria Community 8th day of December
Senor Sto. Nino South Zuzuaregui St. 14th- 15th day of January
Nuestra Senora Dale Paz Pook Dela Paz St. Last Sunday of May
Our Lady Of Fatima Dupex St. 13th day of May
San Jose Manggagawa Liwanag St. 1st day of May
GEOGRAPHIC DATA:
Land Area: 521.6842 hectares
Boundaries:
North - Republic Avenue and its eastward prolongation to Marikina River ( The
north boundary was amended by BP 343 ANS 546 creating Batasan Hills
and Holy Spirit respectively)
East - Marikina River (boundary of Quezon City)
South - Quisenda creek and southwest boundary line of Piedad Estate
West - Commonwealth Avenue and Luzon Avenue
Terrain:The Barangay’s topography is largely alternating ridges and lowlands. It has a low
grade terrain and scattered steep slopes.
Climate: Distinct dry seasons from December to April and wet seasons from May to
November. Average temperature is lowest at 25C in January and highest at 29 C
in May.
Significance of the Study
Student Nurse
Superficially, this is one of the requirements that should be done for student nurses to
pass the Related Learning Experience II subject; thus, they ought to take this earnestly. In a
deep sense, the rationale of having this study is to prepare and train student nurses for the third
and fourth level of the nursing course to make them clever as possible. Knowledge is nothing if
we can not apply it to our daily living. This study gave student nurses an opportunity to
demonstrate and explain everything that they have learned. This became their stepping stone
into becoming proficient nurses.
As novices, this exposition gave student nurses a hint to what they should expect in the
future. Basically, they ought to start small, from the individual to the family, and to the whole
community – for the knowledge that will be inculcated to them is comprehensive. Furthermore,
this gave them experience, which is so called the best teacher one could ever have. It also
taught them how to establish rapport with the families in the community. That is one of the must-
haves of a nurse, for the clients to feel secured and comfortable with them and so the data
gathered by the nurse will be accurate and given wholeheartedly by the client. To wrap up
everything, this endeavour helped them to acquire as well as to contribute the attitude as a
foundation for becoming adaptable health care providers. It taught them the skills, another must-
have of a nurse, and the knowledge that only experiences can illustrate.
Family
The study aims to help the family to put it into action together with the students against the
health problems and possible threats that might interfere towards the betterment of living. Here, there
is a (student) nurse-family relationship wherein there is cooperation that tries to attain a goal, and that
is to improve individual health among members of the family. Once improvement of health is acquired
from a previous unpleasant way of life, the family will then be capable of preventing health problems
and threats from being aware of the factors present that suppress healthy living. This “being aware of
the factors” with the help of students permits each member of the family to instill in the mind the
health problems and the cause of illnesses and even come up with solutions to overcome the said
problems. The family at this point is now on the threshold of independency.
This study also gives us the awareness about the health status of the community wherein the
family is a part of it. It also would like to seek the recognition and showing of interest of each family
member. The knowledge that motivates the minds of each family to be conscious enables then to be
equipped against health problems and threats which in turn improve the life of the community as a
whole. But for this to happen, the family must be willing to make a step towards wellness despite of the
many factors preventing it.
Community
This study could also be a significant undertaking in promoting good and healthy living in
the community by looking at the family as model for health care. The study can also be
beneficial to the local officials in strategic supervision, communal strategies when they employ
effective learning in their community setting particularly in different concepts related to the use
of effective human and environmental resources management. By understanding the needs of
each family in the community and benefits of attaining the said needs, these local officials and
residents can be assured of a competitive advantage. Moreover, this research will provide
recommendations on how to avoid unwanted ailments.
Service is elaborated and can be expounded in many ways. It helps the community
members to understand more the problem they are encountering because they are given proper
guidelines so they can surely do the right actions for the problems they are facing. The study will
help the community to use its own resources when the specific problem happens again; the
community members will no longer panic when the problem reoccurs because they are given
enough knowledge to find solution that corresponds to the problem. Because of the knowledge
taught to them, they will be more aware of the things they should avoid so that problems and
threats will less likely occur and will be able to act right on a particular problem that they are
going to face knowing the importance of “prevention is better than cure” principle. This will help
them to act as one in order for them to be active in the community’s participation and unity will
lead them to a healthy lifestyle and better living.
Barangay Health Worker
The significance of the study to the Barangay Health Workers is that the information that
they can get will give them additional knowledge about the common health problems that others
of their kind usually encounter in a family. This study will help them to have additional ideas on
how to recognize the member of the family if he/she is already affected with the said problem
and to identify who is prone to the community’s health problem or condition. It will support in
identifying the causes why the said problem is commonly affecting the community. It will also
serve as their further reference on how to treat the health problem existing in a simpler, less
expensive and more effective way and how to deal with the people involved. It encourages them
to participate in maintaining a vigorous health status of the family. It will also act as their basis
on how to help the members of the family to achieve a better health and lifestyle than before.
Clinical Instructor
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study is confined between the boundaries of Sta. Elena, Old Balara. In the assessment process,
information was gathered, problems were analyzed and interventions were taken. The
respondents were the residents of the said Barangay having a total population of _________ wherein
out them, a prioritized family yielded. The instrument used in this study is interview method in which
questions were asked to the clients / families regarding their family features with the aid of assessment
tools. The data provides very useful information that helped the student nurses in analyzing the
problems and in formulating interventions that are necessary to the development of the family.
The capability to maintain wellness, prevention and suggested treatment or cure to prioritized illnesses
of the family, are included in the study.
METHODOLOGY:
It should be noted that the word "methodology" is frequently used when "method" would be more
accurate. Methodology refers to more than a simple set of methods; rather it refers to the rationale and
the philosophical assumptions that underlie a particular study relative to the scientific method.
Methodology includes the following concepts as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry:
1. a collection of theories, concepts or ideas;
2. comparative study of different approaches; and
3. critique of the individual methods
Nursing students had used it in gathering data and collecting them. They had interviewed 88 families
from Barangay Old Balara and noted their responses. They asked them about their health status and
conditions and gather information about the families. The accumulated data were considered important
in relation to their health status. In relation to their health status, they also asked the families about
their immunization, if they have enough exercise and rest, and questions about their environment.
They gathered these data, and tallied them and put them into tables. They studied them toughly and
made graphs of all the data they had collected to help them understand the said data. They analyzed
and eventually interpreted them. They also put the significance/implication of each tabular/graphical
presentation to give an insight on how a particular aspect/factor affects the health status of families.
The conclusion from the data reflected the health status and the needs of the
community. Information also showed relationships and facts significant or insignificant in
determining the community diagnosis.
The following statistical tools and techniques were applied to analyze/interpret the data:
1. Frequency Distribution- the data gathered through the questionnaire were summarized, tallied
and tabulated to indicate the number of responses to a specific question or item in the
questionnaires.
Percentage- used to identify the fraction of the sample that have the same practices.
Formula:
P (%) = n/N x 100
where: P= percentage
n= number of responses falling under a particular category
N= total number of respondents
The data presentation is tabular and graphical.
2. Sex ratio – used to determine the predominant gender in the community. This will be the
number of males for every 100 females.
Formula: number of males X 100
number of females
3. Dependency ratio – used to compare the number of economically dependent with the
economically productive group in the population. This represented the number of economically
dependent for every 100 economically productive.
Formula:
[ no. of people under 15 years old ] + [ no. of people 65 years old and older ]
X 100
[ no. of people from 15 to 64 years old ]
4. Crowding index – described the ease by which a communicable disease will be transmitted
from one host to another susceptible host.
Formula: no. of persons in a household
no. of rooms used in the same household
5. Population Density – determined how congested a place and has implications in terms of the
adequacy of basic health sevices present in the community.
Formula: Total land area of the Community__
Total Population of the Community
1. Problem Prioritization
Formula: Score X weight = Actual Score
Highest possible score
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Immunization- is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an
agent (known as the immunogen).
Nuclear - is used to distinguish a family group consisting of most commonly, a father and mother and
their children,
Extended - (or joint family) is a term with several distinct meanings. First, it is used synonymously with
consanguineous family. Second, in societies dominated by the conjugal family, it is used to refer to
kindred who does not belong to the conjugal family.
Cohabiting- families that want to test their compatibility before they commit to a legal union
Decision making - is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area
Pollution- is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder,
harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms .
Income- refers to consumption opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame, which is
generally expressed in monetary terms.
Human waste disposal - the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials
Garbage disposal - is a device, usually electrically-powered, installed under a kitchen sink between the
sink's drain and the trap which shreds food waste into pieces small enough (generally less than 2mm) [1]
to pass through plumbing
Congested- overfilled or overcrowded
Drainage- is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area
Organization - is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own
performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Table 1.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Individuals in terms of Age and Sex Distribution
Age Male Female Total Percentage
80 and above 0 0 0 0
75-79 0 0 0 0
70-74 0 2 2 1
65-69 0 0 0 0
60-64 3 3 6 2
55-59 3 3 6 2
50-54 4 9 13 4
45-49 12 9 21 6
40-44 18 14 32 9
35-39 7 16 23 7
30-34 11 7 18 5
25-29 12 13 25 7
20-24 19 15 34 10
15-19 26 17 43 12
10-14 22 28 50 14
5-9 12 18 30 8
0-4 23 24 47 12
Total 172 178 350 100%
Figure 1.0 Population Pyramid of Individuals in Terms of Age and Sex Distribution
80 and Above75-7970-7465-6960-6455-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2920-2415-19
0-4Total
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
MaleFemaleTotalPercentage
ANALYSIS:
SIGNIFICANCE:
Demography presents population data in a systematic manner. Its importance could be gauge
from the growing application of population figures in several disciplines of study. Its significance to the
individual and society hardly requires any emphasis. With the health of population studies, we can know
how far economic development is keeping pace with the rate of growth in population which helps in
taking appropriate measures to overcome in balance between the two, if any.
Table 2.0 Percentage Distribution of Individuals in terms of Civil Status
Category Male Female Total Percentage
Single 98 99 197 57
Married 67 72 139 40
Live-In 4 4 8 3
Total 169 175 344 100%
ANALYSIS:
SIGNIFICANCE:
Category Frequency Percentage
Extended 18 20%
Nuclear 65 74%
Cohabiting 5 6%
Total 88 100%
Table 3.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Family Structure
Figure 3.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Family Structure
20%
74%
6%
Extended Nuclear Cohabiting
ANALYSIS:
The type of family structure that is dominant in the community is nuclear comprising of 51
families. The extended makes up 18 families while the least is the cohabiting which is composed of only
5 families.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Most diseases are due to interactions of multiple genes and environmental factors. Almost every
patient has available today, a free, personalized tool that captures many of these interactions and can
serve as the cornerstone for individualized disease prevention. Family history helps predict risk for such
varied health concerns as heart disease, colorectal cancer,breast cancer, ovarian cancer, osteoporosis,
atopy orasthma, type 2 diabetes, suicide, etc. Yet, many people are unaware of relatives’ medical
histories, and many health professionals underutilize this information in advising patients on how to
maintain good health.
Table 4.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Family according
to Authority
Category Frequency Percentage
Matriarchal 15 17%
Patriarchal 24 27%
Equalitarian 49 56%
Total 88 100%
Figure 4.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Family according to Authority
ANALYSIS:
Matriarchal17%
Patriarchal27%
Equalitarian56%
According to the data gathered, 42 of the families living in Santa Elena, Brgy. Old Balara are
equally sharing responsibility when it comes to decision-making. This pattern is known as Equalitarian.
On the other hand, Patriarchal, in which the father of the family is the one who decides for his kin, is
composed of 24 correspondents. In Matriarchal, wherein the mother is the one who takes place in
decision making, makes up 15 families.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Making decisions have a tendency to seek more information and may cause several problems (1)
Information overload will occur. In this state, so much information is available that decision-making
ability actually declines because the information in its entirety can no longer be managed or assessed
appropriately. A major problem caused by information overload is forgetfulness. When too much
information is taken into memory, especially in a short period of time, some of the information (often
that received early on) will be pushed out. (2) Mental fatigue occurs, which results in slower work or
poor quality work. (3) Decision fatigue occurs, where the decision maker tires of making decisions. Often
the result is fast, careless decisions or even decision paralysis--no decisions are made at all.
Table 5.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Lot Ownership
Category Frequency Percentage
Lot OwnedYes 15 17%
No 73 83%
Total 88 100%
Figure 5.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Lot Ownership
Owned17%
Not Owned83%
ANALYSIS:
Families that do not own the lot where they live were dominant. They compose 83% of all the
families while the families who owned their lot were compose only of about 17% of the family
population.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Housing is a basic human need, both physically and psychologically. A house provides shelter
from the elements and protection against health threats, such as communicable diseases, chronic
diseases and psychological and social stresses. But it also is a source of identity — we identify with and
become attached to our homes. A house is important because it’s a place where a family or household
establishes itself in society. Beyond the level of the individual home, housing is also important because
housing units are set in relation to each other. This creates neighborhoods and communities, which form
the physical infrastructure of group life.
Table 6.0 Frequency and Percentage of Households in terms of House Ownership
Category Frequency Percentage
Home OwnedYes 16 18%
No 72 82%
Total 88 100%
Figure 6.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of House Ownership
Owned18%
Not Owned82%
ANALYSIS:
Most of the home in the community is not owned by the families, and neither is the lot. Only 16
families own their home while 70 don’t and only 15 families own their lot while 71 don’t.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Everything in the environment will affect your children and this is how they will grow up feeling
about themselves. It is important for an individual to grow up in a stable home environment. Living in
one benefits them spiritually, emotionally, socially and mentally. It is the foundation of society. Most of
us can recall what our living surroundings were like. It had a large impact on the person we became
Category Frequency Percentage
Wood 10 11%
Concrete 6 8%
Mixed 62 70%
Makeshift 10 11%
Total 88 100%
Table 7.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Housing
Materials
Figure 7.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Housing Materials
Wood Concrete Mixed Makeshift
106
62
10
Type of Housing Materials
ANALYSIS:
The most common type of housing materials in the community is mixed which comprises of 56
families. Wood and makeshift tied in quantity of houses composed of 10 families each. Concrete type of
housing materials makes up 6 families.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The type of housing materials provided should be appropriate to the needs of the people to be
accommodated. The mix of dwelling type, size and tenure should support sound social, environmental
and economic sustainability policy objectives for the area and promote the development of
appropriately integrated play and recreation spaces.
The scheme should be a safe and healthy place in which to live. We know too that damp and
mouldy housing has an adverse effect on health, and although this is difficult to quantify it is clear that
tackling such conditions will also help to create a domestic environment contributory to health and well
being. Studies of children have found a strong link between poor housing and a range of ailments such
as respiratory problems, aches and pains, fever, headaches etc; and this is a particular cause of concern.
There are also strong links between homelessness (especially rough sleeping) and poor health.
Inadequate living conditions may, in addition, contribute to low morale and poor mental health.
Category Frequency Percentage
Adequate 30 34%
Inadequate 58 66%
Total 88 100%
Table 8.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Adequacy of Living Space
Figure 8.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Adequacy of Living Space
Adequate Inadequate0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Adequacy of Living Space
ANALYSIS:
The number of families that has an inadequate living space is 46 while families having an
adequate living space are 30 families.
SIGNIFICANCE:
A lack of adequate housing not only compromises development, but eventually also constitutes a
security threat from myriad social ills that arise from homelessness. In the logic of this argument,
homelessness or inadequate housing is therefore retrogressive to the prospects for sustainable
livelihoods.
A lack of access to adequate housing exposes one to the structural violence of poverty, its severity and
associated complexities of despair and deprivation -- relative or absolute -- which constitute a significant
threat to human security.
Without access to adequate shelter, the poor live in miserable conditions that compromise their
general health and make them more susceptible to diseases. Conversely, the provision of adequate
housing protects people from myriad vulnerabilities. First, adequate housing protects people against
floods and associated stagnant water, in which breeds of mosquitoes and other insects, the key factors
in spreading infectious diseases. Overall, good health is instrumental to human security because it
enables the full range of human functioning, which could collectively be referred to as human capital
Table 9.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Monthly Family Income
Source
Category Frequency Percentage
Husband 68 77%
Wife 14 16%
Others 6 7%
Total 88 100%
Figure 9.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Monthly Family Income Source
Husband Wife Others
68
14
6
Monthly Income Source
ANALYSIS:
70 families consider the father as the primary source of monthly family income. The wife, being
the source of monthly family income, consists of 14 families while 6 of the total families in the
community depends on their relatives or significant others.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The importance of family income in relation to some other socio-demographic factors that might affect
the nutritional status of children in the community was investigated. The factors analyzed in addition to
family income were: age of the children; sex of the children; birth order; ownership of land by the
family; father's occupation; housing conditions; season; sources of drinking water; father's education;
mother's education; and participation of the children in food supplementation programs. Seasonal
factors, family income, mother's education, and sex and birth order of the children appeared to be
important determinants of malnutrition. An interaction between family income and mother's education
in relation to child nutrition was quite apparent. A higher family income was of relatively greater benefit
to the children of literate mothers than to those of illiterate mothers in improving the nutritional status.
There was a threshold point below which income appeared as the primary constraint on child nutrition.
A nutrition education program might prove helpful in improving the nutritional status of children of
wealthier families
Table 10.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Total Monthly Income
Total Monthly Income Frequency Percentage
Below Php 5,000 35 40%
Php 5,100 – Php 10,000 46 51%
Php 10,100 – Php 15,000 4 5%
Php 15,100 – Php 20,000 3 3%
Total 88 100%
Figure 10.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Total Monthly Income
Below Php 5,000 Php 5,100- Php 10,000
Php 10,100- 15,000 Php
Php 15, 100- Php 20, 000
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Total Monthly Income
ANALYSIS:
37 families have a total monthly family income of Php 5,100 – Php 10,000. However, 35 families
have an income below Php 5,000. Only 4 families have an income that ranges from Php 10,100- Php
15,000 and fewer families earn a total of Php 15,100- Php 20,000 monthly.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The importance of family income in relation to some other socio-demographic factors that
might affect the nutritional status of children in the community was investigated. The factors analyzed in
addition to family income were: age of the children; sex of the children; birth order; ownership of land
by the family; father's occupation; housing conditions; season; sources of drinking water; father's
education; mother's education; and participation of the children in food supplementation programs.
Seasonal factors, family income, mother's education, and sex and birth order of the children appeared
to be important determinants of malnutrition. An interaction between family income and mother's
education in relation to child nutrition was quite apparent. A higher family income was of relatively
greater benefit to the children of literate mothers than to those of illiterate mothers in improving the
nutritional status. There was a threshold point below which income appeared as the primary constraint
on child nutrition. A nutrition education program might prove helpful in improving the nutritional status
of children of wealthier families.
Table 11.0 Frequency and Percentage of Households in terms of the Type of Garbage Disposal
Type of Garbage
DisposalFrequency Percentage
Collected 78 89%
Burning 8 9%
Feeding To Animals 2 2%
Total 88 100%
Figure 11.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Garbage Disposal
CollectedBurning
Feeding to Animals
78
8
2
Type of Garbage Disposal
ANALYSIS:
The table above shows that the most common type of garbage disposal in the community is
collected. This applies to 76 families. The other type of drainage disposal such as burning and feeding to
animals make up 8 and 2 families.
SIGNIFICANCE:
A garbage disposal, food waste disposer, waste disposal unit, is a device, usually electrically-
powered, installed under a kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap which shreds food waste
into pieces small enough (generally less than 2mm) to pass through plumbing.
Some say that sewage treatment plants cannot cope with the extra load of kitchen waste disposal units.
The load of organic carbon that reaches the treatment plant increases and consumption of oxygen
increases. The result is larger amounts of solids. However, if the waste water treatment is finely
controlled, the organic carbon in food may help to keep the bacterial decomposition running. Carbon
may be deficient in that process. If no waste water treatment is performed the extra load of pollutants is
detrimental to the environment. Also, other chemicals in the waste are problematic.
Use of these food processing units only slightly increases household water use, and their impact on
business water use (in restaurants) is generally not statistically significant.
Many standard disposal units allow a dishwasher to be connected, and some more expensive
dishwashers are equipped with a small built-in garbage disposal units, making it unnecessary to scrape
plates before washing them.
Use of garbage disposal units diverts the impact of food waste from methods such as landfill or
incinerators to effluent disposal systems. The advantages and disadvantages need to be weighed for
each area.
It is often said that the vast majority of organic waste would be better used for composting, an option
not open to many city-dwellers without an effective collection system.
Table 12.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Human Waste
Disposal
Type of Human Waste Disposal Frequency Percentage
Flush 13 15%
Water Sealed 67 76%
Pit Privy 6 7%
Others 2 2%
Total 88 100%
Figure 12.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Human Waste Disposal
Flush
Water Sealed
Pit Privy
Others
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Type of Human Waste Disposal
ANALYSIS:
When it comes to waste disposal, 65 families have water sealed, 13 uses flush, 6 for pit privy,
and 2 for other types of human waste disposal.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The water in the toilet bowl (and the traps for sinks, showers, tubs, floor drains, etc.) keeps the sewer
gases from coming into your living space.
Table 13.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Drainage
Type Of Drainage Frequency Percentage
Open 74 84%
Close 14 16%
Total 88 100%
Figure 13.1 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Drainage
Open84%
Close16%
ANALYSIS:
Most of the families in the Old Balara have an open drainage. About 84% of the families have
an open drainage while there are only 16% who have a close drainage.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Deferring maintenance for any moisture problem is not wise. Plumbing and drainage problems
can escalate to health issues as molds can grow on virtually any substance when moisture is present.
Home's roof, grade-level and underground drainage systems are designed to redirect water flow
away from the perimeter foundation. Properly installed drainage systems help prevent flooding, soils
erosion, excessive moisture conditions, foundation settlement and moisture infiltration into below grade
rooms and storage areas.
Table 13.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Drainage
Type of Drainage Frequency Percentage
Flow Of Water 1 1%
Flowing 71 81%
Stagnant 16 18%
Total 88 100%
Figure 13.2 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Drainage
Flow of Water
Flowing
Stagnant
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Type of Drainage
ANALYSIS:
The type of drainage in the community is mostly open and flowing. The other types are applied
to fewer families. 72 families have an open drainage while 14 have closed. The least type of drainage is
flow of water which composed of only 1 family; 16 have flowing and 69 have stagnant.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Deferring maintenance for any moisture problem is not wise. Plumbing and drainage problems
can escalate to health issues as molds can grow on virtually any substance when moisture is present.
Home's roof, grade-level and underground drainage systems are designed to redirect water flow
away from the perimeter foundation. Properly installed drainage systems help prevent flooding, soils
erosion, excessive moisture conditions, foundation settlement and moisture infiltration into below grade
rooms and storage areas.
Table 14.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Water Supply
Type Of Water Supply Frequency Percentage
Artesian well 1 1%
Maynilad 72 82%
Brought 5 6%
Other Specify 10 11%
Total 88 100%
Figure 14.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Type of Water Supply
Artesian WellMaynilad
BroughtOther Specify
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Type of Water Supply
ANALYSIS:
Maynilad supplies 70 families in the community. Other families get their water supply from the
artesian well or are brought to them by other persons. 10 families have other types of water supply.
SIGNIFICANCE:
A secure and dependable water supply contributes greatly to a healthy population, particularly
when supported by promotion of hygienic behaviours. If the water supply is contaminated chemically or
micro-biologically, the result may be disease, of which the most important is diarrhoea, one of the
greatest killers of young children in the world. Toxic chemicals such as arsenic and fluoride have been
found in drinking water and the harmful effects may be seen in young children.
Sanitation, the safe disposal of human faeces and wastes is necessary to protect health, as
faecal pollution may transmit a number of diseases through the local community and environment.
Table 15.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Food Storage
Food Storage Frequency Percentage
Refrigerator 46 52%
Covered 27 31%
Pots 9 10%
Cabinet 6 7%
Total 88 100%
Figure 15.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Food Storage
Refrigerator
Covered
Pots
Cabinet
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Food Storage
ANALYSIS:
As to the families’ food storage, 44 have refrigerators where their food supplies are kept while
27 store their foods by means of covering it. 9 families put their foods in pots while 6 use cabinets for
storage.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Proper preparation and storage of food is seldom addressed in a doctor's office visit but is a very
important part of staying healthy. Proper food handling and storage minimizes the risk of foodborne
illnesses; something very important to people with weakened immune systems as is the case in HIV.
Table 16.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Drinking Water Storage
Drinking Water Storage Frequency Percentage
Refrigerator 45 51%
Bottles 16 18%
Container with Cover 27 31%
Total 88 100%
Figure 16.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Drinking Water Storage
Refrigerator51%
Bottles18%
Container with Cover31%
ANALYSIS:
43 families who have refrigerators use it for storing their water supplies. The others who have
none, use bottles and covered containers as their drinking water storage.
SIGNIFICANCE:
There is a surprising connection between the quality of our water and healthful longevity. There
are many health benefits of increasing the amount and quality of the water we drink. All over the world
and throughout time, wherever you find the most contaminant-free water... you find the healthiest,
most vibrant civilizations.
Once we understand that our bodies are more than 70% water and that water controls virtually
every aspect of our health, we can begin to understand its importance. That means not only the water
we drink, but the water that we shower in... cook with... prepare juices, teas and coffee with... all affect
our health significantly.
Table 17.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Pets
Household Pets Frequency Percentage
Dog 6 7%
Cat 5 6%
Bird / Chicken 10 11%
Hamster 2 2%
None 65 74%
Total 88 100%
Figure 17.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Pets
7%
6%
11%
2%
74%
Dog Cat Bird/ Chicken Hamster None
ANALYSIS:
As for household pets present in the community, 63 families have none but 10 families have bird
or chicken as their pet. Dog comes in second, which is taken care by 6 families. 5 families have cat as
their household pet while 2 are fond of hamster.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Many of us keep pets for companionship. If we have children pets will provide a certain amount
of play and entertainment value too, whilst teaching children the importance of responsibility and
kindness. Pets also provide beneficial stress relief to their owners, and in the case of dogs, a good form
of additional exercise.
An easy way of catching germs and parasites is to handle household pets without any
consideration for hygiene standards. Handling and playing with pets is considered to be a rewarding
pastime, so many of us fail to notice the potential hazards to our health. Many pets carry germs and
parasites that are easily passed on to us through handling and play. Ringworm, lyme disease, food
poisoning and toxoplasmosis are just a few of the nasty conditions that animals may spread. These
germs and parasites live in infected pets, and are spread through contact with the animal’s feces. These
diseases can make us feel sick, have diarrhea, fever, and can also affect our internal organs, which is
especially harmful to pregnant women, as the diseases can also affect an unborn child.
Table 18.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Presence of Breeding
Place of Insects
Presence Of Breeding Place Of
InsectsFrequency Percentage
Yes 74 84%
No 14 16%
Total 88 100%
Figure 18.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Presence of Breeding Place of Insects
Yes No
84%
16%
Presence of Breeding Place of Insects
ANALYSIS:
There are places in the community where insects and rodents breed. Presence of this
makes 72 houses while only 14 families have no breeding places for such insects.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Mosquitoes, flies and other insects may be more abundant than usual, posing potential health
problems. The weather may create excellent breeding conditions for houseflies and mosquitoes, some
of which may be capable of spreading typhoid, dysentery and encephalitis. The key to controlling insects
is removal of their breeding places–any standing water, especially stagnant water. In warm weather this
should be done immediately after you return to the premises.
Table 19.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Presence of Accident
Hazards
Presence Of Accidents Hazard Frequency Percentage
Yes 65 74%
No 23 26%
Total 88 100%
Figure 19.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Presence of Accident Hazards
Yes74%
No26%
ANALYSIS:
According to the data given above, the student nurses observe 63 houses wherein there are
presence of accidents hazard and 23 houses where such problem are not present.
SIGNIFICANCE:
It has been recognised for many years that certain industrial activities involving dangerous
substances have the potential to cause accidents. Some of them give rise to serious injury to people or
damage to the environment both close to, and further away from, the site of the accident. Such
activities have come to be known as major accident hazards.
Table 20.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Immunization Status of
Mothers
Immunization Status of
Family MembersCategory Frequency Percentage
Mother Yes 78 89%
No 10 11%
Total 88 100%
Figure 20.1 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Immunization Status of Mothers
ANALYSIS:
The immunization status of the fathers in Old Balara was opposite compared to the mothers. 91% of
them have not completed it while only 9% does.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and even eradicating disease. Vaccines — which
protect against disease by inducing immunity — are widely and routinely administered around the world
based on the common-sense principle that it is better to keep people from falling ill than to treat them
Yes
No
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Immunization Status of Mother
once they are ill. Suffering, disability, and death are avoided. New vaccines also have been introduced
with significant results, including the first vaccine to help prevent liver cancer, hepatitis B vaccine,
Table 20.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Immunization Status of
Mothers
Immunization Status of
Family MembersCategory Frequency Percentage
Mother Complete 8 9%
Incomplete 80 91%
Total 88 100%
Figure 20.2 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Immunization Status of Mothers
Complete Incomplete0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Immunization Status of Mother
ANALYSIS:
The immunization status of the fathers in Old Balara was opposite compared to the mothers. 91% of
them have not completed it while only 9% does.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and even eradicating disease. Vaccines — which
protect against disease by inducing immunity — are widely and routinely administered around the world
based on the common-sense principle that it is better to keep people from falling ill than to treat them
once they are ill. Suffering, disability, and death are avoided. New vaccines also have been introduced
with significant results, including the first vaccine to help prevent liver cancer, hepatitis B vaccine,
Table 21.1 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Immunization Status of
Children
Immunization Status of
Family MembersCategory Frequency Percentage
Children Yes 79 90%
No 9 10%
Total 88 100%
Figure 21.1 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Immunization Status of Children
Yes No
90%
10%
Immunization Status of Children
ANALYSIS:
The immunization status of the children was similar to the mothers. 90% of them had taken
and completed the immunization while only 10% have not.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Parents are constantly concerned about the health and safety of their children and take many
steps to protect them. Vaccine-preventable diseases have a costly impact, resulting in doctor's visits,
hospitalizations, and prem Disease prevention is the key to public health. It is always better to prevent a
disease than to treat it. Vaccines prevent disease in the people who receive them and protect those who
come into contact with unvaccinated individuals. Vaccines help prevent infectious diseases and save
lives. Vaccines are responsible for the control of many infectious diseases that were once common in
this country, including polio, measles, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), rubella (German
measles), mumps, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
Table 21.2 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Immunization Status of
Children
Immunization Status of
Family MembersCategory Frequency Percentage
Children Complete 9 10%
Incomplete 79 90%
Total 88 100%
Figure 21.2 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Immunization Status of Children
Complete
Incomplete
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Immunization Status of Children
ANALYSIS:
When it comes to the immunization status of family members, the mother and children of each
family are mostly immunized but not complete. 76 mothers have undergone immunization but only 8
had completed the program. There are 77 out of 86 children who have been immunized but 77 children
had incomplete immunization.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Immunization provides immunity which is the exemption from contagion or infections or from
liability to suffer from epidemic or endemic disease. Based on this, it is important that every individual
must undergo the program to protect themselves. Because there are more mothers and children who
have had incomplete immunization, they’re more prone to diseases and infections.
Table 22.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Adequacy of Rest
Rest Frequency Percentage
Adequate 77 88%
Inadequate 11 12%
Total 88 100%
Figure 22.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Adequacy of Rest
Adequate
Inadequate
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
Rest
ANALYSIS:
Most of the families have adequate rest. They composed 87% of the total families. The rest of
the families do says that they do not have an adequate rest mostly because of the chores and their
works.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Rest is very important in everybody’s life but most of us do not realize the significance of it. It
balances the stress and brings calmness to the mind. The people who lack sleep are usually in bad
health. It has been found that most heart attacks occur on Mondays.
Spending some time for recreational activities like cooking, surfing the net etc, are really the
integral needs for mental stimulation. At least 8 hours of sleep is required to become relaxed and if you
do not make use, it may affect your work efficiency
Table 23.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Adequacy of Exercise
Exercise Frequency Percentage
Adequate 61 69%
Inadequate 27 31%
Total 88 100%
Figure 23.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Adequacy of Exercise
Adequate Inadequate0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Exercise
ANALYSIS:
Just like rest, most of the families have an adequate exercise too. 69% of them says that they
still have a time for exercise. While only 31% of them says that they do not have a time for exercise.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Exercise can also help control other problems, such as: Sleep apnea, moodiness, stress,
decreased energy, cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol and others. There are too many benefits to
list here. But be assured that this tool can help you become a fit, stronger, disease-free, and overall
healthier person.
Table 24.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Adequacy of Relaxation
Relaxation Frequency Percentage
Adequate 76 86%
Inadequate 12 14%
Total 88 100%
Figure 24.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Adequacy of Relaxation
Adequate
Inadequate
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Relaxation
ANALYSIS:
Based on the table above, more families have adequate rest, exercise, and relaxation activities.
75 get enough rest everyday while 11 don’t. On the other hand, 59 families have adequate exercise and
lastly, 74 families perform adequate relaxation activities in their everyday life.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Relaxation is so important in our lives as it helps to keep our stress levels down, and
consequently improves our health. Too much work and not enough time out for ourselves can result in
mental health problems, memory failure and even heart attack. So, it's important everybody takes at
least 10 minutes a day to wind down. Try soaking in a bubble bath, or doing a quick relaxation session
before going to sleep
Table 25.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Environment
Congestion
Congested Frequency Percentage
Yes 65 74%
No 23 26%
Total 88 100%
Figure 25.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Environment Congestion
Yes
No
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Congested
ANALYSIS:
Most of the families have congested environment mainly because there are a lot of people living
in their place they considered home. According to our observation, about 63 families living in old Balara
have a congested environment while only 23 families are living with a wide and spacious place
SIGNIFICANCE:
This may not be conducive to health due to crowded area that may cause any transmission of
diseases and cross infection within the families
Table 26.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Presence of Noise
Noisy Frequency Percentage
Yes 10 11%
No 78 89%
Total 88 100%
Figure 26.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of the Presence of Noise
Yes11%
No89%
ANALYSIS:
Even with congested environment, Old Balara can be considered a silent and peaceful place. We
do not observe any large noises nearby and inside their home. Only 12% of the families are considered
noisy.
SIGNIFICANCE:
A place where noisy occurs can bring disturbance to the community especially to the family or
individual living in that place. Noisy environment disturbs people’s time of sleeping and relaxation as
well. It is essential to have an enough rest and sleep to maintain an active healthy lifestyle.
Table 27.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Presence of Pollution
Presence of Pollution Frequency Percentage
Yes 13 15%
No 75 85%
Total 88 100%
Figure 27.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Presence of Pollution
Yes
No
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Presence of Pollution
ANALYSIS:
Their environment can also be considered clean. Most of the place and the house doesn’t have
any presence of pollution, which means that the people living there was well disciplined. Only 15% of
the houses showed some presence of pollution.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause
respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water
pollution mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries.
Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure,
stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and
neurologic symptoms. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems.
Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.
Table 28.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Absence of Peace and
Order
Absence of Peace and Order Frequency Percentage
Yes 5 6%
No 83 94%
Total 88 100%
Figure 28.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Absence of Peace and Order
Yes No
6%
94%
Absence of Peace and Order
ANALYSIS:
The people in the Old Balara was well disciplined. Their community was safe and peace
and order can be observed, though 6% of the families showed some signs of absence of peace and
order.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Peace and order is an essential ingredient to maintaining economic development, social order
and political stability.
Table 29.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Cleanliness of
Surroundings
Unclean Frequency Percentage
Yes 59 67%
No 29 33%
Total 88 100%
Figure 29.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Cleanliness of Surroundings
Yes
No
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Unclean
ANALYSIS:
According to our observation, 66% of the families house are unclean, which can be the source
of a health problem. Only 34% of the houses was clean and safe from future problems that can cause by
the unclean surroundings.
SIGNIFICANCE:
The importance of waste isolation lies in an effort to prevent water and sanitation related
diseases, which afflicts both developed countries as well as developing countries to differing degrees. It
is estimated that up to 5 million people die each year from preventable water-borne disease, as a result
of inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices.
Table 30.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Awareness of Community
Organization
Do you know any existing
organization in the community?Frequency Percentage
Yes 76 86%
No 12 14%
Total 88 100%
Figure 30.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Awareness of Community Organization
Yes
No
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Existing Organization in the Community
ANALYSIS:
Most of the families are aware of the organization that exist in their community. 74
correspondents says that know some organizations present in their community while only 12
correspondents says that they do not know any
SIGNIFICANCE:
Involvement on volunteer groups is an important science for individual definitions of self-
esteem and self-identity. There are advantages that can be gained from active participation in
community affairs: the citizen can bring about desired change by expressing one's desire, either
individually or through a community group; the individual learns how to make desired changes; the
citizen learns to understand and appreciate the individual needs and interests of all community groups;
the citizen learns how to resolve conflicting interests for the general welfare of the group; the individual
begins to understand group dynamics as it applies to mixed groups.
Table 31.0 Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Membership to
Community Organization
Are you a member anyone of
them?Frequency Percentage
Yes 61 69%
No 27 31%
Total 88 100%
Figure 31.0 Percentage Distribution of Households in terms of Membership to Community
Organization
Yes69%
No31%
ANALYSIS:
69% of the families living in the barangay Old Balara was an active members of the organization.
31% of them was not. Some of them says that they do not know any organization existing in the
community.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Involvement on volunteer groups is an important science for individual definitions of self-
esteem and self-identity. There are advantages that can be gained from active participation in
community affairs: the citizen can bring about desired change by expressing one's desire, either
individually or through a community group; the individual learns how to make desired changes; the
citizen learns to understand and appreciate the individual needs and interests of all community groups;
the citizen learns how to resolve conflicting interests for the general welfare of the group; the individual
begins to understand group dynamics as it applies to mixed groups.
FAMILY HEALTH PROBLEMS
Anemia
Criteria Computation Actual score JustificationNature of the problem
3/3 x 1 1 It is a health deficit and needs an immediate action and intervention.
Modifiability of the problem
2/2 x 2 2 It can be easily modified if proper intervention is made; healthy and active lifestyle can also solve this problem.
Preventive potential
2/3 x 1 2/3 It has a moderate preventive potential since the family do not have enough money for the medicine (including vitamins), daily check up and nutritious foods; but if properly intervene as soon as possible it will cause no harm.
Salience of the 2/2 x 1 1 The family
problem perceives it as a problem needing attention.
Total score 4 2/3
Cough and fever
Criteria Computation Actual score JustificationNature of the problem
3/3 x 1 1 It is a health deficit.
Modifiability of the problem
2/2 x 2 2 It is easily modifiable since the resources and intervention to solve the problem is available to the family.
Preventive potential
3/3 x 1 1 It can be intervened by using proper medicine and appropriate actions to
increase immunity.
Salience of the problem
½ x 1 ½ It is not in need of immediate intervention since it does not threaten the life of the family.
Total score 4 1/2
Body pain
Criteria Computation Actual score JustificationNature of the problem
3/3 x 1 1 It is a health deficit.
Modifiability of the problem
2/2 x 2 2 It has a high modifiability since all the materials and interventions needed are available in the family and within the community.
Preventive potential
3/3 x 1 1 Proper diet, active lifestyle and appropriate remedy are needed to prevent this problem from occurring.
Salience of the 0/2 x 1 0 It is not a recognized
problem problem.
Total score 4
Sanitation problem
Criteria Computation Actual score JustificationNature of the problem
2/3 x 1 2/3 It is a health threat that requires an immediate attention.
Modifiability of the problem
2/2 x 2 2 It can be easily modified since all the materials and solution to this problem is available within the community; proper use of these equipments will produce a great outcome.
Preventive potential
3/3 x 1 1 It has a high preventive potential if the family members will work together to make a healthful environment with the use of available resources within
the community.Salience of the problem
2/2 x 1 1 It needs an immediate attention since it can cause vector-borne disease (e.g. dengue), respiratory diseases, digestive system pathology, accidents and other threats that can be derived from the said problem. The family recognizes the problem as in need of immediate action.
Total score 4 2/3
Diabetes
Criteria Computation Actual score JustificationNature of the problem
3/3 x 1 1 It is a heath deficit.
Modifiability of the problem
½ x 2 1 It is partially modifiable since the treatment, medicine and
routine check-up are costly.
Preventive potential
3/3 x 1 1 Proper diet and active lifestyle prevent the disease.
Salience of the problem
2/2 x 1 1 The family perceives the health condition needing abrupt treatment and therapy
Total score 4
Lack/inadequate physical activities/exercise
Criteria Computation Actual score JustificationNature of the problem
2/3 x 1 2/3 It is a health threat.
Modifiability of the problem
2/2 x 2 2 The intervention to
overcome it is
achievable.
Preventive potential
3/3 x 1 1 The preventive potential of this problem is high if they will be educated and be knowledgeable enough to know the importance of physical activities, thus, they can attain
good health and long life.
Salience of the problem
½ x 1 1/2 The family perceives
it as a problem that
does not require
urgent/instant health
action
Total score 3 1/2
Cigarette smoking
Criteria Computation Actual score JustificationNature of the problem
2/3 x 1 2/3 It is a health threat.
Modifiability of the problem
½ x 2 1 The interventions
needed to eliminate
the or at least, control
the problem are
available to the
family. The student
nurse can also adhere
to health education
and counselling about
the detriments of
smoking.
Preventive potential
1/3 x 1 1/3 Proneness to
respiratory diseases
can be minimized if
cigarette smoking is
eliminated; the risk of
developing smoke-
related cancer cells
can thus be
eradicated.
Salience of the problem
2/2 x 1 1 The family recognizes
it as a problem
without the need of
immediate attention.
Total score 3
UTI
Criteria Computation Actual score JustificationNature of the problem
3/3 x 1 1 It is a health deficit.
Modifiability of the problem
2/2 x 2 2 It is easily modifiable since the nurse’s resources are available; she can help the family by prescribing medicines and rendering knowledge and skills in managing the disease.
Preventive potential
3/3 x 1 1 This can be prevented by the use of antibiotics, proper diet and good hygiene.
Salience of the problem
2/2 x 1 1 This needs an immediate attention since it
is a bacterial infection and can affect several organs of our body. The family recognizes the problem as in need of pressing intervention.
Total score 5
PTB
Criteria Computation Actual score JustificationNature of the problem
3/3 x 1 1 It is a health deficit.
Modifiability of the problem
2/2 x 2 2 It can be modified easily since all the medicines needed to cure this disease.
Preventive potential
3/3 x 1 1 It can be prevented if diagnosed and intervene as soon as possible, thru healthy lifestyle, and knowledge about this disease.
Salience of the problem
2/2 x 1 1 It is really in need of immediate attention since
it’s a communicable disease and can affect not just the respiratory system but other body systems also. The family does acknowledge the need to treat the health problem.
Total score 5
TUBERCULOSIS
WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM
DISEASE UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE INADEQUATE FOOD INTAKE/EATING HABITS
HEALTH BELIEFS AND VALUES
INABILITY TO AVAIL HEALTH AND
MEDICAL SERVICES
INCAPABLE OF AVAILING
NUTRITIONS AND HEALTHY
FOOD
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT NUTRITION
IMPROPER CHOICE OF
FOOD
LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MAINTENANCE OF
HEALTH
TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
The bacteria usually attack the lungs but they can also damage other parts of the body. TB spreads
through the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes or talks. If one’s immune
defense fails, TB bacteria begin to exploit the immune system cells for their own survival. The bacteria
move into the airways in the lungs, causing large air spaces (cavities) to form. Filled with oxygen which
the bacteria need to survive – the air spaces make an ideal breeding ground for the bacteria. The
bacteria may then spread from the cavities to the other parts of the lungs as well as to the components
of the human body. On the other hand, a healthy immune system can often successfully fight TB
bacteria, but a body can’t mount an effective defense if your resistance is low. A number of factor can
weaken your immune system. Having a disease that suppresses immunity such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes,
end – stage kidney disease, certain cancers of the lung disease silicosis, can reduce the body’s ability to
protect itself, the risk is also higher if you take corticosteroids, certain arthritis medications,
chemotherapy drugs or other that suppress the immune system. However, unhealthy lifestyle and
inadequate food intake or nutrition can also affect the body’s immunity to any kind of bacteria it can
harbor. Despite the advances in treatment, TB remains a major cause of illness and death worldwide,
especially in Africa and Asia. Every year, tuberculosis kills almost two million people. Since the 1980’,
rates of TB have increased, fuelled by the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the emergence of drug resistant
strains of the TB bacteria. However, knowledge about tuberculosis and actions for prevention would be
important in order to acquire a healthy and safe living.
The prioritized health problems
The list of health condition or problems ranked according to priorities is presented:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis 5
Urinary Tract Infection 5
Sanitation problem 4 2/3
Anemia 4 2/3
Cough and fever 4 1/2
Body pain 4
Diabetes 4
Lack/inadequate physical activities/exercise 3 1/2
Cigarette smoking 3
Family Nursing Care Plan
HEALTH PROBLEM
FAMILY NURSING PROBLEM
GOALS OF CARE
OBJECTIVES OF CARE
INTERVENTION PLAN
Nursing Interventions
Method of
Nurse-Family Contact
Resources Required
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
1. Inability to recognize the possibility of cross-infection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis to the other members of the family due to lack of
After intervention:
a. The possibility of cross-infection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis will be minimize or prevented.
b. The
After intervention, the family will:
a. Have a healthy lifestyle and stop vices / habits that may cause Tuberculosis.
b. Recognize beginning
1. Discuss with the family the nature, cause, signs and symptoms of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and the consequences / other related complication that the
Home visit and clinic visit
Human resources: time and effort of both the nurse and the family.
Material resources: visual aids, the example of affordable medicine
knowledge about the condition.
2. Inability to make decisions with respect to taking appropriate heath action on the heath threat due to failure to comprehend the nature of the problem.
3. Inability to provide adequate nursing care to a member suffering from Pulmonary Tuberculos
family can decide on what certain action they will do to protect their family from acquiring the said disease again.
cases of PTB and immediately apply preventive measures / consult the doctor for further analysis.
c. Obtain clear insight on how to prevent this disease or how to avoid acquiring it from other people who is infected by PTB.
family will suffer if proper intervention / care is not done immediately.
2. Explore with the family ways of implementing measures to have a healthy and active lifestyle.
3. Explore with the family ways of implementing measures to avoid the transferring of the PTB to other members of the family /
appropriate for PTB, and other stuffs that can help the nurse to be an effective health promoter / teacher.
Financial resources: for the nurse transportation, materials needed for the micro teaching / home visit.
is due to:
a.Inadequate resources for the care / intervention needed. (i.e. ample wealth to pay for the medicines needed)
b. Lack of knowledge about the health condition threatening the life of one of the member of the family.
c. Lack of knowledge on the nature and what intervention / care the patient
acquiring the said disease from the individual / people infected by it.
should receive.
Learning Insights
The study helped the student nurses to procure which the students will never get from
an ordinary day to day experience.
This exposure gave the students an opportunity to interact with the people in the
community, in which the students were able to relate with their way of living and lead them to
the proper knowledge they need. Through this, it makes the community more visible for the
team which in turn broadens the team’s understanding of the residents’ perception regarding the
issues about their health and their environment.
The group was also exposed to limited time and resources during the entire preparation
but the group was able to surpass it by bringing out the most of each others’ own creativity and
resourcefulness. It taught the group to experience working under extreme pressure yet coming
up sensible ideas and gaining the essence of true team work and camaraderie.
The group learned from the entire immersion that there’s nothing impossible if one
should lay down its goals and prioritize to what really is important. No matter how hard the task
is, how exhausted one feels, or how tiring it would take, one should always think of its first
priority.
Over-all, the culmination of our immersion taught us of understanding and cooperation
among peers and maximizing ones capabilities to end up with a fruitful work. Most importantly,
patience, compassion, respect and hard work are the virtues the group showed the entire time,
will continue to be the group wherever we go.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
With the aid of data gathering, collation, presentation, analysis and family health
problems that were used in obtaining relevant information in the case study, the researchers
recommend the following:
A. Barangay Officials
1. Implementation of health programs / seminars conducive to health maintenance
2. Promote programs that will prevent or decrease the occurrence of Tuberculosis
3. Free vaccination
4. Inform people about the project / program of the government called “DOTS”
B. Health Care Providers
1. Offer health / medical check-ups, treatment and services at a reasonable price
2. Improvement of health and medical services offered such as free medicine that should be given
to the community
3. Health and medical care / services offered should be effective and efficient
C. Family Members
1. Full cooperation and participation in all Barangay Health Center activities and programs
2. Awareness about the vital measures to achieve optimum health and wellness.
3. Maintain a healthy diet and active lifestyle
APPENDICES