Case of Saunders v. the United Kingdom

7/18/2019 Case of Saunders v. the United Kingdom

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CONSEILDE L’EUROPE COUNCILOF EUROPE

COUR EUROPÉENNE DES DROITS DE L’HOMMEEUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

COURT (CHAMBER)

CASE OF SAUNDERS v. UNITED KINGDOM

(Application no. 19187/91)

JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG

17 December 1!



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENT%



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENT

In the case of Saunders v. United Kindo!"#

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R'2e0 - C'r, A% *0 * Gr*+4 C&*mber cm0e4 - ,&e -225.+/ 6'4/e0MM# R# BERNHARDT President

TH8R 9ILHJ:LMSSONF# G;LC<$L<L#=E# PETTITIB# >ALSHA# SPIELMANNJ# DE ME?ER

N# 9ALTICOSS#$# MARTENS

Mme E# PALM

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*+4 *20 - Mr H# PET@OLD Registrar *+4 Mr P#J# MAHONE? Deputy

Registrar H*".+/ 4e2.ber*,e4 .+ r."*,e + % Febr'*r %% Ar.2 *+4 % N"ember

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PROCEDURE

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b Mr Er+e0, S*'+4er0 * Br.,.0& c.,.e+ + % J'2 1#T&e Cmm.00.+’0 re'e0, re-erre4 , Ar,.c2e0 *+4 (*r,# *r,# )

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cm'20r 6'r.04.c,.+ - ,&e C'r, (Ar,.c2e !) (*r,# !)# T&e b6ec, - ,&ere'e0, *+4 - ,&e G"er+me+,’0 *2.c*,.+ 5*0 , b,*.+ * 4ec.0.+ *0 ,5&e,&er ,&e -*c,0 - ,&e c*0e 4.0c20e4 * bre*c& b ,&e re0+4e+, S,*,e - .,0 b2./*,.+0 '+4er Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 - ,&e C+"e+,.+ (*r,# !=1)#

%# I+ re0+0e , ,&e e+'.r m*4e .+ *ccr4*+ce 5.,& R'2e *r*# (4) - R'2e0 - C'r, A ,&e *2.c*+, 0,*,e4 ,&*, &e 5.0&e4 , ,*Ke *r, .+ ,&e rcee4.+/0 *+4 4e0./+*,e4 ,&e 2*5er0 5& 5'24 rere0e+, &.m(R'2e )#

# T&e C&*mber , be c+0,.,',e4 .+c2'4e4 e --.c. S.r J&+ Free2*+4,&e e2ec,e4 6'4/e - Br.,.0& +*,.+*2., (Ar,.c2e - ,&e C+"e+,.+)(*r,# ) *+4 Mr R# R004*2 ,&e Pre0.4e+, - ,&e C'r, (R'2e %1 *r*# (b))#O+ % Se,ember 1 .+ ,&e re0e+ce - ,&e Re/.0,r*r ,&e Pre0.4e+, 4re5

b 2, ,&e +*me0 - ,&e ,&er 0e"e+ member0 +*me2 Mr R# Ber+&*r4, Mr T&r 9.2&62m00+ Mr F# G2cK2 Mr J#M# Mre+.22* Mr J# M*K*rcKMr B# Re.K *+4 Mr P# $'r.0 (Ar,.c2e .+ -.+e - ,&e C+"e+,.+ *+4 R'2e%1 *r*# ) (*r,# )# S'b0e'e+,2 Mr N# 9*2,.c0 0'b0,.,',e 6'4/e re2*ce4Mr R004*2 5& 5*0 '+*b2e , ,*Ke *r, .+ ,&e -'r,&er c+0.4er*,.+ - ,&ec*0e (R'2e0 %% *r*# 1 *+4 % *r*# 1)# Mr Ber+&*r4, 0'ccee4e4 Mr R004*2*0 Pre0.4e+, - ,&e C&*mber#

# A0 Pre0.4e+, - ,&e C&*mber (R'2e %1 *r*# 3) Mr Ber+&*r4, *c,.+/,&r'/& ,&e Re/.0,r*r c+0'2,e4 ,&e A/e+, - ,&e G"er+me+, ,&e

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!# O+ % Ar.2 13 ,&e C&*mber *-,er c+0.4er.+/ 5r.,,e+ 0'bm.00.+0-rm ,&e *2.c*+, *+4 ,&e G"er+me+, /r*+,e4 * re'e0, b ,&e




G"er+me+, , *46'r+ ,&e &e*r.+/ e+4.+/ * 4ec.0.+ - ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 , 5&.c& ,&e *2.c*+,’0 c*0e &*4 bee+ re-erre4 b ,&e Secre,*r -

S,*,e (0ee *r*/r*& be25)# F225.+/ ,&e 4ec.0.+ - ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 + %7 N"ember 13 ,&e *2.c*+, 0'bm.,,e4 * -'r,&er memr.*2+ J*+'*r 1!# T&e G"er+me+,’0 memr.*2 .+ re2 5*0 rece."e4 +% J*+'*r#

7# O+ %3 J*+'*r 1! ,&e Pre0.4e+, re-'0e4 * re'e0, '+4er R'2e 7 *r*# % m*4e + be&*2- - ,&ree - ,&e *2.c*+,’0 c=*cc'0e4 , -.2e 5r.,,e+cmme+,0 + ,&e c*0e#

# I+ *ccr4*+ce 5.,& ,&e Pre0.4e+,’0 4ec.0.+ ,&e &e*r.+/ ,K 2*ce .+ 'b2.c .+ ,&e H'm*+ R./&,0 B'.24.+/ S,r*0b'r/ + 1 Febr'*r 1!# T&eC'r, &*4 &e24 * re*r*,r mee,.+/ be-re&*+4#

T&ere *e*re4 be-re ,&e C'r,

= -r ,&e G"er+me+,Mr M# EATON De', Le/*2 A4".0er Fre./+ *+4

Cmm+5e*2,& O--.ce Agent Mr S# $ ENTRIDGE QCM0 E# GLOSTER QCMr J# EADIE B*rr.0,er=*,=L*5 Counsel M0 T# DUNSTAN De*r,me+, - Tr*4e *+4 I+4'0,rMr J# GARDNER De*r,me+, - Tr*4e *+4 I+4'0,rM0 R# QUIC$ De*r,me+, - Tr*4e *+4 I+4'0,rMr G# DIC$INSON Ser.'0 Fr*'4 O--.ceMr L# LEIGH L+4+ Sc&2 - Ec+m.c0 Advisers

= -r ,&e Cmm.00.+Mr N# BRAT@A Delegate

= -r ,&e *2.c*+,Mr M# BELOFF QCMr M# HUNT B*rr.0,er=*,=L*5 Counsel Mr P# >ILLIAMS S2.c.,rMr G# DE9LINM0 L# DE9LIN Advisers#

T&e C'r, &e*r4 *44re00e0 b Mr Br*,* Mr Be2-- *+4 Mr $e+,r.4/e*+4 *20 re2.e0 , .,0 'e0,.+0#

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3




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P*2m Mr R# PeKK*+e+ Mr A#N# L.' Mr L# >.24&*ber *+4 Mr G#M.-0'4 B++.c. (R'2e 31 *r*# % (c))# S'b0e'e+,2 Mr M*c4+*24 5*0'+*b2e , ,*Ke *r, .+ ,&e -'r,&er c+0.4er*,.+ - ,&e c*0e#

11# O+ ! M*rc& 1! ,&e G"er+me+, re'e0,e4 erm.00.+ , -.2e-'r,&er br.e- b0er"*,.+0 .+ 5r.,.+/ 5&.c& re'e0, 5*0 /r*+,e4 b ,&ePre0.4e+, - ,&e Gr*+4 C&*mber + 1 M*rc& 1!# T&e0e b0er"*,.+05ere 0'bm.,,e4 + Ar.2 *+4 ,&e De2e/*,e’0 *+4 ,&e *2.c*+,’0 cmme+,0.+ re2 5ere rece."e4 + 1 Ar.2#

1%# H*".+/ ,*Ke+ +,e - ,&e .+.+0 - ,&e A/e+, - ,&e G"er+me+,,&e De2e/*,e - ,&e Cmm.00.+ *+4 ,&e *2.c*+, ,&e Gr*+4 C&*mber 4ec.4e4 + %% Ar.2 1! ,&*, ., 5*0 +, +ece00*r , &24 * -'r,&er &e*r.+/

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1# O+ A'/'0, 1! ,&e Pre0.4e+, *4m.,,e4 , ,&e -.2e *+ *r,.c2e0'bm.,,e4 b ,&e G"er+me+,#

AS TO THE FACTS

I# PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

A. Factua$ %ac&round $eadin to the a''oint!ent of ins'ectors

1# T&e *2.c*+, &*4 becme * 4.rec,r *+4 c&.e- eec',."e - G'.++e00 PLC (G'.++e00) .+ 11#

13# I+ e*r2 1! G'.++e00 5*0 cme,.+/ 5.,& *+,&er 'b2.ccm*+ Ar/22 Gr' PLC (Ar/22) , ,*Ke "er * ,&.r4 'b2.ccm*+ ,&e D.0,.22er0 Cm*+ PLC (D.0,.22er0)# T&e ,*Ke="er b*,,2ere0'2,e4 .+ ".c,r -r G'.++e00# G'.++e00’0 --er , D.0,.22er0’ 0&*re&24er02.Ke Ar/22’0 .+c2'4e4 * 0'b0,*+,.*2 0&*re ec&*+/e e2eme+, *+4*ccr4.+/2 ,&e re0ec,."e r.ce0 *, 5&.c& G'.++e00 *+4 Ar/22 0&*re0 5ere',e4 + ,&e S,cK Ec&*+/e 5*0 * cr.,.c*2 -*c,r -r b,& 0.4e0# D'r.+/

,&e c'r0e - ,&e b.4 ,&e G'.++e00 0&*re r.ce r0e 4r*m*,.c*22 b', +ce,&e b.4 &*4 bee+ 4ec2*re4 '+c+4.,.+*2 ., -e22 0./+.-.c*+,2#

1!# T&e 0'b0,*+,.*2 .+cre*0e .+ ,&e ',e4 G'.++e00 0&*re r.ce 4'r.+/,&e b.4 5*0 *c&.e"e4 *0 * re0'2, - *+ '+2*5-'2 0&*re=0'r, er*,.+#T&.0 .+"2"e4 cer,*.+ er0+0 (0'r,er0) 'rc&*0.+/ G'.++e00 0&*re0 .+r4er , m*.+,*.+ r .+-2*,e .,0 ',e4 0&*re r.ce# S'r,er0 5ere --ere40ecre, .+4em+.,.e0 */*.+0, *+ 200e0 ,&e m./&, .+c'r *+4 .+ 0me c*0e0*20 2*r/e 0'cce00 -ee0 .- ,&e G'.++e00 b.4 5*0 0'cce00-'2# S'c&.+4'ceme+,0 5ere '+2*5-'2 (1) bec*'0e ,&e 5ere +, 4.0c20e4 , ,&em*rKe, '+4er ,&e C., C4e + T*Ke="er0 *+4 Mer/er0 *+4 (%) bec*'0e

!




,&e 5ere *.4 ', - G'.++e00’0 5+ m+e0 .+ bre*c& - 0ec,.+ 131 - ,&e Cm*+.e0 Ac, 13 (,&e 13 Ac,) 5&.c& r&.b.,0 * cm*+ -rm

/.".+/ -.+*+c.*2 *00.0,*+ce -r ,&e 'r0e - ,&e *c'.0.,.+ - .,0 5+0&*re0#

17# S'r,er0 5& &*4 'rc&*0e4 0&*re0 '+4er ,&e '+2*5-'20&*re=0'r, er*,.+ 5ere .+4em+.-.e4 *+4 re5*r4e4# I+ *44.,.+ 0me- ,&0e 5& &*4 &e2e4 -.+4 0'r,er0 5ere re5*r4e4 b ,&e *me+, - 2*r/e -ee0# T&e0e , c*me -rm G'.++e00 -'+40# I+ m0, c*0e0 *me+,05ere m*4e '0.+/ -*20e .+".ce0 5&.c& c+ce*2e4 ,&e -*c, ,&*, *me+, 5*0

be.+/ m*4e .+ re0ec, - ,&e 0'r,er0 r ,&er rec..e+,0’ *r,.c.*,.+ .+,&e '+2*5-'2 0&*re=0'r, er*,.+#

1# A22e/*,.+0 *+4 r'm'r0 - m.0c+4'c, 4'r.+/ ,&e c'r0e - ,&e b.42e4 ,&e Secre,*r - S,*,e -r Tr*4e *+4 I+4'0,r , *.+, .+0ec,r0 0me

m+,&0 *-,er ,&e e"e+,0 'r0'*+, , 0ec,.+0 % *+4 % - ,&e 13 Ac,(0ee *r*/r*&0 3 *+4 ! be25)# T&e .+0ec,r0 5ere em5ere4 ,.+"e0,./*,e ,&e *--*.r0 - G'.++e00#

(. The ins'ectors) investiation

1# O+ 1 December 1! ,&e .+0ec,r0 be/*+ ,*K.+/ r*2 e".4e+ce#Mr See2./ * 4.rec,r - ,&e merc&*+, b*+K *4".0er0 , G'.++e00 5*0 ,&e-.r0, 5.,+e00#

%# O+ 1% J*+'*r 17 ,&e .+0ec,r0 .+-rme4 ,&e De*r,me+, - Tr*4e *+4 I+4'0,r (,&e DTI) ,&*, ,&ere 5*0 c+cre,e e".4e+ce - cr.m.+*2

--e+ce0 &*".+/ bee+ cmm.,,e4# O+ ,&e 0*me 4*,e ,&e DTI c+,*c,e4Mr J&+ >4 - ,&e D.rec,r - P'b2.c Pr0ec',.+0’ --.ce (,&e DPP)# I,5*0 4ec.4e4 ,&*, ,&e rer ,&.+/ , 4 5*0 , erm., ,&e .+0ec,r0 , c*rr+ 5.,& ,&e.r .+'.r *+4 , *00 ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 + , ,&e Cr5+ Pr0ec',.+Ser".ce (,&e CPS) 5&.c& &*4 cme .+, be.+/ .+ Se,ember 1!#

%1# O+ 1 J*+'*r 17 ,&e *2.c*+, 5*0 4.0m.00e4 -rm G'.++e00#%%# O+ % J*+'*r 17 ,&e Secre,*r - S,*,e re'.re4 ,&e .+0ec,r0

, .+-rm &.m - *+ m*,,er0 cm.+/ , ,&e.r K+52e4/e *0 * re0'2, - ,&e.r .+"e0,./*,.+ 'r0'*+, , 0ec,.+ 7 (1A) - ,&e 13 Ac,# T&ere*-,er ,&e.+0ec,r0 *00e4 + , ,&e Secre,*r - S,*,e ,r*+0cr.,0 - ,&e.r &e*r.+/0*+4 ,&er 4c'me+,*r m*,er.*2 5&.c& c*me .+, ,&e.r 00e00.+#

%# O+ J*+'*r 17 * mee,.+/ 5*0 &e24 *,,e+4e4 b ,&e .+0ec,r0,&e 02.c.,r , *+4 ,&er --.c.*20 - ,&e DTI Mr J&+ >4 *+4 *rere0e+,*,."e -rm ,&e CPS# Am+/0, ,&er m*,,er0 ,e+,.*2 *cc'0e4 5ere.4e+,.-.e4 = .+c2'4.+/ ,&e *2.c*+, 00.b2e c&*r/e0 5ere 4.0c'00e4 *+4 .,5*0 0,*,e4 ,&*, * 4ec.0.+ &*4 , be m*4e *0 , 5&e+ , 0,*r, * cr.m.+*2.+"e0,./*,.+# A22 c+cer+e4 */ree4 + ,&e +ee4 , 5rK c20e2 ,/e,&er .+

re*r.+/ ,&e 5* -r br.+/.+/ c&*r/e0 *0 0+ *0 00.b2e# T&e .+0ec,r0.+4.c*,e4 ,&e.r re*4.+e00 , cer*,e *2,&'/& ,&e re0er"e4 ,&e r./&, ,c+4'c, ,&e.r .+"e0,./*,.+0 *0 ,&e ,&'/&, r./&,#

7




%# O+ 3 Febr'*r 17 Mr J&+ >4 5& &*4 bee+ *.+,e4 &e*4- 2e/*2 0er".ce0 *, ,&e CPS *.+,e4 * ,e*m - c'+0e2 , *4".0e + ,&e

cr.m.+*2 *0ec,0 - ,&e .+"e0,./*,.+# Tr*+0cr.,0 *+4 4c'me+,0 -rm ,&e.+0ec,r0 5ere *00e4 + , ,&e ,e*m *-,er rece., *+4 c+0.4er*,.+ b ,&eDTI#

%3# T&e *2.c*+, 5*0 .+,er".e5e4 b ,&e .+0ec,r0 + +.+e cc*0.+0+ 1=11 % *+4 %! Febr'*r =3 M*rc& ! M* *+4 11=1% J'+e 17# He5*0 *ccm*+.e4 b &.0 2e/*2 rere0e+,*,."e0 ,&r'/&', ,&e0e .+,er".e50#

C. The cri!ina$ 'roceedins

%!# D'r.+/ ,&e -.r0, 5eeK - M* 17 ,&e 2.ce 5ere -rm*22 *0Ke4 b ,&e DPP’0 --.ce , c*rr ', * cr.m.+*2 .+"e0,./*,.+# T&e ,r*+0cr.,0 *+4

4c'me+,0 b,*.+e4 *0 * re0'2, - ,&e .+0ec,r0’ .+,er".e50 5ere ,&e+ *00e4 + , ,&e 2.ce#%7# T&e *2.c*+, 5*0 0'b0e'e+,2 c&*r/e4 5.,& +'mer'0 --e+ce0

re2*,.+/ , ,&e .22e/*2 0&*re=0'r, er*,.+ *+4 ,/e,&er 5.,& &.0c=4e-e+4*+,0 5*0 *rr*./+e4 be-re ,&e Cr5+ C'r, + %7 Ar.2 1#

I+ ".e5 - ,&e 2*r/e +'mber - c'+0e2 *+4 ,&e +'mber - 4e-e+4*+,0 ,50e*r*,e ,r.*20 5ere 0'b0e'e+,2 r4ere4 b ,&e ,r.*2 6'4/e .+ ,&e Cr5+C'r, + %1 Se,ember 1#

%# Frm ! , 1! N"ember 1 ,&e c'r, &e24 * ".r 4.re(0'bm.00.+0 + * .+, - 2*5 .+ ,&e *b0e+ce - ,&e 6'r) -225.+/ ,&e*2.c*,.+ - +e - ,&e *2.c*+,’0 c=4e-e+4*+,0 Mr P*r+e0 , r'2e ,&e

DTI ,r*+0cr.,0 .+*4m.00.b2e# Mr P*r+e0 *r/'e4 r.+c.*22 ,&*, ,&e0,*,eme+,0 b,*.+e4 4'r.+/ ,&ree .+,er".e50 be-re ,&e .+0ec,r0 0&'24 beec2'4e4

(.) 'r0'*+, , 0ec,.+ 7! - ,&e P2.ce *+4 Cr.m.+*2 E".4e+ce Ac, 1(PACE) + ,&e b*0.0 ,&*, ,&e &*4 bee+ b,*.+e4 b re00.+ r .+c.rc'm0,*+ce0 5&.c& 5ere 2.Ke2 , re+4er ,&em '+re2.*b2e

(..) 'r0'*+, , 0ec,.+ 7 - PACE bec*'0e - ,&e *4"er0e e--ec, ,&e*4m.00.+ - ,&e e".4e+ce 5'24 &*"e + ,&e -*.r+e00 - ,&e rcee4.+/0&*".+/ re/*r4 , ,&e c.rc'm0,*+ce0 .+ 5&.c& ., 5*0 b,*.+e4#

I+ * r'2.+/ /."e+ + %1 N"ember 1 ,&e ,r.*2 6'4/e (Mr J'0,.ceHe+r) &e24 ,&*, ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 5ere *4m.00.b2e# He 0,*,e4 ,&*, ., 5*0

cmm+ /r'+4 ,&*, ,&e .+,er".e50 5ere c**b2e - be.+/ c+-e00.+0 *04e-.+e4 .+ 0ec,.+ % (1) - PACE# He -'+4 ,&*, *0 * m*,,er - c+0,r'c,.+- ,&e 13 Ac, .+0ec,r0 c'24 *0K 5.,+e00e0 'e0,.+0 ,&*, ,e+4e4 ,.+cr.m.+*,e ,&em ,&e 5.,+e00e0 5ere '+4er * 4', , *+05er 0'c& 'e0,.+0*+4 ,&e *+05er0 5ere *4m.00.b2e .+ cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0# He re6ec,e4Mr P*r+e0’0 *00er,.+ ,&*, ,&e .+0ec,r0 0&'24 &*"e /."e+ * 5*r+.+/*/*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+# He 5*0 0*,.0-.e4 ,&*, ,&ere 5*0 + e2eme+, - re00.+ .+"2"e4 .+ ,&e b,*.+.+/ - ,&e e".4e+ce *+4 ,&*, ,&e *+05er05ere +, b,*.+e4 .+ c+0e'e+ce - *+,&.+/ 0*.4 r 4+e 5&.c& 5*0 2.Ke2, re+4er ,&em '+re2.*b2e .+ *22 ,&e c.rc'm0,*+ce0 e.0,.+/ *, ,&e ,.me#




%# Frm %% , % J*+'*r 1 ,&e c'r, &e24 * -'r,&er ".r 4.re-225.+/ ,&e *2.c*,.+ - ,&e *2.c*+, , r'2e .+*4m.00.b2e ,&e DTI

,r*+0cr.,0 c+cer+.+/ ,&e e./&,& *+4 +.+,& .+,er".e50 + ,&e b*0.0 ,&*, ,&e0&'24 be ec2'4e4 e.,&er *0 '+re2.*b2e '+4er 0ec,.+ 7! - PACE r

'r0'*+, , 0ec,.+ 7 - PACE bec*'0e - ,&e *4"er0e e--ec, ,&e *4m.00.+- ,&e e".4e+ce 5'24 &*"e + ,&e -*.r+e00 - ,&e rcee4.+/0 &*".+/ re/*r4, ,&e c.rc'm0,*+ce0 .+ 5&.c& ., 5*0 b,*.+e4# Re2.*+ce 5*0 2*ce4 + ,&e*2.c*+,’0 *22e/e4 .22=&e*2,& *, ,&e ,.me *+4 + ,&e -*c, ,&*, ,&e ,5.+,er".e50 .+ 'e0,.+ &*4 ,*Ke+ 2*ce *-,er ,&e *2.c*+, &*4 bee+ c&*r/e4#

I+ &.0 r'2.+/ - % J*+'*r 1 Mr J'0,.ce He+r re6ec,e4 ,&e 4e-e+ce*r/'me+, *0 , ,&e *2.c*+,’0 me4.c*2 c+4.,.+# He 4.4 &5e"er eerc.0e&.0 4.0cre,.+ 'r0'*+, , 0ec,.+ 7 , ec2'4e ,&e e".4e+ce -rm ,&e ,5*b"e=me+,.+e4 .+,er".e50 5&.c& &*4 ,*Ke+ 2*ce *-,er ,&e *2.c*+, &*4

bee+ c&*r/e4 + ,&e /r'+40 ,&*, &.0 *,,e+4*+ce c'24 +, be 0*.4 , be"2'+,*r# I+ &.0 ".e5 mre"er ., c'24 +, be 0*.4 , be -*.r , '0em*,er.*2 b,*.+e4 b cm'20r .+,err/*,.+ *-,er ,&e cmme+ceme+, - ,&e *cc'0*,r.*2 rce00#

1. Te applicant!s trial

# T&e *2.c*+, 5*0 ,r.e4 ,/e,&er 5.,& ,&ree c=4e-e+4*+,0# T&e ,r.*2.+"2"e4 0e"e+,=-."e 4*0 - e".4e+ce ,e+ 4*0 - 0eec&e0 b c'+0e2 *+4* -."e=4* 0'mm.+/=' , ,&e 6'r b ,&e ,r.*2 6'4/e# T&e *2.c*+, -*ce4-.-,ee+ c'+,0 .+c2'4.+/ .+,er *2.* e./&, c'+,0 - -*20e *cc'+,.+/ c+,r*r

, 0ec,.+ 17 (1) b - ,&e T&e-, Ac, 1! *+4 ,5 c'+,0 - ,&e-, *+4 0e"er*2c'+,0 - c+0.r*c#I+ ,&e c'r0e - &.0 ,r.*2 ,&e *2.c*+, 5& 5*0 ,&e +2 *cc'0e4 , /."e

e".4e+ce (4*0 !=%) = *-,er ,&e re*4.+/ - ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 (0ee *r*/r*& 1 be25) = ,e0,.-.e4 ,&*, &e K+e5 +,&.+/ *b', ,&e /.".+/ - .+4em+.,.e0 r ,&e *.+/ - 0'cce00 -ee0 *+4 ,&*, &e &*4 +, bee+ c+0'2,e4 + 0'c&m*,,er0# He *00er,e4 ,&*, &e &*4 bee+ /'.2, - + 5r+/4.+/# T&e Cr5+re2.e4 &e*".2 + ,&e e".4e+ce - Mr R' (G'.++e00’0 -.+*+ce 4.rec,r)5& &*4 bee+ /r*+,e4 .mm'+., -rm r0ec',.+# I, *20 re-erre4 , ,&e0,*,eme+,0 m*4e b ,&e *2.c*+, .+ ,&e c'r0e - .+,er".e50 , ,&e DTI.+0ec,r0#

1# T&e ,r*+0cr.,0 - ,&e .+,er".e50 5ere re*4 , ,&e 6'r b ,&e r0ec',.+ "er * ,&ree=4* er.4 4'r.+/ ,&e ,r.*2 (4*0 3=7)# T&e 5ere'0e4 .+ r4er , e0,*b2.0& ,&e 0,*,e - ,&e *2.c*+,’0 K+52e4/e *+4 , re-',ee".4e+ce /."e+ b ,&e *2.c*+, , ,&e 6'r#

Fr e*m2e c'+0e2 -r ,&e r0ec',.+ '0e4 *00*/e0 -rm ,&e.+,er".e50 , 4em+0,r*,e ,&*, Mr S*'+4er0 &*4 bee+ *5*re .+,er *2.* - ,&e *me+, , Mr ># 5& &*4 bee+ *22e/e42 .+"2"e4 .+ ,&e 0&*re=0'r,er*,.+ - mre ,&*+ 3 m.22.+ be-re ,&e .+0ec,r0 &*4 0&5+ &.m *+.+".ce -r ,&e *me+, - ,&e m+e , Mr ># I+ &.0 *+05er0 , ,&e.+0ec,r0 Mr S*'+4er0 &*4 0,*,e4 ,&*, &e &*4 */ree4 + ,&e *me+, , Mr




># - 3 m.22.+ *0 *+ *rr.*,e 0'cce00 -ee# >&e+ ,&e .+0ec,r0 0&5e4&.m ,&e .+".ce -r ,&e *me+, - ,&.0 m+e , * cm*+ (MAC) '0e4

b Mr ># , rece."e -ee0 -r 5rK 4+e &e re2.e4 ,&*, &e &*4 +, 0ee+ ,&e.+".ce be-re b', &*4 4e4'ce4 ,&*, ., re2*,e4 , &.0 */reeme+, , * Mr >#3 m.22.+#

I+ &.0 e+.+/ 0eec& , ,&e 6'r c'+0e2 -r ,&e r0ec',.+ 0,*,e4 *0-2250

Mr S*'+4er0 *20 ,24 DTIV .+0ec,r0 5& ,&e 3 m.22.+V &*4 bee+ *.4# He0*.4 ,&*, Mr >#V &*4 er-rme4 .+"*2'*b2e 0er".ce 4'r.+/ ,&e b.4 -r D.0,.22er0 *+4,&*, Mr >#V &*4 er0'*4e4 &.m ,&*, 3 m.22.+ 5*0 *+ *rr.*,e -ee *0 * re5*r4# Mr S*'+4er0 *cce,e4 ,&*, ,&ere 5*0 + 4c'me+,*,.+ , 0'r, &.0 4ec.0.+ , * Mr >#V 3 m.22.+# Mr S*'+4er0 *4m.,,e4 , ,&e .+0ec,r0V ,&*, &e K+e5 ,&*, MAC 5*0* cm*+ '0e4 b Mr >#V *+4 &.0 *00c.*,e0 , rece."e m+e#

D'r.+/ ,&e ,r.*2 Mr S*'+4er0 ,e0,.-.e4 ,&*, &e 4.4 +, K+5 ,&*, ,&em+e &*4 bee+ *.4 , Mr ># r.r , be.+/ 0&5+ ,&e .+".ce b ,&e.+0ec,r0# I+ &.0 cr00=e*m.+*,.+ - ,&e *2.c*+, c'+0e2 -r ,&e

r0ec',.+ re-erre4 , ,&e *b"e *+05er0 .+ ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 , c+,r*4.c,Mr S*'+4er0’0 ,e0,.m+# I+ &.0 c20.+/ 0eec& , ,&e 6'r &e 0,*,e4

B', Mr S*'+4er0’0 ### e".4e+ce , ,&e .+0ec,r0 m*Ke ., c2e*r ,&*, &e K+e5 er-ec,2 5e22 ### ,&*, Mr >#V &*4 bee+ *.4# ?' 5.22 remember ,&0e *00*/e0 .+&.0 ### .+,er".e50 5&ere &e K+e5 *22 *b', ,&.0 *me+, be-re &e 5*0 0&5+ ,&e.+".ce#

%# Re-ere+ce 5*0 *20 m*4e , ,&e .+,er".e5 ,r*+0cr.,0 b c'+0e2 -r

,&e c=*cc'0e4 Mr R#V .+ *+ *,,em, , 4em+0,r*,e ,&*, Mr S*'+4er0 5*0+, ,e22.+/ ,&e ,r',&# I+ &.0 *+05er0 , ,&e .+0ec,r0 Mr S*'+4er0 &*4ree*,e42 0,*,e4 ,&*, &e 4.4 +, rec*22 *+ c+"er0*,.+0 5.,& Mr R#c+cer+.+/ ,&e 'rc&*0e - 0&*re0 .+ G'.++e00 r *b', .+4em+.,.e0 */*.+0,200 .+ ,&e e"e+, - 0'c& 'rc&*0e# H5e"er * 2e,,er 5r.,,e+ b Mr R# ,*+,&er er0+ 0,*,.+/ ,&*, 0'c& c+"er0*,.+0 &*4 ,*Ke+ 2*ce *+4 /e+er*22.m2.c*,.+/ Mr S*'+4er0 .+ ,&e 0&*re=0'r, er*,.+ &*4 bee+ re".'02

'b2.0&e4 .+ ,&e re00#D'r.+/ cr00=e*m.+*,.+ - Mr S*'+4er0 c'+0e2 -r Mr R# 0'//e0,e4

,&*, Mr S*'+4er0’0 *+05er0 , ,&e .+0ec,r0 + ,&.0 .+, 5ere +, be2.e"*b2e ,&*, &e &*4 20, &.0 +er"e be-re ,&em *+4 ,&*, ,&.0 e2*.+e4

&.0 re2.e0 ,&*, &e c'24 +, rec22ec, ,&e c+"er0*,.+0 5.,& Mr R# ,*K.+/ 2*ce# He ree*,e42 *0Ke4 5& Mr S*'+4er0 4.4 +, ,*Ke ,&e r,'+., ,,e22 ,&e .+0ec,r0 ,&*, Mr R#’0 *cc'0*,.+0 .+ ,&e 'b2.0&e4 2e,,er 5ere **cK - 2.e0 .+0,e*4 - re2.+/ *0 &e 4.4#

# I+ &.0 0'mm.+/=' , ,&e 6'r ,&e 6'4/e *20 cm*re4 *+4c+,r*0,e4 5&*, ,&e *2.c*+, &*4 0*.4 .+ c'r, 5.,& ,&e *+05er0 5&.c& &e&*4 /."e+ , ,&e .+0ec,r0#

# O+ %% A'/'0, 1 ,&e *2.c*+, 5*0 c+".c,e4 - ,5e2"e c'+,0 .+re0ec, - c+0.r*c -*20e *cc'+,.+/ *+4 ,&e-,# He rece."e4 *+ "er*22

r.0+ 0e+,e+ce - -."e e*r0#

1




". Ruling on #a$use o% process# clai&s

3# I+ ,&e 0ec+4 0e, - rcee4.+/0 c+cer+.+/ ,&e ,&er c=4e-e+4*+,0-'r,&er c&*22e+/e 5*0 m*4e , ,&e *4m.00.b.2., - ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 - ,&e.+,er".e50 + ,&e /r'+4 .+,er *2.* ,&*, ,&ere 5*0 *+ *b'0e - rce00 .+,&*, ,&ere 5*0 m.0c+4'c, b ,&e .+0ec,r0 *+4r ,&e r0ec',.+/*',&r.,.e0 .+ ,&e '0e - ,&e .+0ec,r0’ 0,*,',r 5er0 -r ,&e 'r0e - c+0,r'c,.+/ * cr.m.+*2 c*0e# I+ *r,.c'2*r ., 5*0 *22e/e4 b +e - ,&ec=4e-e+4*+,0 Mr See2./ ,&*, ,&ere 5*0 * 4e2.ber*,e 4e2* .+ c&*r/.+/ ,&e*cc'0e4 .+ r4er ,&*, ,&e .+0ec,r0 c'24 '0e ,&e.r 5er0 , b,*.+c+-e00.+0#

!# I+ * r'2.+/ /."e+ + 1 December 1 Mr J'0,.ce He+r -'+4 ,&*,,&ere 5*0 + r.m* -*c.e c*0e - *b'0e b e.,&er ,&e .+0ec,r0 r ,&e

r0ec',.+/ *',&r.,.e0# He &*4 &e*r4 e".4e+ce -rm b,& ,&e .+0ec,r0 *+4,&e 2.ce --.cer .+ c&*r/e - ,&e cr.m.+*2 .+"e0,./*,.+# I+ * r'2.+/ /."e++ 1 December 1 ,&e 6'4/e re6ec,e4 ,&e *2.c*,.+ -r * 0,* -.+4.+/,&*, ,&ere &*4 bee+ + *b'0e - ,&e cr.m.+*2 rce00 .+ ,&e 'e0,.+.+/ - ,&e 4e-e+4*+,0 r .+ ,&e *00.+/ - Mr See2./’0 4e0.,.+0 , ,&e .+0ec,r0, ,&e r0ec',.+/ *',&r.,.e0 r .+ ,&e.r c+4'c, - ,&e r0ec',.+# He 0*5+,&.+/ .mrer r 0.+.0,er .+ ,&e 4ec.0.+ b Mr >4 +, , .+"2"e ,&e

2.ce '+,.2 ,&e be/.++.+/ - M*# He c+c2'4e4 r*,&er ,&*, rer '0e &*4 bee+ m*4e - ,&e 0,*,',r 5er0# T&e 6'4/e *20 re-'0e4 *+ *2.c*,.+ ,ec2'4e ,&e e".4e+ce - ,&e .+,er".e50 '+4er 0ec,.+ 7 - PACE *0c+0,.,',.+/ e".4e+ce 5&.c& &*4 0'c& *+ *4"er0e e--ec, + ,&e -*.r+e00 - ,&e

rcee4.+/0 ,&*, ,&e c'r, '/&, +, , *4m., .,#7# O+ *e*2 ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 .+ * 6'4/me+, 4*,e4 % M* 11(R# "# See2./) '&e24 ,&e ,r.*2 6'4/e’0 r'2.+/ *0 , ,&e *4m.00.b.2., - ,&e.+,er".e50 be-re ,&e .+0ec,r0# O+ % J'2 11 2e*"e , *e*2 5*0re-'0e4 b ,&e H'0e - Lr40#

'. Te applicant!s appeal

# T&e *2.c*+, *2.e4 -r 2e*"e , *e*2 */*.+0, c+".c,.+ *+40e+,e+ce# He *r/'e4 .+,er *2.* ,&*, ,&e ,r.*2 6'4/e &*4 m.04.rec,e4 ,&e 6'r*0 , ,&e 5e./&, , be *225e4 , ,&e e".4e+ce /."e+ b Mr R' ,&e-.+*+ce 4.rec,r - G'.++e00 5& &*4 bee+ *--r4e4 .mm'+., -rm

r0ec',.+#T&e *2.c*+, 5*0 /r*+,e4 2e*"e , *e*2 */*.+0, c+".c,.+# F225.+/

* &e*r.+/ *, 5&.c& ,&e *2.c*+, 5*0 rere0e+,e4 ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 /*"e.,0 6'4/me+, + 1! M* 11# I, &e24 ,&*, 5&.2e ,&ere 5ere 0me b2em.0&e0*+4 .+-e2.c.,.e0 .+ ,&e 6'4/e’0 0'mm.+/=' ., 5*0 .+ ,&e m*.+ * m*0,er2e0.,.+ 5&.c& 2e-, ,&e m*.+ .00'e - 4.0&+e0, , ,&e 6'r# I, cmme+,e4,&*, ,&e *2.c*+,’0 c'+0e2 &*4 ere00e4 ,&e 00.b.2., ,&*, &e m./&, 5.0&, *44re00 ,&e c'r, *0 , ,&e *4m.00.b.2., - ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0# I, 0,*,e4&5e"er ,&*, ,&e 'e0,.+ &*4 bee+ 4ec.4e4 *0 -*r *0 ., 5*0 c+cer+e4 b

11




,&e 4ec.0.+ /."e+ b *+,&er 4.".0.+ - ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 .+ ,&e c*0e - R# "# See2./ 5&.c& &*4 &e24 ,&*, 0'c& 0,*,eme+,0 5ere *4m.00.b2e# I, 5e+,

+ , re6ec, ,&e *2.c*+,’0 *e*2 + *22 b', +e c'+, ., -'+4 ,&*, ,&e 6'4/e &*4 erre4 .+ &.0 4.rec,.+ + +e c'+, *+4 '*0&e4 ,&*, c+".c,.+# I,re4'ce4 &.0 0e+,e+ce , ,5 *+4 * &*2- e*r0’ .mr.0+me+,#

D. Su%se*uent reference to the Court of A''ea$ %+ the ,o!e

Secretar+

# O+ %% December 1 ,&e Hme Secre,*r re-erre4 ,&e *2.c*+,’0c*0e *+4 ,&*, - &.0 c=4e-e+4*+,0 , ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 'r0'*+, , 0ec,.+17 (1) - ,&e Cr.m.+*2 Ae*2 Ac, 1!# He 4.4 0 + ,&e b*0.0 - *2.c*,.+0 b ,&e *2.c*+,’0 c=4e-e+4*+,0 = b', +, ,&e *2.c*+, &.m0e2-

= 5& 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, ,&e r0ec',.+ &*4 -*.2e4 , 4.0c20e cer,*.+4c'me+,0 *, ,&e.r ,r.*2## A, ,&e *e*2 ,&e *2.c*+, *r/'e4 .+,er *2.* ,&*, ,&e '0e *, ,&e ,r.*2

- *+05er0 /."e+ , ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 *',m*,.c*22 re+4ere4 ,&e cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0 '+-*.r#

T&e c'r, re6ec,e4 ,&.0 *r/'me+, .+,.+/ ', ,&*, P*r2.*me+, &*4ere002 *+4 '+*mb./''02 r".4e4 .+ ,&e 13 Ac, ,&*, *+05er0 /."e+, DTI .+0ec,r0 m* be *4m.,,e4 .+ e".4e+ce .+ cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0 e"e+,&'/& 0'c& *4m.,,*+ce m./&, "err.4e ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0,0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+#

I+ .,0 6'4/me+, ,&e c'r, +,e4 ,&*, ,&e .+,er".e50 5.,& e*c& - ,&e

*cc'0e4 -rme4 * 0./+.-.c*+, *r, - ,&e r0ec',.+ c*0e#1# >.,& re-ere+ce , ,&e *22e/*,.+ ,&*, ., 5*0 '+-*.r ,&*, ,&0e.+,er".e5e4 b DTI .+0ec,r0 0&'24 be ,re*,e4 2e00 -*"'r*b2 ,&*+ ,&0e.+,er".e5e4 b ,&e 2.ce '+4er PACE ,&e c'r, +,e4 *0 -2250

### ,&e '+r*"e22.+/ - cm2e *+4 4e".'0 ,r*+0*c,.+0 .+ ,&0e -.e240 .0 *r,.c'2*r2 4.--.c'2, *+4 ,&0e 5& e+6 ,&e .mm'+.,.e0 *+4 r.".2e/e0 *--r4e4 b,&e B*+Kr',c L*50 *+4 ,&e Cm*+.e0 Ac,0 m'0, *cce, ,&e +ee4 -r * re/.me - 0,r.+/e+, 0cr',.+ e0ec.*22 5&ere -r*'4 .0 0'0ec,e4 ###

%# I+ re2*,.+ , ,&e *r/'me+, ,&*, ,&e 4.--ere+ce be,5ee+ ,&eCm*+.e0 Ac, *+4 ,&e Cr.m.+*2 J'0,.ce Ac, re/.me0 (0ee *r*/r*&0 *+43 be25) 5*0 *+m*2'0 ,&e c'r, 0,*,e4

### ,&e e2*+*,.+ 2.e0 .+ ,&e "er 4.--ere+, re/.me - .+,er".e50 b DTI .+0ec,r0cm*re4 5.,& ,&*, - .+,er".e50 e.,&er b 2.ce r ,&e SFO Ser.'0 Fr*'4 O--.ceV#DTI .+0ec,r0 *re .+"e0,./*,r0 '+2.Ke ,&e 2.ce r SFO ,&e *re +, r0ec',r0 r

,e+,.*2 r0ec',r0# Here ,.c*22 ,&e ,5 .+0ec,r0 5ere * Q'ee+’0 C'+0e2 *+4* 0e+.r *cc'+,*+,# T&e *re b'+4 , *c, -*.r2 *+4 , /."e *++e ,&e r0e ,c+4em+ r cr.,.c.0e * -*.r r,'+., , *+05er 5&*, .0 *22e/e4 */*.+0, ,&em ###U0'*22 ,&e .+,er".e5ee 5.22 be rere0e+,e4 b 2*5er0 *+4 &e m* be .+-rme4 .+*4"*+ce - ,&e .+,0 , be r*.0e4#

# T&e c'r, *20 re6ec,e4 *+ *22e/*,.+ ,&*, ,&ere &*4 bee+ *+ *b'0e - rce00 .+ ,&*, ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 5ere '0e4 5r+/2 *0 e".4e+ce

1%




/*,&erer0 -r ,&e r0ec',.+ r ,&*, ,&ere &*4 bee+ .mrer r '+-*.r c22'0.+ *0 -2250

>e &*"e c*re-'22 c+0.4ere4 ,&e e--ec, - ,&e e"e+,0 - N"ember 1! , Oc,ber 17 .+ ,&e 2./&, - *22 ,&e 4c'me+,0# >e c+c2'4e ,&*, , *225 ,&e .+0ec,r0 ,c+,.+'e ,&e.r .+'.r *+4 , br.+/ .+ ,&e 2.ce +2 .+ M* 17 5*0 * rer c'r0e0'b6ec, , ,5 e00e+,.*20#

(1) T&*, ,&e .+0ec,r0 5ere 2e-, , c+4'c, ,&e.r .+'.r.e0 *+4 .+,er".e50.+4ee+4e+,2 5.,&', .+0,r'c,.+ br.e-.+/ r rm,.+/ b ,&e r0ec',.+/ *',&r.,#>e *re '.,e 0*,.0-.e4 ,&*, ,&e .+0ec,r0 ,&em0e2"e0 m*4e ,&*, c2e*r *+4 *b.4e4 b .,#C'+0e2 *20 2*.4 45+ ,&0e /r'+4 r'2e0 crrec,2 *+4 ,&e 5ere b0er"e4 ###

(%) T&*, ,&e .+,er".e50 5ere c+4'c,e4 -*.r2 *+4 '+b6ec,.+*b2# I, 5*0 +,0'//e0,e4 , ,&e ,r.*2 6'4/e r be-re '0 ,&*, ,&e .+0ec,r0 c'24 be cr.,.c.0e4 + ,&.00cre# T&e0e 5ere c*re-'22 0,r'c,'re4 0e00.+0 - rer 2e+/,& .+ 0'.,*b2e c+4.,.+0#

T&e *e22*+,0 eer.e+ce4 b'0.+e00me+ - &./& .+,e22./e+ce 5ere e*c& rere0e+,e4e.,&er b c'+0e2 ('0'*22 Q'ee+’0 C'+0e2) r * 0e+.r 02.c.,r# T&e 'e0,.+0 5ere ', 0cr''2'02 -*.r2 *+4 ,&e C4e 2*.4 45+ .+ ,&e Per/*m+ c*0e ### 5*0b0er"e4#

# F.+*22 ,&e c'r, *20 re6ec,e4 ,&e *22e/*,.+ ,&*, ++=4.0c20're r.r , ,&e ,r.*2 - ,&e m*,er.*2 *22e/e4 , .+4.c*,e *b'0e c*'0e4 *+'+-*.r+e00 , ,&e *2.c*+,# I, 0'b0e'e+,2 re-'0e4 , cer,.- ,&*, ,&e c*0e.+"2"e4 * .+, - 'b2.c .mr,*+ce *+4 4e+.e4 2e*"e , *e*2 , ,&eH'0e - Lr40# F225.+/ ,&.0 4ec.0.+ + -'r,&er *"e+'e - *e*2 5*0e+ , ,&e *2.c*+,#

II# RELE9ANT DOMESTIC LA> AND PRACTICE

A. A''oint!ent of ins'ectors

3# B 0ec,.+ % - ,&e Cm*+.e0 Ac, 13 (,&e 13 Ac,) ,&eSecre,*r - S,*,e m* *.+, +e r mre cme,e+, .+0ec,r0 ,.+"e0,./*,e ,&e *--*.r0 - * cm*+ *+4 , rer, + ,&em .+ 0'c& m*++er *0&e m* 4.rec,# T&e Secre,*r - S,*,e m* m*Ke 0'c& *.+,me+, .- .,*e*r0 ,&*, ,&ere *re c.rc'm0,*+ce0 0'//e0,.+/

(*) ,&*, ,&e cm*+’0 *--*.r0 *re be.+/ r &*"e bee+ c+4'c,e4 5.,& .+,e+, ,4e-r*'4 .,0 cre4.,r0 r ,&e cre4.,r0 - *+ ,&er er0+ r ,&er5.0e -r * -r*'4'2e+,r '+2*5-'2 'r0e r .+ * m*++er 5&.c& .0 '+-*.r2 re6'4.c.*2 , 0me *r, - .,0member0 r

(b) ,&*, *+ *c,'*2 r r0e4 *c, r m.00.+ - ,&e cm*+ (.+c2'4.+/ *+ *c, r m.00.+ + .,0 be&*2-) .0 r 5'24 be 0 re6'4.c.*2 r ,&*, ,&e cm*+ 5*0 -rme4-r *+ -r*'4'2e+, r '+2*5-'2 'r0e r

(c) ,&*, er0+0 c+cer+e4 5.,& ,&e cm*+’0 -rm*,.+ r ,&e m*+*/eme+, - .,0*--*.r0 &*"e .+ c++ec,.+ ,&ere5.,& bee+ /'.2, - -r*'4 m.0-e*0*+ce r ,&er m.0c+4'c, ,5*r40 ., r ,5*r40 .,0 member0 r

(4) ,&*, ,&e cm*+’0 member0 &*"e +, bee+ /."e+ *22 ,&e .+-rm*,.+ 5.,&re0ec, , .,0 *--*.r0 5&.c& ,&e m./&, re*0+*b2 eec,# (0ec,.+ % (%))

1




!# T&e Secre,*r - S,*,e .0 *20 em5ere4 , *.+, .+0ec,r0 ,

### .+"e0,./*,e *+4 rer, + ,&e member0&. - *+ cm*+ *+4 ,&er5.0e 5.,&

re0ec, , ,&e cm*+ -r ,&e 'r0e - 4e,erm.+.+/ ,&e ,r'e er0+0 5& *re r &*"e bee+ -.+*+c.*22 .+,ere0,e4 .+ ,&e 0'cce00 r -*.2're (re*2 r **re+,) - ,&ecm*+ r *b2e , c+,r2 r m*,er.*22 , .+-2'e+ce .,0 2.c# (0ec,.+ % (1))

(. Function and 'o-ers of ins'ectors

7# T&e -'+c,.+ - .+0ec,r0 .0 *+ .+'.0.,r.*2 *+4 +, * 6'4.c.*2-'+c,.+# I, &*0 bee+ 0'mm*r.0e4 .+ re Per/*m+ Pre00 L,4 171VC&*+cer Rer,0 er S*c&0 LJ *, # 1 *0 -2250

T&e .+0ec,r0’ -'+c,.+ .0 .+ e00e+ce , c+4'c, *+ .+"e0,./*,.+ 4e0./+e4 ,4.0c"er 5&e,&er ,&ere *re -*c,0 5&.c& m* re0'2, .+ ,&er0 ,*K.+/ *c,.+ ., .0 + *r,- ,&e.r -'+c,.+ , ,*Ke * 4ec.0.+ *0 , 5&e,&er *c,.+ be ,*Ke+ *+4 * -r,.r. ., .0 +,

-r ,&em -.+*22 , 4e,erm.+e 0'c& .00'e0 *0 m* emer/e .- 0me *c,.+ e"e+,'*,e0#

# Sec,.+ - ,&e 13 Ac, r".4e0

(1) >&e+ .+0ec,r0 *re *.+,e4 '+4er 0ec,.+ 1 r % ., .0 ,&e 4', - *22--.cer0 *+4 */e+,0 - ,&e cm*+ ###

(*) , r4'ce , ,&e .+0ec,r0 *22 bK0 *+4 4c'me+,0 - r re2*,.+/ , ,&ecm*+ ### 5&.c& *re .+ ,&e.r c'0,4 r 5er

(b) , *,,e+4 be-re ,&e .+0ec,r0 5&e+ re'.re4 , 4 0 *+4

(c) ,&er5.0e , /."e ,&e .+0ec,r0 *22 *00.0,*+ce .+ c++ec,.+ 5.,& ,&e.+"e0,./*,.+ 5&.c& ,&e *re re*0+*b2 *b2e , /."e ###

###() A+ .+0ec,r m* e*m.+e + *,& ,&e --.cer0 *+4 */e+,0 - ,&e cm*+ r

,&er b4 crr*,e *+4 *+ 0'c& er0+ *0 .0 me+,.+e4 .+ 0'b0ec,.+ (%) .+re2*,.+ , ,&e *--*.r0 - ,&e cm*+ r ,&er b4 *+4 m* *4m.+.0,er *+ *,&*ccr4.+/2 ###

###

(3) A+ *+05er /."e+ b * er0+ , * 'e0,.+ ', , &.m .+ eerc.0e - 5er0c+-erre4 b ,&.0 0ec,.+ (5&e,&er ., &*0 e--ec, .+ re2*,.+ , *+ .+"e0,./*,.+ '+4er *+- 0ec,.+0 1 , r *0 *2.e4 b *+ ,&er 0ec,.+ .+ ,&.0 P*r,) m* be '0e4 .+e".4e+ce */*.+0, &.m#

# Sec,.+ ! - ,&e Ac, r".4e0

(1) >&e+ .+0ec,r0 *re *.+,e4 '+4er 0ec,.+ 1 r % , .+"e0,./*,e ,&e*--*.r0 - * cm*+ ,&e -225.+/ *2.e0 .+ ,&e c*0e - =

(*) *+ --.cer r */e+, - ,&e cm*+

(b) *+ --.cer r */e+, - *+,&er b4 crr*,e 5&0e *--*.r0 *re .+"e0,./*,e4'+4er 0ec,.+ *+4

(c) *+ 0'c& er0+ *0 .0 me+,.+e4 .+ 0ec,.+ (%)#

Sec,.+ () *2.e0 5.,& re/*r4 , re-ere+ce0 .+ ,&.0 0'b0ec,.+ , *+ --.cer r */e+,#

(%) I- ,&*, er0+ =

1




(*) re-'0e0 , r4'ce *+ bK r 4c'me+, 5&.c& ., .0 &.0 4', '+4er 0ec,.+ r 3 , r4'ce r

(b) re-'0e0 , *,,e+4 be-re ,&e .+0ec,r0 5&e+ re'.re4 , 4 0 r (c) re-'0e0 , *+05er *+ 'e0,.+ ', , &.m b ,&e .+0ec,r0 5.,& re0ec, , ,&e

*--*.r0 - ,&e cm*+ r ,&er b4 crr*,e (*0 ,&e c*0e m* be) ,&e .+0ec,r0m* cer,.- ,&e re-'0*2 .+ 5r.,.+/ , ,&e c'r,#

() T&e c'r, m* ,&ere'+ .+'.re .+, ,&e c*0e *+4 *-,er &e*r.+/ *+ 5.,+e00e05& m* be r4'ce4 */*.+0, r + be&*2- - ,&e *22e/e4 --e+4er *+4 *-,er &e*r.+/*+ 0,*,eme+, 5&.c& m* be --ere4 .+ 4e-e+ce ,&e c'r, m* '+.0& ,&e --e+4er .+2.Ke m*++er *0 .- &e &*4 bee+ /'.2, - c+,em, - c'r,#

3# C+,em, - c'r, .+ ,&.0 c+,e, m* be '+.0&e4 b ,&e.m0.,.+ - * -.+e r b cmm.,,*2 , r.0+ -r * er.4 +, ecee4.+/,5 e*r0#

C. rovisions of the o$ice and Cri!ina$ Evidence Act "/01 and the

Cri!ina$ 2ustice Act "/03

31# Sec,.+ 7! - ,&e P2.ce *+4 Cr.m.+*2 E".4e+ce Ac, 1 (PACE) r".4e0 *0 re2e"*+,

1# I+ *+ rcee4.+/0 * c+-e00.+ m*4e b *+ *cc'0e4 er0+ m* be /."e+ .+e".4e+ce */*.+0, &.m .+ 0 -*r *0 ., .0 re2e"*+, , *+ m*,,er .+ .00'e .+ ,&e rcee4.+/0*+4 .0 +, ec2'4e4 b ,&e c'r, .+ 'r0'*+ce - ,&.0 0ec,.+#

%# I- .+ *+ rcee4.+/0 5&ere ,&e r0ec',.+ r0e0 , /."e .+ e".4e+ce *c+-e00.+ m*4e b *+ *cc'0e4 er0+ ., .0 rere0e+,e4 , ,&e c'r, ,&*, ,&e

c+-e00.+ 5*0 r m* &*"e bee+ b,*.+e4 =(*) b re00.+ - ,&e er0+ 5& m*4e ., r

(b) .+ c+0e'e+ce - *+,&.+/ 0*.4 r 4+e 5&.c& 5*0 2.Ke2 .+ ,&e c.rc'm0,*+ce0e.0,.+/ *, ,&e ,.me , re+4er '+re2.*b2e *+ c+-e00.+ 5&.c& m./&, be m*4e b &.m.+ c+0e'e+ce ,&ere- ,&e c'r, 0&*22 +, *225 ,&e c+-e00.+ , be /."e+ .+e".4e+ce */*.+0, &.m ece, .+ 0 -*r *0 ,&e r0ec',.+ r"e0 , ,&e c'r, be+4 *re*0+*b2e 4'b, ,&*, ,&e c+-e00.+ (+,5.,&0,*+4.+/ ,&*, ., m./&, be ,r'e) 5*0 +,b,*.+e4 *0 *-re0*.4 ###

3%# Sec,.+ 7 r".4e0 *0 re2e"*+,

1# I+ *+ rcee4.+/0 ,&e c'r, m* re-'0e , *225 ,&e e".4e+ce + 5&.c& ,&e r0ec',.+ r0e0 , re2 , be /."e+ .- ., *e*r0 , ,&e c'r, ,&*, &*".+/ re/*r4 ,

*22 ,&e c.rc'm0,*+ce0 .+c2'4.+/ ,&e c.rc'm0,*+ce0 .+ 5&.c& ,&e e".4e+ce 5*0b,*.+e4 ,&e *4m.00.+ - ,&e e".4e+ce 5'24 &*"e 0'c& *+ *4"er0e e--ec, + ,&e-*.r+e00 - ,&e rcee4.+/0 ,&*, ,&e c'r, '/&, +, , *4m., .,#

3# U+4er 0ec,.+ % (1) - PACE * Wc+-e00.+’ .+c2'4e0 *+0,*,eme+, 5&22 r *r,2 *4"er0e , ,&e er0+ 5& m*4e ., 5&e,&er m*4e, * er0+ .+ *',&r., r +, *+4 5&e,&er m*4e .+ 5r40 r ,&er5.0e#

3# T&e Cr.m.+*2 J'0,.ce Ac, 17 c+-er0 + ,&e D.rec,r - ,&eSer.'0 Fr*'4 O--.ce 0ec.*2 5er0 , *00.0, &.m .+ ,&e .+"e0,./*,.+ *+4

r0ec',.+ - 0er.'0 -r*'4# Sec,.+ % (%) re'.re0 * er0+ 5&0e *--*.r0*re be.+/ .+"e0,./*,e4 , *+05er 'e0,.+0 e"e+ .- b 0 4.+/ &e m./&,

13




.+cr.m.+*,e &.m0e2-# F*.2're , *+05er m* /."e r.0e , cr.m.+*2 0*+c,.+0(0ec,.+ % (1))# A+05er0 .+ ,&.0 c+,e, c*++, be '0e4 .+ e".4e+ce */*.+0,

* 0'0ec, '+2e00 &e .0 r0ec',e4 -r -*.2're 5.,&', re*0+*b2e ec'0e ,*+05er 'e0,.+0 r '+2e00 &e m*Ke0 * 0,*,eme+, .+ e".4e+ce 5&.c& .0.+c+0.0,e+, 5.,& * re".'0 *+05er (0ec,.+ % ())#

PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE COMMISSION

33# T&e *2.c*+, 24/e4 &.0 *2.c*,.+ (+# 1171) 5.,& ,&eCmm.00.+ + % J'2 1# He cm2*.+e4 ,&*, ,&e '0e *, &.0 ,r.*2 - 0,*,eme+,0 m*4e b &.m , ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 '+4er ,&e.r cm'20r

5er0 4er."e4 &.m - * -*.r &e*r.+/ .+ ".2*,.+ - Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 - ,&eC+"e+,.+ (*r,# !=1)#3!# O+ 7 December 1 ,&e Cmm.00.+ 4ec2*re4 ,&e *2.c*+,’0

cm2*.+, *4m.00.b2e# I+ .,0 rer, - 1 M* 1 ., ere00e4 ,&e .+.+,&*, ,&ere &*4 bee+ * ".2*,.+ - Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 - ,&e C+"e+,.+(*r,# !=1) (-'r,ee+ ",e0 , +e)#

T&e -'22 ,e, - ,&e Cmm.00.+’0 .+.+ *+4 - ,&e ,5 0e*r*,e.+.+0 c+,*.+e4 .+ ,&e rer, .0 rer4'ce4 *0 *+ *++e , ,&.0 6'4/me+,

FINAL SUBMISSIONS TO THE COURT37# T&e *2.c*+, 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, ,&e '0e - ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 *, ,&e ,r.*2

5*0 * bre*c& - Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 (*r,# !=1) *+4 ,&*, , ,&e e,e+, ,&*, ,&e4e2* .+ 0,*r,.+/ ,&e 2.ce .+"e0,./*,.+ 5*0 m,."*,e4 b * 4e0.re , b,*.+,&0e ,r*+0cr.,0 ,&e m*++er - b,*.+.+/ ,&e e".4e+ce 5*0 *20 .+ ".2*,.+- ,&.0 r".0.+ (*r,# !=1)#

3# T&e G"er+me+, c+,e+4e4 ,&*, ,&e mere -*c, - cm'20.+ c'24+, *+4 4.4 +, re+4er ,&e rcee4.+/0 '+-*.r# F'r,&er ,&*, .- ., 5*0c+c2'4e4 ,&*, *+ - Mr S*'+4er0’0 *+05er0 c'24 rer2 be 4e0cr.be4 *00e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+/ ., 5'24 0,.22 be +ece00*r , *00e00 5&e,&er ,&e

e,reme2 2.m.,e4 '0e .+ -*c, m*4e - ,&0e *+05er0 re+4ere4 ,&e cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0 '+-*.r# I+ ,&e.r 0'bm.00.+ ., 4.4 +,#

AS TO THE LA>

Fr r*c,.c*2 re*0+0 ,&.0 *++e 5.22 *e*r +2 5.,& ,&e r.+,e4 "er0.+- ,&e 6'4/me+, (.+ Rer,0 - J'4/me+,0 *+4 Dec.0.+0 1!=9I) b', *c - ,&e Cmm.00.+0 rer, .0 b,*.+*b2e -rm ,&e re/.0,r#

1!




I# ALLEGED 9IOLATION OF ARTICLE ! PARA# 1 OF THECON9ENTION (*r,# !=1)

3# T&e *2.c*+, c+,e+4e4 ,&*, &e 5*0 4e+.e4 * -*.r ,r.*2 .+ bre*c& - Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 - ,&e C+"e+,.+ (*r,# !=1) 5&.c& .+ 0 -*r *0 re2e"*+,0,*,e0

I+ ,&e 4e,erm.+*,.+ - ### *+ cr.m.+*2 c&*r/e */*.+0, &.m e"er+e .0 e+,.,2e4 , *-*.r ### &e*r.+/ ### b *+ .+4ee+4e+, *+4 .m*r,.*2 ,r.b'+*2 ###

T&e Cmm.00.+ -'+4 ,&*, ,&ere &*4 bee+ 0'c& * ".2*,.+ *2,&'/&,&.0 5*0 c+,e0,e4 b ,&e G"er+me+,#

A. The riht not to incri!inate onese$f

1. Te argu&ents o% tose appearing $e%ore te Court

a4 The a''$icant

!# T&e *2.c*+, cm2*.+e4 - ,&e -*c, ,&*, 0,*,eme+,0 m*4e b &.m'+4er cm'20.+ , ,&e .+0ec,r0 *.+,e4 b ,&e De*r,me+, - Tr*4e*+4 I+4'0,r (DTI) (0ee *r*/r*& 1 *b"e) 4'r.+/ ,&e.r .+"e0,./*,.+ 5ere*4m.,,e4 *0 e".4e+ce */*.+0, &.m *, &.0 0'b0e'e+, cr.m.+*2 ,r.*2 (0ee

*r*/r*&0 = *b"e)#He m*.+,*.+e4 ,&*, .m2.c., .+ ,&e r./&, , * -*.r ,r.*2 /'*r*+,ee4 b

Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 (*r,# !=1) *0 ,&e C'r, &*4 rec/+.0e4 .+ .,0 6'4/me+,0 .+F'+Ke "# Fr*+ce (%3 Febr'*r 1 Ser.e0 A +# %3!=A # %% *r*# ) *+4J&+ M'rr* "# ,&e U+.,e4 $.+/4m ( Febr'*r 1! Rer,0 - J'4/me+,0 *+4 Dec.0.+0 1!=I # *r*# 3) 5*0 ,&e r./&, - *+.+4.".4'*2 +, , be cme22e4 , c+,r.b',e .+cr.m.+*,.+/ e".4e+ce , be'0e4 .+ * r0ec',.+ */*.+0, &.m# T&.0 r.+c.2e 5*0 c20e2 2.+Ke4 , ,&e

re0'm,.+ - .++ce+ce 5&.c& 5*0 ere002 /'*r*+,ee4 b Ar,.c2e ! *r*# % - ,&e C+"e+,.+ (*r,# !=%) *+4 &*4 bee+ rec/+.0e4 b ,&e C'r, - J'0,.ce - ,&e E're*+ Cmm'+.,.e0 (OrKem "# Cmm.00.+ C*0e 771V E're*+ C'r, Rer,0 %) *+4 b ,&e C+0,.,',.+*2 C'r, - S',& A-r.c* (Ferre.r* "# Le".+ *+4 O,&er0 6'4/me+, - ! December 13)*m+/0, ,&er0# I, 0&'24 *2 e'*22 , *22 4e-e+4*+,0 re/*r42e00 - ,&e

+*,'re - ,&e *22e/*,.+0 */*.+0, ,&em r ,&e.r 2e"e2 - e4'c*,.+ *+4.+,e22./e+ce# I, -225e4 ,&*, ,&e '0e m*4e b ,&e r0ec',.+ - ,&e,r*+0cr.,0 - .+,er".e50 5.,& ,&e .+0ec,r0 .+ 0'b0e'e+, cr.m.+*2

rcee4.+/0 5*0 c+,r*r , Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !)#!1# F'r,&ermre ,&e *2.c*+, *r/'e4 ,&*, ,&.0 '0e - ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 5*0

*r,.c'2*r2 '+-*.r .+ &.0 c*0e 0.+ce .+ ,&e 5r40 - ,&e C'r, - Ae*2,&e -rme4 * 0./+.-.c*+, *r, - ,&e r0ec',.+ c*0e# T&ree 4*0 5ere0e+, re*4.+/ e,r*c,0 -rm &.0 .+,er".e50 5.,& ,&e .+0ec,r0 , ,&e 6'r

be-re Mr S*'+4er0 4ec.4e4 ,&*, &e '/&, , /."e e".4e+ce , e2*.+ *+4e*+4 '+ ,&.0 m*,er.*2# A0 * re0'2, &e 5*0 0'b6ec,e4 , .+,e+0."e

17




cr00=e*m.+*,.+ c+cer+.+/ *22e/e4 .+c+0.0,e+c.e0 be,5ee+ &.0 r*2,e0,.m+ *, ,r.*2 *+4 &.0 re0+0e0 , ,&e .+0ec,r0’ 'e0,.+0 , 5&.c& ,&e

,r.*2 6'4/e 4re5 *,,e+,.+ .+ &.0 0'mm.+/=' , ,&e 6'r# T&e r0ec',.+’0,*0K 5*0 ,&'0 -*c.2.,*,e4 5&e+ ., 5*0 *b2e , c+,r*0, .,0 5+ e".4e+ce 5.,&Mr S*'+4er0’0 mre 0ec.-.c 4e+.*20 .+ &.0 .+,er".e50#

%4 The Govern!ent

!%# T&e G"er+me+, 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, +2 0,*,eme+,0 5&.c& *re0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+/ c*+ -*22 5.,&.+ ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+#H5e"er ec'2*,r *+05er0 r *+05er0 5&.c& .- ,r'e *re c+0.0,e+, 5.,&r 5'24 0er"e , c+-.rm ,&e 4e-e+ce - *+ *cc'0e4 c*++, be rer2c&*r*c,er.0e4 *0 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+/# I+ ,&e.r 0'bm.00.+ +e.,&er ,&e *2.c*+,+r ,&e Cmm.00.+ &*4 .4e+,.-.e4 *, *+ 0,*/e * 0.+/2e *+05er /."e+ b ,&e*2.c*+, , ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 5&.c& 5*0 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+/# T&ere c*++,

be 4er."e4 -rm ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ * -'r,&er r./&, +, , be c+-r+,e4 5.,& e".4e+ce ,&*, re'.re0 ,&e *cc'0e4 .+ r4er 0'cce00-'22, reb', ., , /."e e".4e+ce &.m0e2-# T&*, .+ e--ec, 5*0 5&*, ,&e *2.c*+,5*0 c2*.m.+/ 5&e+ &e *22e/e4 ,&*, ,&e *4m.00.+ - ,&e ,r*+0cr.,cme22e4 &.m , /."e e".4e+ce#

T&e G"er+me+, *cce,e4 ,&*, * 4e-e+4*+, .+ * cr.m.+*2 ,r.*2 c*++, becme22e4 b ,&e r0ec',.+ r b ,&e c'r, , *e*r *0 * 5.,+e00 *, &.05+ ,r.*2 r , *+05er 'e0,.+0 ', , &.m .+ ,&e 4cK *+4 ,&*, *+.+-r.+/eme+, - ,&.0 r.+c.2e 5'24 be 2.Ke2 , re0'2, .+ * 4e-e+4*+, +,

&*".+/ * -*.r &e*r.+/# H5e"er ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ 5*0+, *b02',e r .mm',*b2e# O,&er 6'r.04.c,.+0 (Nr5* C*+*4* A'0,r*2.* Ne5 @e*2*+4 *+4 ,&e U+.,e4 S,*,e0 - Amer.c*) erm., ,&e cm'20r,*K.+/ - 0,*,eme+,0 4'r.+/ .+"e0,./*,.+ .+, crr*,e *+4 -.+*+c.*2 -r*'40*+4 ,&e.r 0'b0e'e+, '0e .+ * cr.m.+*2 ,r.*2 .+ r4er , c+-r+, ,&e *cc'0e4’0*+4 5.,+e00e0’ r*2 ,e0,.m+# Nr 4e0 ., -225 -rm *+ *cce,*+ce - ,&e

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1




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er0+*2.,#

c4 The Co!!ission

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1




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d4 A!icus curiae

!!# L.ber, 5.,& re-ere+ce , "*r.'0 .+,er+*,.+*2 &'m*+ r./&,0 ,re*,.e0*+4 ,&e 2*5 e.0,.+/ .+ * +'mber - C+,r*c,.+/ P*r,.e0 re'e0,e4 ,&e C'r,, -.+4 ,&*, Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !) re"e+,0 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+/ e".4e+ce -rm be.+/b,*.+e4 -rm *+ .+4.".4'*2 '+4er ,&re*, - 6'4.c.*2 0*+c,.+ *+4 -rm be.+/*4m.00.b2e .+ cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0#

". Te Court!s assess&ent

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%




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rcee4.+/0 - m*,er.*2 5&.c& m* be b,*.+e4 -rm ,&e *cc'0e4 ,&r'/&,&e '0e - cm'20r 5er0 b', 5&.c& &*0 *+ e.0,e+ce .+4ee+4e+, - ,&e5.22 - ,&e 0'0ec, 0'c& *0 .+,er *2.* 4c'me+,0 *c'.re4 'r0'*+, , *5*rr*+, bre*,& b24 *+4 'r.+e 0*m2e0 *+4 b4.2 ,.00'e -r ,&e 'r0e- DNA ,e0,.+/#

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7# I, &*0 +, bee+ 4.0',e4 b ,&e G"er+me+, ,&*, ,&e *2.c*+, 5*00'b6ec, , 2e/*2 cm'20.+ , /."e e".4e+ce , ,&e .+0ec,r0# He 5*0b2./e4 '+4er 0ec,.+0 *+4 ! - ,&e Cm*+.e0 Ac, 13 (0ee

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%1




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re00're + ,&e *2.c*+, , /."e ,e0,.m+ 4'r.+/ ,&e ,r.*2 r*,&er ,&*+ ,

%%




eerc.0e &.0 r./&, , rem*.+ 0.2e+,# H5e"er ., 5*0 ,&e G"er+me+,’0 ".e5,&*, ,&e *2.c*+, c&0e , /."e e".4e+ce bec*'0e - ,&e 4*m*/.+/ e--ec, -

,&e ,e0,.m+ - ,&e c&.e- 5.,+e00 -r ,&e r0ec',.+ Mr R'#A2,&'/& ., c*++, be ec2'4e4 ,&*, +e - ,&e re*0+0 5&.c& *--ec,e4

,&.0 4ec.0.+ 5*0 ,&e e,e+0."e '0e m*4e b ,&e r0ec',.+ - ,&e.+,er".e50 ,&e C'r, -.+40 ., '++ece00*r , 0ec'2*,e + ,&e re*0+0 5&,&e *2.c*+, c&0e , /."e e".4e+ce *, &.0 ,r.*2#

7# Nr 4e0 ,&e C'r, -.+4 ., +ece00*r &*".+/ re/*r4 , ,&e *b"e*00e00me+, *0 , ,&e '0e - ,&e .+,er".e50 4'r.+/ ,&e ,r.*2 , 4ec.4e 5&e,&er ,&e r./&, +, , .+cr.m.+*,e +e0e2- .0 *b02',e r 5&e,&er .+-r.+/eme+,0 - .,m* be 6'0,.-.e4 .+ *r,.c'2*r c.rc'm0,*+ce0#

I, 4e0 +, *cce, ,&e G"er+me+,’0 *r/'me+, ,&*, ,&e cm2e., - crr*,e -r*'4 *+4 ,&e ".,*2 'b2.c .+,ere0, .+ ,&e .+"e0,./*,.+ - 0'c&

-r*'4 *+4 ,&e '+.0&me+, - ,&0e re0+0.b2e c'24 6'0,.- 0'c& * m*rKe44e*r,'re *0 ,&*, 5&.c& cc'rre4 .+ ,&e re0e+, c*0e -rm +e - ,&e b*0.c

r.+c.2e0 - * -*.r rce4're# L.Ke ,&e Cmm.00.+ ., c+0.4er0 ,&*, ,&e/e+er*2 re'.reme+,0 - -*.r+e00 c+,*.+e4 .+ Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !) .+c2'4.+/ ,&er./&, +, , .+cr.m.+*,e +e0e2- *2 , cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0 .+ re0ec, - *22 ,e0 - cr.m.+*2 --e+ce0 5.,&', 4.0,.+c,.+ -rm ,&e m0, 0.m2e ,,&e m0, cm2e# T&e 'b2.c .+,ere0, c*++, be .+"Ke4 , 6'0,.- ,&e '0e - *+05er0 cm'20r.2 b,*.+e4 .+ * ++=6'4.c.*2 .+"e0,./*,.+ , .+cr.m.+*,e,&e *cc'0e4 4'r.+/ ,&e ,r.*2 rcee4.+/0# I, .0 +,e5r,& .+ ,&.0 re0ec, ,&*,'+4er ,&e re2e"*+, 2e/.02*,.+ 0,*,eme+,0 b,*.+e4 '+4er cm'20r 5er0

b ,&e Ser.'0 Fr*'4 O--.ce c*++, *0 * /e+er*2 r'2e be *44'ce4 .+e".4e+ce *, ,&e 0'b0e'e+, ,r.*2 - ,&e er0+ c+cer+e4# Mre"er ,&e -*c,,&*, 0,*,eme+,0 5ere m*4e b ,&e *2.c*+, r.r , &.0 be.+/ c&*r/e4 4e0+, re"e+, ,&e.r 2*,er '0e .+ cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0 -rm c+0,.,',.+/ *+.+-r.+/eme+, - ,&e r./&,#

73# I, -2250 -rm ,&e *b"e *+*20.0 *+4 -rm ,&e -*c, ,&*,0ec,.+ (3) - ,&e Cm*+.e0 Ac, 13 *',&r.0e0 *0 +,e4 b b,& ,&e,r.*2 6'4/e *+4 ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 ,&e 0'b0e'e+, '0e .+ cr.m.+*2

rcee4.+/0 - 0,*,eme+,0 b,*.+e4 b ,&e .+0ec,r0 ,&*, ,&e "*r.'0 rce4'r*2 0*-e/'*r40 , 5&.c& re-ere+ce &*0 bee+ m*4e b ,&e re0+4e+,G"er+me+, (0ee *r*/r*& ! *b"e) c*++, r".4e * 4e-e+ce .+ ,&e

re0e+, c*0e 0.+ce ,&e 4.4 +, er*,e , re"e+, ,&e '0e - ,&e 0,*,eme+,0.+ ,&e 0'b0e'e+, cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0#7!# Accr4.+/2 ,&ere &*0 bee+ *+ .+-r.+/eme+, .+ ,&e re0e+, c*0e -

,&e r./&, +, , .+cr.m.+*,e +e0e2-#

(. A$$eed !isuse of 'o-ers %+ the 'rosecutin authorities

77# T&e *2.c*+, *20 cm2*.+e4 ,&*, ,&e r0ec',.+/ *',&r.,.e0 &*44e2.ber*,e2 4e2*e4 ,&e .+0,.,',.+ - ,&e 2.ce .+"e0,./*,.+ , e+*b2e ,&e.+0ec,r0 , /*,&er e".4e+ce '+4er ,&e.r 0ec.*2 5er0# He re-erre4 , ,&emee,.+/ + J*+'*r 17 be,5ee+ ,&e .+0ec,r0 *+4 rere0e+,*,."e0 -

%




,&e Cr5+ Pr0ec',.+ Ser".ce (0ee *r*/r*& % *b"e) 5&.c& rece4e4,&e -rm*2 .+.,.*,.+ - ,&e 2.ce .+"e0,./*,.+ b 0me ,&ree m+,&0 (0ee

*r*/r*& %! *b"e)# I+ *44.,.+ 4c'me+,0 4.0c20e4 -r ,&e 'r0e0 - ,&e m0, rece+, *e*2 (0ee *r*/r*&0 = *b"e) 0&5e4 ,&*, .+ ,&e5r40 - ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 *22 c+cer+e4 5ere c+0c.'0 ,&*, ,&e.+0ec,r0 &*4 /re*,er 5er0 ,&*+ ,&e 2.ce 5&e+ c+4'c,.+/ ,&e.r .+,er".e50 *+4 ., 5*0 c2e*r2 &e4 ,&*, ,&e .+0ec,r0 5'24 e2.c.,*+05er0 ### 5&.c& c'24 be '0e4 .+ e".4e+ce *, ,r.*2#

He re*0+e4 ,&*, ,&e -*c, ,&*, ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 &*4 -'+4 ,&*, ,&ere&*4 bee+ + *b'0e - rce00 0&'24 +, be 4ec.0."e 0.+ce ,&e 4me0,.cc'r, c'24 +, *2 ,&e C+"e+,.+ *+4 &*4 bee+ b'+4 b E+/2.0& 2*5 ,c+c2'4e ,&*, ,&e '0e m*4e *, ,r.*2 - ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 - ,&e .+,er".e50 5.,&,&e .+0ec,r0 &*4 +, bee+ '+-*.r#

7# T&e G"er+me+, em&*0.0e4 ,&*, ,&e *2.c*+, &*4 *2re*4 *r/'e4,&.0 .00'e be-re ,&e C'r, - Ae*2 5.,&', 0'cce00 (0ee *r*/r*& *b"e) *+4 ,&*, .+ r*.0.+/ ., */*.+ .+ S,r*0b'r/ &e 5*0 *,,em,.+/ , '0e ,&eC'r, *0 * -'r,& .+0,*+ce c+,r*r , ,&e e0,*b2.0&e4 6'r.0r'4e+ce - ,&eC'r,#

7# T&e Cmm.00.+ -'+4 ., '++ece00*r , c+0.4er ,&.0 &e*4 - cm2*.+, .+ ".e5 - .,0 -.+4.+/ ,&*, ,&e *2.c*+, &*4 bee+ 4e+.e4 * -*.r ,r.*2 b re*0+ - ,&e '0e m*4e - ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 4'r.+/ &.0 ,r.*2#

# I+ ,&e 2./&, - ,&e *b"e -.+4.+/ - *+ .+-r.+/eme+, - ,&e r./&, +,, .+cr.m.+*,e +e0e2- ,&e C'r, c+0.4er0 ., '++ece00*r , e*m.+e ,&e*2.c*+,’0 *22e/*,.+0 + ,&.0 .+,# I, +,e0 &5e"er ,&e -.+4.+/0 - ,&eC'r, - Ae*2 ,&*, ,&e .+0ec,r0 &*4 c+4'c,e4 ,&e.r .+'.r.e0.+4ee+4e+,2 5.,&', br.e-.+/ r rm,.+/ b ,&e r0ec',.+/ *',&r.,.e0*+4 ,&*, ,&ere &*4 bee+ + .mrer r '+-*.r c22'0.+ be,5ee+ ,&em (0ee

*r*/r*& *b"e)#

C. Conc$usion

1# I+ c+c2'0.+ ,&e *2.c*+, 5*0 4er."e4 - * -*.r &e*r.+/ .+".2*,.+ - Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 - ,&e C+"e+,.+ (*r,# !=1)#

II# APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CON9ENTION (*r,# 3)%# T&e *2.c*+, 0'/&, 6'0, 0*,.0-*c,.+ '+4er Ar,.c2e 3 - ,&e

C+"e+,.+ (*r,# 3) 5&.c& re*40 *0 -2250

I- ,&e C'r, -.+40 ,&*, * 4ec.0.+ r * me*0're ,*Ke+ b * 2e/*2 *',&r., r *+,&er *',&r., - * H./& C+,r*c,.+/ P*r, .0 cm2e,e2 r *r,.*22 .+ c+-2.c, 5.,&,&e b2./*,.+0 *r.0.+/ -rm ,&e ### C+"e+,.+ *+4 .- ,&e .+,er+*2 2*5 - ,&e 0*.4 P*r,*2250 +2 *r,.*2 re*r*,.+ , be m*4e -r ,&e c+0e'e+ce0 - ,&.0 4ec.0.+ r me*0're ,&e 4ec.0.+ - ,&e C'r, 0&*22 .- +ece00*r *--r4 6'0, 0*,.0-*c,.+ , ,&e.+6're4 *r,#

A. Da!ae

%




1. Pecuniary da&age

# T&e *2.c*+, 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, ,&e r0ec',.+ c*0e */*.+0, &.m 5'24&*"e bee+ .+ 0er.'0 4.--.c'2,.e0 b', -r ,&e e".4e+ce .+,r4'ce4 *, &.0 ,r.*2.+ ".2*,.+ - Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !)# He ,&'0 c2*.me4 ec'+.*r 200 *m'+,.+/, !!11#7# T&.0 c2*.m 5*0 m*4e ' - 0'm0 .+ re0ec, - 200 - e*r+.+/0 ' , M* 13 ,r*"e22.+/ *+4 0'b0.0,e+ce ee+0e0 -ee0 *.4 ,02.c.,r0 (P*+e H.cK0 Be*c&) re2*,.+/ , ,&e .+,er".e50 be-re ,&e.+0ec,r0 *+4 , 02.c.,r0 (L*+4*' *+4 L*+4*') .+ re0ec, - .+,er *2.* ,&ecr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0#

A, ,&e &e*r.+/ be-re ,&e C'r, &5e"er ,&e *2.c*+, *cce,e4 ,&*,,r'e cme+0*,.+ 5'24 be * -.+4.+/ .+ &.0 -*"'r b ,&e C'r, *+4 ,&ere0'2,.+/ ".+4.c*,.+ - &.0 /4 +*me#

# T&e G"er+me+, 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, ,&e *2.c*+,’0 c2*.m -r ec'+.*r200 5*0 ece00."e# I+ *r,.c'2*r ,&e .+,e4 ', ,&*, Mr S*'+4er0 &*4 +,cr.,.c.0e4 ,&e .+"e0,./*,.+ b ,&e .+0ec,r0 .,0e2- b', &*4 ++e,&e2e000'/&, re.mb'r0eme+, -r &.0 2e/*2 c0,0 .+ c++ec,.+ 5.,& .,# >.,& re/*r4, &.0 c2*.m -r 200 - e*r+.+/0 ,&e 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, &e 5*0 4.0m.00e4 bG'.++e00 -225.+/ ,&e cm*+’0 5+ .+"e0,./*,.+ .+, ,&e c+4'c, - ,&e,*Ke="er# Mre"er &e &*4 bee+ .+ rece., - * e+0.+ -rm G'.++e00 - 7 er *++'m 0.+ce &.0 4.0m.00*2 .+ *44.,.+ , 5&.c& 0.+ceM* 1 &e &*4 e*r+e4 *r.m*,e2 1%3 +e, er *++'m *0 *

b'0.+e00 c+0'2,*+,#3# T&e De2e/*,e - ,&e Cmm.00.+ em&*0.0e4 ,&*, .+ -.+4.+/ *

bre*c& - Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 (*r,# !=1) ,&e Cmm.00.+ c'24 +, be ,*Ke+ ,&*"e m*4e *+ 0'//e0,.+ *0 , ,&e 2.Ke2 ',cme - Mr S*'+4er0’0 ,r.*2&*4 ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 +, bee+ *4m.,,e4 .+ e".4e+ce#

!# T&e C'r, b0er"e0 ,&*, ,&e -.+4.+/ - * bre*c& .+ ,&e re0e+, c*0ec+cer+e4 ,&e cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0 */*.+0, ,&e *2.c*+, *+4 +, ,&e

rcee4.+/0 be-re ,&e .+0ec,r0 *b', 5&.c& + cm2*.+, 5*0 m*4e#Mre"er ., c*++, 0ec'2*,e *0 , ,&e 'e0,.+ 5&e,&er ,&e ',cme - ,&e,r.*2 5'24 &*"e bee+ *+ 4.--ere+, &*4 '0e +, bee+ m*4e - ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0

b ,&e r0ec',.+ (0ee m',*,.0 m',*+4.0 ,&e J&+ M'rr* 6'4/me+, c.,e4*b"e *, *r*/r*& ! # 3% *r*# 3!) *+4 2.Ke ,&e Cmm.00.+ '+4er2.+e0,&*, ,&e -.+4.+/ - * bre*c& - ,&e C+"e+,.+ .0 +, , be ,*Ke+ , c*rr *+

.m2.c*,.+ *0 re/*r40 ,&*, 'e0,.+#I, ,&ere-re c+0.4er0 ,&*, + c*'0*2 c++ec,.+ &*0 bee+ e0,*b2.0&e4

be,5ee+ ,&e 200e0 c2*.me4 b ,&e *2.c*+, *+4 ,&e C'r,’0 -.+4.+/ - *".2*,.+#

". onpecuniary da&age

7# T&e *2.c*+, 0'/&, ++=ec'+.*r 4*m*/e0 - 1 m.22.+ ,cme+0*,e &.m -r ,&e 4e+.*2 - &.0 r./&, , * -*.r ,r.*2 *+4 ,&e re0'2,.+/*+.e, *+/'.0& *+4 .mr.0+me+,#

%3




# T&e G"er+me+, 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, + *5*r4 0&'24 be m*4e '+4er ,&.0&e*4#

# T&e C'r, c+0.4er0 ,&*, .+ ,&e c.rc'm0,*+ce0 - ,&e c*0e ,&e-.+4.+/ - * ".2*,.+ c+0,.,',e0 0'--.c.e+, 6'0, 0*,.0-*c,.+ .+ re0ec, - *+++=ec'+.*r 4*m*/e 0'0,*.+e4#

(. Costs and e5'enses

# T&e *2.c*+, c2*.me4 * ,,*2 - !!#73 b 5* - c0,0 *+4ee+0e0 .+ c++ec,.+ 5.,& ,&e S,r*0b'r/ rcee4.+/0# T&.0 5*0cm0e4 - (1) %%#3 .+ re0ec, - c'+0e2’0 -ee0 (%) %%1#%3 .+re0ec, - 02.c.,r0’ -ee0 *+4 () %113 c+cer+.+/ ,&e -ee0 - ,&e*2.c*+,’0 *4".0er0 Mr *+4 Mr0 De"2.+#

1# T&e G"er+me+, c+0.4ere4 ,&*, ,&e *m'+,0 c2*.me4 '+4er ,&.0&e*4 5ere ece00."e# I+ *r,.c'2*r ,&e 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, + *5*r4 0&'24 bem*4e .+ re0ec, - ,&e -ee0 - Mr *+4 Mr0 De"2.+ 0.+ce ,&e *2.c*+, c'24&*"e e--ec,."e2 re0e+,e4 &.0 c*0e .+ S,r*0b'r/ 5.,& ,&e *00.0,*+ce +2-rm eer.e+ce4 02.c.,r0 *+4 2e*4.+/ *+4 6'+.r c'+0e2#

%# T&e De2e/*,e - ,&e Cmm.00.+ &*4 + cmme+,0 , m*Ke + ,&e*m'+,0 c2*.me4#

# T&e C'r, .0 +, 0*,.0-.e4 ,&*, ,&e *m'+,0 c2*.me4 b ,&e *2.c*+,5ere +ece00*r.2 .+c'rre4 r re*0+*b2e *0 , '*+,'m# Dec.4.+/ + *+e'.,*b2e b*0.0 ., *5*r40 73 '+4er ,&.0 &e*4#

C. Defau$t interest# Accr4.+/ , ,&e .+-rm*,.+ *"*.2*b2e , ,&e C'r, ,&e 0,*,',r

r*,e - .+,ere0, *2.c*b2e .+ ,&e U+.,e4 $.+/4m *, ,&e 4*,e - *4,.+ - ,&e re0e+, 6'4/me+, .0 X er *++'m#

FOR THESE REASONS THE COURT

1# H240 b 0.,ee+ ",e0 , -'r ,&*, ,&ere &*0 bee+ * ".2*,.+ - Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 - ,&e C+"e+,.+ (*r,# !=1)

%# H240 '+*+.m'02 ,&*, ,&e -.+4.+/ - * ".2*,.+ c+0,.,',e0 0'--.c.e+, 6'0, 0*,.0-*c,.+ .+ re0ec, - *+ ++=ec'+.*r 4*m*/e 0'0,*.+e4

# H240 '+*+.m'02(*) ,&*, ,&e re0+4e+, S,*,e .0 , * ,&e *2.c*+, 5.,&.+ ,&ree m+,&073 (0e"e+,=-."e ,&'0*+4 '+40 0,er2.+/) .+ re0ec, - c0,0 *+4ee+0e0(b) ,&*, 0.m2e .+,ere0, *, *+ *++'*2 r*,e - X 0&*22 be **b2e -rm ,&ee.r - ,&e *b"e=me+,.+e4 ,&ree m+,&0 '+,.2 0e,,2eme+,

%!




# D.0m.00e0 '+*+.m'02 ,&e rem*.+4er - ,&e c2*.m -r 6'0, 0*,.0-*c,.+#

D+e .+ E+/2.0& *+4 .+ Fre+c& *+4 4e2."ere4 *, * 'b2.c &e*r.+/ .+ ,&eH'm*+ R./&,0 B'.24.+/ S,r*0b'r/ + 17 December 1!#

R'42- BERNHARDTPre0.4e+,

Herber, PET@OLDRe/.0,r*r

I+ *ccr4*+ce 5.,& Ar,.c2e 31 *r*# % - ,&e C+"e+,.+ (*r,# 31=%) *+4R'2e 3 *r*# % - R'2e0 - C'r, A ,&e -225.+/ 0e*r*,e .+.+0 *re*++ee4 , ,&.0 6'4/me+,

(*) c+c'rr.+/ .+.+ - Mr >*20&

(b) c+c'rr.+/ .+.+ - Mr De Meer

(c) c+c'rr.+/ .+.+ - Mr Mre+.22*

(4) c+c'rr.+/ .+.+ - Mr Re.K(e) c+c'rr.+/ .+.+ - Mr Pe,,.,.

(-) 4.00e+,.+/ .+.+ - Mr 9*2,.c0 6.+e4 b Mr G2cK2

(/) 4.00e+,.+/ .+.+ - Mr M*r,e+0 6.+e4 b Mr $'r.0#

R# B#H# P#

%7



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENT %7CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE >ALSH

CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE >ALSH

I -'22 */ree 5.,& ,&e 6'4/me+, - ,&e m*6r., 0*"e -r ,&e re0er"*,.+0e, ', .+ ,&e 2*0, *r*/r*& be25#

T&e -*c, .0 ,&*, ,&e ,r.*2 - ,&e *2.c*+, m'0, be re/*r4e4 *0 be.+/c+,r*r , Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 - ,&e C+"e+,.+ (*r,# !=1) bec*'0e ., 5*0'+-*.r .+*0m'c& *0 0me - ,&e e".4e+ce '+ 5&.c& &.0 c+".c,.+ 5*0

b*0e4 5*0 b,*.+e4 b 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ + ,&e *r, - ,&e *2.c*+, *+4,&*, ,&e 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ 5*0 +, ,&e re0'2, - ,&e '+-e,,ere4 eerc.0e - &.05+ 5.22 *+4 ,&e C'r, re/*r40 *0 * -'+4*me+,*2 r./&, - *+ *cc'0e4 er0+,&*, &e m'0, +, be b2./e4 r cme22e4 , .+cr.m.+*,e &.m0e2-# Per0+0 *re*25*0 -ree , .+cr.m.+*,e ,&em0e2"e0 .- .+ 4.+/ 0 ,&e *re eerc.0.+/ ,&e.r 5+ 5.22 b', ,&*, .0 e00e+,.*22 4.--ere+, -rm * er0+ be.+/ cme22e4 .+

*+ cr.m.+*2 c*0e , be * 5.,+e00 */*.+0, &.m0e2-# T&e rce00 b 5&.c& ,&e re0e+, *2.c*+, 5*0 br'/&, , ,&*, 0.,'*,.+ 5*0 ,&e eerc.0e - * *r,.c'2*r 5er eerc.0e4 '+4er c'rre+, E+/2.0& 2e/.02*,.+ b .+0ec,r05& .+ ,&e 5r40 - *+ E+/2.0& c'r, 5ere eerc.0.+/ .+'.0.,r.*2 5er0/."e+ ,&em b 2*5 *0 4.0,.+c, -rm *4m.+.0,er.+/ 6'0,.ce# I, .0 .mr,*+, ,

be*r .+ m.+4 ,&*, ,&.0 c*0e 4e0 +, c+cer+ +2 * r'2e - e".4e+ce b', .0c+cer+e4 5.,& ,&e e.0,e+ce - ,&e -'+4*me+,*2 r./&, */*.+0, cm'20r0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ 5&.c& .0 rec/+.0e4 b ,&.0 C'r, *0 * -'+4*me+,*2 r./&,#T&.0 r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ .0 rb*b2 m0, 5.4e2 K+5+ b,&0e 5& -225 *+4 0,'4 U+.,e4 S,*,e0 6'r.0r'4e+ce *0 +e - ,&e m0,5.4e2 K+5+ *+4 4eb*,e4 - ,&e /'*r*+,ee0 - er0+*2 2.ber, .+ ,&e B.22- R./&,0 - ,&e U+.,e4 S,*,e0 C+0,.,',.+ be.+/ +e - ,&e r./&,0.+crr*,e4 .+ ,&e F.-,& Ame+4me+, - ,&e U+.,e4 S,*,e0 C+0,.,',.+# T&er./&, , ,&e r,ec,.+ */*.+0, cm'20r 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ .0 +, 0.m2 *r./&, , re-'0e , ,e0,.- .+ * c'r, b', m'0, *20 *2 , b4.e0 e+45e4 b,&e 2*5 5.,& .+'.0.,r.*2 5er0 *+4 ,&e r./&, , re-'0e , *+05er 'e0,.+05&.c& m* e+ *+ .+cr.m.+*,.+/ 2.+e - .+'.r# T&e 0ee40 - ,&.0 r.".2e/e5ere 2*+,e4 .+ ,&e ,&.r,ee+,& ce+,'r .+ E+/2.0& cmm+ 2*5 5&e+ ,&eE+/2.0& ecc2e0.*0,.c*2 c'r,0 be/*+ , *4m.+.0,er 5&*, 5*0 c*22e4 ,&e *,&e --.c. , 0'0ec,e4 &ere,.c0# T&e r*c,.ce 5&.c& .+"2"e4 'e0,.+.+/ *0'0ec, 5& &*4 05r+ , ,e22 ,&e ,r',& 5*0 .+ .,0 4* '.,e re"2',.+*r

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6'4/me+, - &.0 /'.2,# U+-r,'+*,e2 ,&e +e5 00,em +*me2 ,&e *,& e--.c. 5*0 *b'0e4 b ,&e "*r.'0 ecc2e0.*0,.c*2 c'r,0 .+ ,&e.r e*2'00e*rc& -r &ere0# I, c'24 be *4m.+.0,ere4 5.,&', *+ re/*r4 *0 , 5&e,&er ,&ere 5*0 * rb*b2e c*'0e , ,&.+K ,&e *cc'0e4 5*0 /'.2, *+4 ,&ere-re



% SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENTCONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE >ALSH

5*0 re/*r4e4 *0 * "er '0e-'2 me4.'m - *+ '+,r*mme22e4 .+"e0,./*,.+ .+,,&e 2.-e - ,&e *cc'0e4# B ,&e 0.,ee+,& *+4 0e"e+,ee+,& ce+,'r.e0 .+

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r.".2e/e 5&ere ., .0 e".4e+, -rm ,&e .m2.c*,.+0 - ,&e 'e0,.+0 *+4 ,&e

0e,,.+/ .+ 5&.c& ,&e *re *0Ke4 ,&*, * re0+0."e *+05er , ,&e 'e0,.+ r *+ e2*+*,.+ *0 , 5& ., c*++, be *+05ere4 c'24 *20 be 4*+/er'0 bec*'0e .+6'r.'0 4.0c20're c'24 re0'2,# T&e 'e0,.+ - r.".2e/e */*.+0,0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ &*0 bee+ m'c& 4eb*,e4 .+ 4ec.0.+0 - ,&e S'reme C'r,- ,&e U+.,e4 S,*,e0 *+4 .+4ee4 .+ ,&er 0'er.r c'r,0 .+ ,&e U+.,e4 S,*,e0- Amer.c*# >&*, .0 0./+.-.c*+, .+ ,&e c+,e, - ,&e re0e+, c*0e .0 ,&*, 2.Kem*+ ,&er r".0.+0 - ,&e U+.,e4 S,*,e0 B.22 - R./&,0 , * 2*r/e e,e+,,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ r./.+*,e4 -rm ,&e E+/2.0& cmm+2*5 *0 ., *2.e4 .+ ,&e Amer.c*+ c2+.e0 be-re .+4ee+4e+ce# I, .0 5r,&rec*22.+/ ,&*, .+ ,&e ,r*"*' rY*r*,.re0 - ,&e E're*+ C+"e+,.+ ,&e



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENT %CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE >ALSH

Br.,.0& rere0e+,*,."e0 0,r+/2 m*4e ,&e .+, ,&*, E+/2.0& cmm+ 2*5*2re*4 --ere4 *0 m*+ 0*-e/'*r40 -r ,&e r,ec,.+ - -'+4*me+,*2 r./&,0

*0 4.4 c.".2=2*5 6'r.04.c,.+0# I+ ,&e U+.,e4 S,*,e0 ., 5*0 00.b2e b ,&ee.0,e+ce - ,&e c+0,.,',.+*2 B.22 - R./&,0 , /'*r*+,ee ,&e c+,.+'*,.+ - ,&e r,ec,.+0 *+4 r.".2e/e0 brr5e4 -rm E+/2.0& cmm+ 2*5 .+ * 5*5&.c& c'24 +, be *c&.e"e4 .+ E+/2*+4 5.,&', ,&e *4,.+ ,&ere - 0.m.2*r c+0,.,',.+*2 r".0.+0# O,&er cmm+ 2*5 c'+,r.e0 *200*-e/'*r4e4 cer,*.+ cmm+ 2*5 r./&,0 b .+crr*,.+/ ,&em .+, ,&e.r 5r.,,e+ c+0,.,',.+0 *0 .+4ee4 4.4 m 5+ c'+,r .+ ,&e C+0,.,',.+ - Ire2*+4#

I 0&'24 *44 ,&*, m ",e + ,&e 'e0,.+ '+4er Ar,.c2e 3 (*r,# 3)0&'24 +, be ,*Ke+ *0 *+ *cce,*+ce ,&*, .00'e0 4 +, *r.0e .+ ,&e 2./&, - ,&e C'r,’0 -.+4.+/ *0 , 5&e,&er ,&e *2.c*+, 0&'24 be *5*r4e4 0me

cme+0*,.+ b ,&e +*,.+*2 *',&r.,.e0 -r ,&e ,.me 4'r.+/ 5&.c& &e 5*04er."e4 - &.0 er0+*2 2.ber, *0 * re0'2, - &.0 c+".c,.+# H5e"er ., .0, be br+e .+ m.+4 ,&*, .+ rece+, e*r0 c'r,0 .+ ,&e U+.,e4 $.+/4m &*"e.+ 0e"er*2 c*0e0 *5*r4e4 cme+0*,.+ r 4*m*/e0 , er0+0 5&0ec+".c,.+0 5ere re"er0e4 bec*'0e ,&e &*4 bee+ b,*.+e4 b ,&e '0e r ++='0e - cer,*.+ e".4e+,.*2 m*,er.*2 *, ,&e ,r.*2 5&0e '0e r ++='0e *0,&e c*0e m* be 5*0 0'--.c.e+, , e0,*b2.0& ,&*, ,&e "er4.c, *, ,&e ,r.*2 5*0'+0*-e *+4 0&'24 +, be *225e4# T&e m* */*.+ be *0Ke4 , 4 0 .+ ,&e

re0e+, c*0e# I, .0 mre"er , be +,e4 ,&*, .+ E+/2.0& 0,*,',e 2*5 ,&ere *re"*r.'0 Ac,0 5&.c& r&.b., ,&e cm'20r 4.0c20're - --e+ce0 r *2,er+*,."e2 re"e+, 0'c& e".4e+ce be.+/ '0e4 *0 *r, - ,&e r0ec',.+ .+c*0e0 *0 "*r.e4 *0 b*+Kr',c 5r+/-'2 c+"er0.+ crr',.+ *+4 .22e/*2

r*c,.ce0 4e0,r'c,.+ - 5.220 *+4 ,&e 0,e*2.+/ - 4c'me+,0 , ,.,2e e,c# T&e re0e+, 0,*,',r r".0.+0 5&.c& &*"e /."e+ r.0e , ,&e .+0,*+, c*0e *re * 0,=C+"e+,.+ c+0,.,',.+*2 4e*r,'re -rm cmm+ 2*5 .+ E+/2*+4 b',*20 -rm ,&e r.+c.2e0 4.0c20e4 .+ ,&e "*r.'0 0,*,',e0 re-erre4 ,#



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENTCONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE DE ME?ER

CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE DE ME?ER

T&'/& c+c'rr.+/ .+ ,&e re0'2, - ,&.0 6'4/me+, I &*"e 0er.'0re0er"*,.+0 c+cer+.+/ ,&e C'r,’0 re*0+.+/ .+ *r*/r*& !7 5&.c& 0eem0, .m2 ,&*, ,&e rcee4.+/0 c+4'c,e4 b ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 '+4er ,&eCm*+.e0 Ac, 13 c*+ be 0e*r*,e4 -rm ,&0e .+"2".+/ ,&e4e,erm.+*,.+ - * cr.m.+*2 c&*r/e#

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be,5ee+ .+-rm*,.+ 0 b,*.+e4 b ,&e .+0ec,r0 *+4 .+-rm*,.+ b,*.+e4 b member0 - ,&e 2.ce r - ,&e 6'4.c.*r .+ ,&e c'r0e - * cr.m.+*2

rce4're 0,r.c, 0e+0'# I+ ,&e 00,em - ,&e Ac, c+cer+e4 e*c& - ,&e0ec*,e/r.e0 - .+-rm*,.+ .0 *r, - ,&e e".4e+ce , be c+0.4ere4 .+ ,&e4e,erm.+*,.+ - ,&e cr.m.+*2 c&*r/e *+4 ,&'0 ,&e *4m.+.0,r*,."e r re*r*,r .+"e0,./*,.+! er-rme4 b ,&e .+0ec,r0 .0 .+ -*c, * *r, - ,&e cr.m.+*2 rce4're# T&ere-re ,&e r./&, , 0.2e+ce *+4 ,&e r./&, +, ,.+cr.m.+*,e +e0e2- m'0, *20 *2 , ,&*, re2.m.+*r .+"e0,./*,.+# T&e0er./&,0 5ere .+ ,&e -.r0, 2*ce 4.0re/*r4e4 .+ ,&e 13 Ac, .,0e2- 0.+ce .,00ec,.+ m*Ke0 ., *+ b2./*,.+ , *+05er ,&e 'e0,.+0 - ,&e .+0ec,r07

*+4 .,0 0ec,.+ ! r".4e0 -r ,&e '+.0&me+, - ,&0e re-'0.+/ , *+05er ,&em#

See *r*/r*& !7 - ,&e 6'4/me+,#3 See *r*/r*& - ,&e 6'4/me+,#! See *r*/r*& !7 - ,&e 6'4/me+,#7 See *r*/r*& - ,&e 6'4/me+,# See *r*/r*&0 *+4 3 - ,&e 6'4/me+,#



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENT 1CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE MORENILLA

CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE MORENILLA

I 0&*re ,&e c+c2'0.+ - ,&e m*6r., ,&*, ,&e *2.c*+, 5*0 4e+.e4 *r./&, , * -*.r ,r.*2 + *cc'+, - ,&e -*c, ,&*, &.0 r./&, +, , .+cr.m.+*,e&.m0e2- 5*0 .+-r.+/e4#

H5e"er .+ re*c&.+/ ,&.0 c+c2'0.+ ,&e m*6r., 0&'24 +, &*"e0'/&, , *0cer,*.+ ,&e '0e e,e+0."e r ,&er5.0e 5&.c& 5*0 m*4e - ,&e*2.c*+,’0 0,*,eme+,0 4'r.+/ ,&e cr.m.+*2 ,r.*2# I c*++, 0'b0cr.be , 0'c& *+*r*c&# Fr me ,&e mere -*c, ,&*, ,&e *2.c*+,’0 0,*,eme+,0 &*4 bee+b,*.+e4 '+4er cm'20.+ *+4 5ere c+0.4ere4 b ,&e r0ec',.+ , be.+cr.m.+*,.+/ *+4 ,&'0 c**b2e - re.+-rc.+/ ,&e.r c*0e *re 0'--.c.e+,re*0+0 er 0e , &*"e ec2'4e4 ,&e 0,*,eme+,0 *, ,&e ,r.*2# T&e *2.c*+, 5*0cme22e4 , m*Ke ,&e 0,*,eme+,0 .+ ,&e rcee4.+/0 be-re ,&e DTI

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be *, ,&e &e*r, - * -*.r ,r.*2 (0ee *r*/r*& ! - ,&e 6'4/me+,)#T&e m*6r., re-er *, *r*/r*& !7 - ,&e 6'4/me+, , ,&e C'r,’0 e*r2.er

6'4/me+, .+ F*e4 "# ,&e U+.,e4 $.+/4m (%1 Se,ember 1 Ser.e0 A +#%=B) 5&ere ., .0 0,*,e4 ,&*, ,&e 'r0e - .+"e0,./*,.+0 0'c& *0 ,&e +e *,.00'e 5*0 , *0cer,*.+ *+4 recr4 -*c,0 5&.c& m./&, 0'b0e'e+,2 be '0e4*0 ,&e b*0.0 -r *c,.+ b ,&er cme,e+, *',&r.,.e0 = r0ec',.+/re/'2*,r 4.0c.2.+*r r e"e+ 2e/.02*,."e# I 0&'24 2.Ke , 0,re00 ,&*, ,&.0c+c2'0.+ m'0, be ,re*,e4 5.,& *r,.c'2*r c*',.+ e0ec.*22 *0 re/*r40

r0ec',.+0# >&.2e */ree.+/ 5.,& ,&e m*6r., ,&*, 0,*,eme+,0 m*4e '+4er cm'20.+ b *+ .+4.".4'*2 4'r.+/ 0'c& .+"e0,./*,.+0 m* be '0e4 *0 ,&e

b*0.0 -r *c,.+ b .+,er *2.* ,&e r0ec',.+ I 5'24 em&*0.0e ,&*, ,&.0

4e0 +, me*+ ,&*, ,&e m* be *4m.,,e4 *0 e".4e+ce */*.+0, ,&*, .+4.".4'*2.+ *+ 0'b0e'e+, cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0#



% SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENTCONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE REPI$

CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE REPI$

(Translation)

>&.20, I c+c'r .+ ,&e C'r,’0 -.+4.+/ ,&*, ,&ere &*0 bee+ * ".2*,.+ - Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 (*r,# !=1) I *m '+*b2e , */ree 5.,& ,&e 5r4.+/ - ,&e -.r0,0'b=*r*/r*& - *r*/r*& !7 - ,&e 6'4/me+, .+*0m'c& *0 ., .m2.e0 ,&*,Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 - ,&e C+"e+,.+ (*r,# !=1) 4e0 +, *2 , ,&e

rcee4.+/0 c+4'c,e4 b ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0#I+ ,&e c+,e, - ,&e 6'4/me+, ,&*, *00*/e *e*r0 , be 0'er-2''0#

T&*, .00'e 5*0 +, r*.0e4 b ,&e *r,.e0 (0ee *r*/r*& !7 - ,&e 6'4/me+,-.r0, 0e+,e+ce - ,&e -.r0, 0'b=*r*/r*&) *+4 ,&e C'r, 0,*,e4 ,&*, .,0 02ec+cer+ 5*0 ,&e '0e m*4e - ,&e re2e"*+, 0,*,eme+,0 *, ,&e *2.c*+,’0

cr.m.+*2 ,r.*2 (*r*/r*& !7 - ,&e 6'4/me+, 0ec+4 0'b=*r*/r*&)# I- ,&e *00*/e c+cer+e4 5*0 mere2 0'er-2''0 ,&e m*,,er c'24 be 2e-, ,&ere*+4 4.0re/*r4e4 + ,&e r.+c.2e 0'er-2''m ++ +ce,#

H5e"er ,&e C'r, *e*r0 , &*"e 4ec.4e4 ,&e .00'e *2,&'/&c+-.+.+/ .,0e2- , * 0'mm*r re-ere+ce , ,&e De5eer "# Be2/.'m *+4 F*e4"# ,&e U+.,e4 $.+/4m 6'4/me+,0 (%7 Febr'*r 1 Ser.e0 A +# 3 *+4%1 Se,ember 1 Ser.e0 A +# %=B) 5.,&', ,*K.+/ *cc'+, - ,&e -*c,,&*, ,&e .00'e , be 4ec.4e4 4.--er0 -rm ,&e +e0 ,&*, *r0e .+ ,&0e ,5c*0e0 *+4 5.,&', ',,.+/ -r5*r4 *+ *r/'me+, *, , 0'r, .,0 0.,.+#T&e 'e0,.+ 5*0 +, 5&e,&er ,&e .+0ec,r0 5ere em5ere4 , 4e,erm.+e* cr.m.+*2 c&*r/e# T&e 'e0,.+ - ,&e *2.c*b.2., - Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 (*r,#!=1) .+ ,&e cr.m.+*2 0&ere .0 +, ,&e 0*me *0 .+ ,&e c.".2 0&ere c+0.4ere4.+ ,&e F*e4 6'4/me+,# I, .0 '.,e '++ece00*r -r ,&e .+0ec,r0 , &*"e *+4ec.0.+=m*K.+/ 5er0 ., 0'--.ce0 ,&*, ,&e &*"e .+"e0,./*,."e

5er0 .+ re0ec, - * cr.m.+*2 c&*r/e# I, .0 +, 0 r*re .+ *r,.c'2*r .+,&e -.+*+c.*2 0ec,r -r *4m.+.0,r*,."e b4.e0 , be "e0,e4 5.,& 5er0 *,,&e re=,r.*2 0,*/e - cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0# A4m.,,e42 '+4er 4me0,.c 2*5,&e rcee4.+/0 be-re ,&e .+0ec,r0 4.4 +, -rm *r, - ,&e cr.m.+*2

rcee4.+/0 b', ,&e .00'e 5*0 5&e,&er r +, ,&e c+cer+e4 * cr.m.+*2c&*r/e 5.,&.+ ,&e *',+m'0 me*+.+/ - ,&*, ere00.+ .+ Ar,.c2e !(*r,# !)# I+ ,&e .+0,*+, c*0e ., .0 +, c2e*r ,&*, ,&e *+05er , ,&*, 'e0,.+ .0

+ .- ,&e -225.+/ c.rc'm0,*+ce0 *re ,*Ke+ .+, c+0.4er*,.+(.) b 1% J*+'*r 17 *, ,&e 2*,e0, ,&e .+0ec,r0 5ere .+ 00e00.+ - c+cre,e e".4e+ce ,&*, cr.m.+*2 --e+ce0 &*4 bee+ cmm.,,e4 (0ee

*r*/r*& % - ,&e 6'4/me+,)(..) *0 e*r2 *0 J*+'*r 17 ,&e *2.c*+, 5*0 .4e+,.-.e4 *0 +e - ,&e

er0+0 0'0ec,e4 - &*".+/ cmm.,,e4 ,&0e --e+ce0 (0ee *r*/r*& % - ,&e 6'4/me+,)

(...) *, ,&e c+-ere+ce + %3 Febr'*r 17 *,,e+4e4 b member0 - ,&eCr5+ Pr0ec',.+ Ser".ce ., 5*0 +,e4 ,&*, 2.ce .+'.r.e0 5ere 6'0,.-.e40.+ce * -r*'4 &*4 c2e*r2 bee+ cmm.,,e4# H5e"er ., 5*0 4ec.4e4 , 4e2*



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENT CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE REPI$

cmme+c.+/ ,&e .+'.r bec*'0e ,&e 2.ce '+2.Ke ,&e .+0ec,r0 &*4 2.,,2e r0ec, - b,*.+.+/ '0e-'2 e".4e+ce -rm ,&e ,e+,.*2 4e-e+4*+,0 (0ee

A++e A , ,&e -'r,&er memr.*2 - ,&e G"er+me+, rece."e4 *, ,&e re/.0,r+ %% J*+'*r 1!)#

I+ ,&e.r 0e*r*,e .+.+0 J'4/e0 De Meer *+4 M*r,e+0 &*"e ,*Ke+ *5&22 c+,r*r ".e5 + ,&e 'e0,.+ - ,&e *2.c*b.2., - Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !), ,&e rcee4.+/0 be-re ,&e .+0ec,r0#

A0 ,&e C'r, "e+,'re4 , 4e,erm.+e ,&*, 'e0,.+ = *2,&'/& ., 5*0 +,+ece00*r -r .,0 4ec.0.+ = ., '/&, , &*"e /."e+ * re*0+e4 *+05er *+4 +,mere2 m*4e 4 5.,& * b*re re-ere+ce , ,&e F*e4 6'4/me+,#



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENTCONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE PETTITI

CONCURRING OPINION OF JUDGE PETTITI

(Translation)

I */ree 5.,& ,&e .+.+ - Mr Re.K#H5e"er I c+0.4er ,&*, *0 re/*r40 ,&e e--ec, - ,&e .+0ec,r0’

.+"e0,./*,.+ + ,&e rcee4.+/0 *cc'+, m'0, be ,*Ke+ - ,&e c*,e/r.e0 -

.+"e0,./*,.+ *+4 ,&e .m*c, - ,&e .+-rm*,.+ b,*.+e4 + ,&e rcee4.+/0,&em0e2"e0#



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENT 3DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE 9ALTICOS JOINED B? JUDGE G;LC<$L<

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE 9ALTICOS JOINED B?JUDGE G;LC<$L<

(Translation)

I+ ,&e e"2',.+ - cr.m.+*2 rce4're 0.+ce ,&e ,.me 5&e+ c+-e00.+5*0 ,&e 4ec.0."e -rm - e".4e+ce *+4 .+,err/*,.+ .+4ee4 .+'.0.,r.*2

rce4're .+ /e+er*2 5*0 ,&e re-erre4 me*+0 - b,*.+.+/ ., = *+4 5&e+ *0* re0'2, ,&e ,erm ,&e 'e0,.+ &*4 e"e+,'*22 cme , be 0++m'05.,& ,r,'re = 5e &*"e re*c&e4 ,&e ,&er e,reme ,&*, .0 ,&e r./&, +, ,.+cr.m.+*,e +e0e2- *, *22# H5e"er ,&ere m* be 4.0*/reeme+, *b', ,&e0ce - ,&.0 r.+c.2e#

A0 ,&e C'r, 0*0 ,&e G"er+me+, 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, ,&e r./&, +, ,.+cr.m.+*,e +e0e2- 5*0 +e.,&er *b02',e +r .mm',*b2e *+4 ,&*, ,&.0 *2.e4.+ *r,.c'2*r , .+"e0,./*,.+0 - cmmerc.*2 *+4 -.+*+c.*2 -r*'4 5&.c&5ere e0ec.*22 cm2e# I, m./&, be ,&'/&, ,&*, 5&ere 0me+e eerc.0e0,&e r./&, , rem*.+ 0.2e+, *+4 re2.e0 + ,&e r./&, +, , .+cr.m.+*,e &.m0e2- ,&.0 c'24 /."e r.0e , 0'0.c.+ *2,&'/& *4m.,,e42 ., 5'24 +, be * K.+4- .m2.c., c+-e00.+# B', ,&*, .0 +, ,&e .00'e &ere#

>&*, .0 .+ .00'e .0 ,&*, .+0ec,r0 *c,.+/ 'r0'*+, , ,&e Cm*+.e0 Ac,13 *0Ke4 Mr S*'+4er0 'e0,.+0 5&.c& &e 5*0 b2./e4 , *+05er r bec+".c,e4 - c+,em, - c'r, *+4 0e+,e+ce4 , * ,erm - .mr.0+me+,#T&e G"er+me+, 0'bm.,,e4 &5e"er ,&*, ++e - ,&e 0,*,eme+,0 m*4e *,

,&e ,.me .+cr.m.+*,e4 Mr S*'+4er0# B', ,&e m./&, &*"e 4+e r ,&e m./&,&*"e bee+ '0e4 .+ *+,&er c*0e#H5e"er * 0e+0e - rr,.+ m'0, be Ke, *+4 0me *cc'+, ,*Ke+ -

r.r.,.e0# I+ &.0 4.00e+,.+/ .+.+ J'4/e M*r,e+0 m*Ke0 ,&*, .+, "er er0'*0."e2 *+4 I */ree 5.,& &.m# SeeK.+/ , e2e"*,e , ,&e 0,*,'0 - *+*b02',e r'2e ,&e r./&, - er0+0 0'0ec,e4 - cr.m.+*2 --e+ce0 .+c2'4.+/0er.'0 cr.me0 +, , .+cr.m.+*,e ,&em0e2"e0 *+4 +, , *+05er *+'e0,.+ 5&.c& m./&, .+cr.m.+*,e ,&em 5'24 me*+ .+ m*+ c*0e0 ,&*,0c.e, 5*0 2e-, cm2e,e2 4e-e+ce2e00 .+ ,&e -*ce - e"er mre cm2e*c,.".,.e0 .+ * cmmerc.*2 *+4 -.+*+c.*2 5r24 ,&*, &*0 re*c&e4 *+'+rece4e+,e4 2e"e2 - 0&.0,.c*,.+# De-e+ce - ,&e .++ce+, m'0, +,

re0'2, .+ .m'+., -r ,&e /'.2,# I+ ,&e 4.2emm* + ,&.0 .+, 5&.c& &*0 bee+ cmme+,e4 + -,e+ .+ e*//er*,e4 ,erm0 0.+ce *+c.e+, ,.me0 ,&ere.0 rm -r re*0+*b2e m.442e c'r0e0# I+ ,&.0 -.e24 *0 .+ m*+ ,&er0 *

rer 0e+0e - rr,.+ m'0, be ,&e /'.4.+/ r'2e#I+ c+c2'0.+ I 4 +, c+0.4er ,&*, ,&ere &*0 bee+ * ".2*,.+ -

Ar,.c2e ! *r*# 1 (*r,# !=1) .+ ,&.0 c*0e#



!SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENTDISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MARTENS JOINED B? JUDGE $URIS

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MARTENS JOINED B?JUDGE $URIS

I = INTRODUCTION

6 A 6

1# I &*"e -'+4 ., .m00.b2e , c+".+ce m0e2- ,&*, .+ ,&.0 c*0e ,&eU+.,e4 $.+/4m &*0 ".2*,e4 Mr S*'+4er0’0 r./&,0 '+4er Ar,.c2e ! - ,&eC+"e+,.+ (*r,# !)# Nr &*0 ,&e C'r,’0 6'4/me+, 0 er0'*4e4 me#

%# >&*, .0 *, 0,*Ke .0 * K+,, b', .mr,*+, 'e0,.+ re2*,.+/ , * ,.c5&.c& .0 +, +2 "er c+,r"er0.*2 b', *20 *e*r0 r+e , *r'0.+/r*,&er 0,r+/ em,.+0#

A00'me ,&*, ,&e r./&, , 0.2e+ce *+4 ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0,0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ *re +, *b02',e (0ee *r*/r*&0 7 = 1% be25) b', = 2.Ke,&er r./&,0 .m2.e4 .+ Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !) = *225 -r 2.m.,*,.+0 *00'me-'r,&er ,&*, 0'c& 2.m.,*,.+0 c*++, be ,*Ke+ .+, *cc'+, '+2e00 ,&e *re .+*ccr4*+ce 5.,& ,&e 2*5 'r0'e * 2e/.,.m*,e *.m *+4 *re rr,.+*,e ,,&*, *.m ,&e+ ,&e 'e0,.+ becme0 Are ,&e0e re'.reme+,0 -'2-.22e4 .+ ,&e

re0e+, c*0eZ# U+2.Ke ,&e m*6r., I &*"e cme , ,&e c+c2'0.+ ,&*, ,&.0 'e0,.+

.0 , be *+05ere4 .+ ,&e *--.rm*,."e# I+ r4er , e2'c.4*,e ,&*, .+.+ I -.+4

., +ece00*r , 0,*r, 5.,& 0me /e+er*2 c+0.4er*,.+0 5.,& re0ec, , b,&

.mm'+.,.e0 .+ .00'e#

6 ( 6

# I+ .,0 6'4/me+, - Febr'*r 1! .+ ,&e c*0e - J&+ M'rr* "# ,&eU+.,e4 $.+/4m (Rer,0 - J'4/me+,0 *+4 Dec.0.+0 1!=I #

*r*# 3) ,&e C'r, &*0 rc2*.me4 ,&*, ,&e +,.+ - * -*.r rce4're '+4er Ar,.c2e ! - ,&e C+"e+,.+ (*r,# !) cmr.0e0 ,5 .mm'+.,.e0 ,&e r./&, ,rem*.+ 0.2e+, *+4 ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+#

T&e 5r4.+/ - ,&.0 *r*/r*& .+ ,&e J&+ M'rr* 6'4/me+, = e0ec.*22.- cm*re4 , ,&*, .+ *r*/r*& - ,&e F'+Ke "# Fr*+ce 6'4/me+, - %3 Febr'*r 1 (Ser.e0 A +# %3!=A # %% *r*# ) = c2e*r2 0'//e0,0

,&*, .+ ,&e C'r,’0 .+.+ ,5 0e*r*,e .mm'+.,.e0 *re .+"2"e4# Frm *c+ce,'*2 .+, - ".e5 ., 5'24 &5e"er 0eem b".'0 ,&*, ,&e r.".2e/e*/*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ ([ r'/&2 0e*K.+/ ,&e r./&, +, , be b2./e4 ,

r4'ce e".4e+ce */*.+0, +e0e2-) .0 ,&e br*4er r./&, 5&.c& e+cm*00e0,&e r./&, , 0.2e+ce ([ r'/&2 0e*K.+/ ,&e r./&, +, , *+05er 'e0,.+0)#

See ,&e A0&.+/4*+e "# ,&e U+.,e4 $.+/4m 6'4/me+, - % M* 13Ser.e0 A +# # %=%3 *r*# 37 *+4 m c+c'rr.+/ .+.+ .+ ,&e DeGe'--re 4e 2* Pr*4e22e "# Fr*+ce 6'4/me+, - 1! December 1% Ser.e0 A+# %3=B#



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENT 7DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MARTENS JOINED B? JUDGE $URIS

T&e re0e+, 6'4/me+, m*Ke0 ., 2e00 cer,*.+ ,&*, ,&e C'r, re*22 m*Ke0 *4.0,.+c,.+# I 5.22 cme b*cK , ,&*, *0ec, - ,&e re0e+, 6'4/me+, 2*,er +

(0ee *r*/r*& 1% be25)# Here ., 0'--.ce0 , +,e ,&*, .+ m .+.+ ,50e*r*,e b', re2*,e4 r./&,0 *re .+"2"e4 - 5&.c& ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ *0 I &*"e 6'0, .+4.c*,e4 .0 ,&e br*4er +e#

3# I+ *r*/r*& 3 - ,&e J&+ M'rr* 6'4/me+, ,&e C'r, -'r,&er +,e4,&*, ,&e0e r./&,0 *re +, 0ec.-.c*22 me+,.+e4 .+ Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !)# O- c'r0e ., 5*0 mre"er *5*re - ,&e -*c, ,&*, ,&e U+."er0*2 Dec2*r*,.+./+re0 b,& r./&,0 *+4 ,&*, ,&e I+,er+*,.+*2 C"e+*+, + C.".2 *+4 P2.,.c*2R./&,0 +2 c+,*.+0 ,&e r./&, +, , be cme22e4 , ,e0,.- */*.+0, &.m0e2- r , c+-e00 /'.2, (Ar,.c2e 1 *r*# (/))# I, +e"er,&e2e00 -e2, e+,.,2e4 ,&24 *0 .+4.c*,e4 .+ *r*/r*& *b"e + ,&e /r'+4 ,&*, ,&e0e ,5.mm'+.,.e0 *re /e+er*22 rec/+.0e4 .+,er+*,.+*2 0,*+4*r40# T&'0 .,

-'r+.0&e4 *2be., 0'b0e'e+,2 b,& 0me m,."*,.+ -r *+4 c2*r.-.c*,.+ - * 0.m.2*r -.+4.+/ .+ *r*/r*& - ,&e *b"e=me+,.+e4 F'+Ke 6'4/me+, *-.+4.+/ 5&.c& &*0 bee+ 5.4e2 cr.,.c.0e4 *0 be.+/ '+m,."*,e4 *+4 '+c2e*r#

!# I+ *r*/r*& 3 - ,&e J&+ M'rr* 6'4/me+, ,&e C'r, e"e+"e+,'re4 , / .+, ,&e 4.--.c'2, *+4 &./&2 c+,r"er0.*2 'e0,.+ - ,&er*,.+*2e - ,&e0e ,5 .mm'+.,.e0# I, 0*.4 ,&*,

B r".4.+/ ,&e *cc'0e4 5.,& r,ec,.+ */*.+0, .mrer cm'20.+ b ,&e*',&r.,.e0 ,&e0e .mm'+.,.e0 c+,r.b',e , *".4.+/ m.0c*rr.*/e0 - 6'0,.ce *+4 ,0ec'r.+/ ,&e *.m0 - Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !)#

6 C 67# I+ ,&e J&+ M'rr* c*0e I be2+/e4 , ,&e m*6r.,# A0 ,&e C'r,+,e4 5&*, 5*0 *, 0,*Ke .+ ,&*, c*0e 5*0 5&e,&er ,&e0e ,5 .mm'+.,.e05ere *b02',e# I 5*0 = *+4 I 0,.22 *m = c+".+ce4 ,&*, ,&.0 'e0,.+ 5*0r./&,2 *+05ere4 .+ ,&e +e/*,."e# C+0e'e+,2 I -'+4 ., +e.,&er +ece00*r+r r,'+e , ere00 m 4.0*/reeme+, .+ re0ec, - ,&e C'r,’0b0er"*,.+ ,&*, ,&e0e ,5 .mm'+.,.e0 2.e *, ,&e &e*r, - ,&e +,.+ - -*.r

rce4're# I +5 4 I -ee2 ,&*, ,&.0 &./&=0,r'+/ '*2.-.c*,.+ = 5&.c& .0ree*,e4 .+ *r*/r*& ! - ,&e re0e+, 6'4/me+, = .0 0me5&*,e*//er*,.+/ ,&e 5e./&, - b,& r./&,0 mre *r,.c'2*r2 ,&*, - ,&e

r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+#

# I ,&.+K ,&*, &.0,r.c*22 b,& r./&,0 m'0, be 0ee+ *0 ,&e "er +e/*,.+- ,&e 24 .+'.0.,r.*2 +,.+ ,&*, * c+-e00.+ .0 *+ .+4.0e+0*b2ec+4.,.+ -r c+".c,.+ *+4 ,&ere-re m'0, .- +ee4 be be e,r,e4# T&e0e.mm'+.,.e0 ,&'0 0er"e4 ,&e 'r0e - re"e+,.+/ 0'0ec,0 -rm be.+/0'b6ec,e4 , .mrer 1 &0.c*2 r 0c&2/.c*2 re00're# I *cce, ,&*,

1 Term ,*Ke+ -rm *r*/r*&0 3 *+4 ! - ,&e J&+ M'rr* 6'4/me+, re".'02 c.,e4 .- ,&e C'r,0 ,erm.+2/ .+ ,&*, 6'4/me+, .m2.e0 *0 I,&.+K ., 4e0 ,&*, +, e"er -rm - cm'20.+ ".2*,e0 ,&e0e r./&,0 I*/ree .- &5e"er ., .m2.e0 ,&*, e"er -rm - cm'20.+ .0 .mrer =



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENTDISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MARTENS JOINED B? JUDGE $URIS

b,& r./&,0 = *+4 mre e0ec.*22 ,&e r./&, , rem*.+ 0.2e+, = 0,.22 0er"e ,&.0 'r0e# A20 ,4* ., rem*.+0 +ece00*r , r,ec, 0'0ec,0 '+4er c'0,4.*2

2.ce 'e0,.+.+/ */*.+0, 0'c& re00're#I *20 *cce, ,&*, 0.+ce ,&ere .0 * +, +e/2./.b2e c&*+ce ,&*, 0,*,eme+,0

m*4e '+4er re00're m* be '+re2.*b2e ,&e r*,.+*2e - ,&e .mm'+.,.e0'+4er 4.0c'00.+ cmr.0e0 = *0 ,&e C'r, ', ., ,&e *".4*+ce - m.0c*rr.*/e0 - 6'0,.ce#

F'r,&ermre I *cce, ,&*, ,&ere .0 * cer,*.+ 2.+K be,5ee+ ,&e0e.mm'+.,.e0 *+4 ,&e re0'm,. .++ce+,.*e *0 e+0&r.+e4 .+ Ar,.c2e ! *r*# %(*r,# !=%) .+ 0 -*r *0 ,&e *225 *+ *cc'0e4 +, +2 , Kee 0.2e+, 4'r.+/

2.ce .+,err/*,.+ b', *20 , re-'0e , *+05er 'e0,.+0 - .+"e0,./*,.+/r ,r.*2 6'4/e0 *0 5e22 *0 , /."e e".4e+ce &.m0e2- 11#

# H5e"er ,&e0e r*,.+*2e0 &*r42 6'0,.- ,&e C'r,’0 '*2.-.c*,.+ -

,&e0e ,5 .mm'+.,.e0 *0 2.+/ *, ,&e &e*r, - ,&e +,.+ - -*.r rce4're# I,&ere-re 0'0ec, ,&*, ,&er +, e2.c.,2 me+,.+e4 r*,.+*2e0 &*"ec+,r.b',e4 , ,&*, '*2.-.c*,.+#

I+ ,&.0 c+,e, I +,e ,&*, 2e/*2 5r.,er0 *+4 c'r,0 &*"e -re'e+,2*cce,e4 * -'r,&er r*,.+*2e1%# I,0 -rm'2*,.+0 "*r b', ,&e *22 e00e+,.*22

b.2 45+ , ,&e r0.,.+ ,&*, re0ec, -r &'m*+ 4./+., *+4 *',+mre'.re0 ,&*, e"er 0'0ec, 0&'24 be cm2e,e2 -ree , 4ec.4e 5&.c&*,,.,'4e &e 5.22 *4, 5.,& re0ec, , ,&e cr.m.+*2 c&*r/e0 */*.+0, &.m# O+,&.0 ".e5 ., 5'24 be .mrer bec*'0e .+cm*,.b2e 5.,& 0'c& re0ec, ,cme2 *+ *cc'0e4 , cer*,e .+ 5&*,e"er 5* .+ br.+/.+/ *b', &.0 5+c+".c,.+# T&.0 r*,.+*2e -,e+ 0eem0 , be ,&e m*.+ 6'0,.-.c*,.+ -r ,&e

br*4er r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+#T&e re0e+, 6'4/me+, 0,r+/2 0'//e0,0 ,&*, ,&e C'r, +5 &*0 embr*ce4

,&.0 ".e5# A -.r0, *r/'me+, -r ,&.0 .+,erre,*,.+ .0 ,&*, .+ ,&e 0ec+40e+,e+ce - *r*/r*& ! ., ree*,0 ,&e r*,.+*2e /."e+ .+ J&+ M'rr* (0ee

*r*/r*& ! *b"e) b', = b re-*c.+/ .,0 ',*,.+ b ,&e 5r40 .+,er *2.*= '+4er2.+e0 ,&*, ,&.0 .0 +2 *r, - ,&e r*,.+*2e - ,&e ,5 .mm'+.,.e0# A0ec+4 *+4 0,.22 mre ,e22.+/ *r/'me+, .0 ,&e 0,re00 2*.4 b,& .+ ,&e 2*0,

5&.c& .0 * 00.b2e re*4.+/ ,&e mre 0 0.+ce ., 0'*re0 5.,& ,&e r*,.+*2e , be 4.0c'00e4 .+ *r*/r*& 1 be25 I 4.0*/ree *20 + ,&.0 .+,#11 See *r*/r*& 7 - ,&e *b"e=me+,.+e4 J&+ M'rr* 6'4/me+,#

1% I *00 "er = *0 .+ m ".e5 4e-ec,."e = 0'c& r*,.+*2e0 *0 ,&*, ,&e0e.mm'+.,.e0 re"e+, * 0'0ec, -rm be.+/ 0'b6ec,e4 , cr'e2 c&.ce0 r,&*, ., .0 '+e,&.c*2 , cme2 0meb4 , c22*br*,e .+ br.+/.+/ *b', &.05+ 4m# S'c& r*,.+*2e0 c*++, 6'0,.- ,&e .mm'+.,.e0 '+4er 4.0c'00.+0.+ce ,&e b".'02 re0'0e ,&*, ,&e 0'0ec, .0 /'.2, -r *+ .++ce+,0'0ec, 5'24 +, be 0'b6ec,e4 , 0'c& c&.ce0 +r br.+/ *b', &.0 5+ r'.+

b *+05er.+/ 'e0,.+0 ,r',&-'22\ I++ce+, 0'0ec,0 *re ,&ere-re +,,re*,e4 cr'e22 r '+e,&.c*22 5&.20, /'.2, 0'0ec,0 0&'24 +, cm2*.+,&*, 0c.e, 4e0 +, *225 ,&em , e0c*e c+".c,.+ b re-'0.+/ , *+05er'e0,.+0 r ,&er5.0e &.4.+/ e".4e+ce#



SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENT DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MARTENS JOINED B? JUDGE $URIS

0e+,e+ce - *r*/r*& ! *+4 .+ *r*/r*& ! + ,&e 5.22 - ,&e *cc'0e4,&e C'r, +5 '+4er2.+e0 ,&*, ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ .0

r.m*r.2 c+cer+e4 5.,& re0ec,.+/ ,&e 5.22 - *+ *cc'0e4 er0+# T&*,cme0 "er +e*r , ,&e r*,.+*2e ',2.+e4 *b"e 5&.c& *22.e0 b,&.mm'+.,.e0 , re0ec, 4'e , &'m*+ 4./+., *+4 *',+m#

1# I 4 +, - c'r0e 4e+ ,&*, ,&ere .0 *+ e2eme+, - ,r',& .+ ,&.0".e5 b', I *m .+c2.+e4 , ,&.+K ,&*, .,0 5e./&, 0&'24 +, be e*//er*,e4#H'm*+ 4./+., *+4 *',+m &*"e *+ *b02',e r.+/ b', .+ 'r m4er+0c.e,.e0 ., m'0, rem*.+ 00.b2e , r,ec, ,&e cmm'+., */*.+0, -rm0 - cr.me ,&e e--ec,."e cmb*,.+/ - 5&.c& m*Ke0 ., .mer.'0 , cme2(0ec.-.c c*,e/r.e0 -) 0'0ec,0 , cer*,e .+ br.+/.+/ *b', ,&e.r 5+c+".c,.+# I be2.e"e ,&*, e0ec.*22 ,&e br*4er r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ m* be re0,r.c,e4 b 2*5 .+ r4er , r,ec, 2e/.,.m*,e

.+,ere0,0 - ,&e cmm'+.,# I+ m .+.+ ., .0 .+ r.+c.2e e+ , ,&e+*,.+*2 2*5 , cme2 (0ec.-.c c*,e/r.e0 -) 0'0ec,0 b ,&re*, -

'+.0&me+, , c+,r.b',e *00."e2 r *c,."e2 , ,&e cre*,.+ - e".4e+cee"e+ 4ec.0."e e".4e+ce */*.+0, ,&em0e2"e0# S'0ec,0 m* be cme22e4 ,*225 r e"e+ , cer*,e .+ ,&e ,*K.+/ - -.+/err.+,0 .+ ,&e ,*K.+/ -

b24 -r *2c&2 ,e0,0 .+ ,&e ,*K.+/ - b4.2 0*m2e0 -r DNA ,e0,0 r , b25 .+ * bre*,&*20er .+ r4er , *0cer,*.+ 5&e,&er ,&e *re 4r'+Ke+4r."er0# I+ *22 0'c& *+4 0.m.2*r c*0e0 +*,.+*2 2e/.02*,'re0 *re .+ m .+.+.+ r.+c.2e -ree , 4ec.4e ,&*, ,&e /e+er*2 .+,ere0, .+ br.+/.+/ *b', ,&e ,r',&*+4 .+ br.+/.+/ c'2r.,0 , 6'0,.ce 0&*22 ,*Ke rece4e+ce "er ,&e r.".2e/e*/*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+1#

11# I -e*r ,&*, ,&e .m'/+e4 '*2.-.c*,.+ - b,& .mm'+.,.e0 (*0 2.+/*, ,&e &e*r, - ,&e +,.+ - -*.r rce4're) *0 5e22 *0 ,&e +e52 *4"*+ce4r*,.+*2e ,.+/ ,&em , re0ec,.+/ &'m*+ 4./+., .m2 ,&*, .+ ,&e C'r,’0.+.+ ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ .0 -*r mre *b02',e ,&*+ .,.0 .+ m ".e5#

B', -r *r*/r*& ! - ,&e re0e+, 6'4/me+, = , be 4.0c'00e4 .+ *r*/r*& 1% be25 = I 5'24 &*"e *44e4 ,&*, ,&.0 4.--ere+ce - *rec.*,.+m./&, *20 be .22'0,r*,e4 b ,&e *b"e=me+,.+e4 F'+Ke 6'4/me+,# >&*,5*0 *, 0,*Ke .+ ,&*, c*0e 5*0 +, 0 m'c& ,&e r./&, , rem*.+ 0.2e+, *0 ,&e

r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ -r F'+Ke re-'0e4 , &*+4 "er

(00.b2) .+cr.m.+*,.+/ 4c'me+,0# T&e Cmm.00.+ &*4 .+ m .+.+r./&,2 c+c2'4e4 ,&*, ,&e 2e/.,.m*,e .+,ere0,0 - ,&e cmm'+., "err4e,&e r.".2e/e1 b', ,&e C'r, c'r,2 re-'0e4 , -225 5&.c& 0,r+/20'//e0,0 ,&*, .+ .,0 .+.+ ,&ere 5*0 + rm -r * b*2*+c.+/ eerc.0e *, *22#I, .0 5r,& 5&.2e +,.+/ ,&*, ,&e re*0+.+/ 0'b0e'e+,2 /."e+ .+ ,&e J&+

1 I, rem*.+0 - c'r0e -r ,&e E're*+ C'r, - H'm*+ R./&,0 , c+,r25&e,&er ,&e re0,r.c,.+0 - ,&e r.".2e/e *re .+ *ccr4*+ce 5.,& ,&e 2*5

'r0'e * 2e/.,.m*,e *.m *+4 *re rr,.+*,e , ,&*, *.m = 0ee *r*/r*& %*b"e#1 Lc# c.,# # e, 0e# *r*0# !=!3#




M'rr* 6'4/me+, +*me2 .,0 re2.*+ce + /e+er*22 rec/+.0e4 .+,er+*,.+*20,*+4*r4013 4e0 cer,*.+2 +, 6'0,.- ,&.0 4ec.0.+ b,& '+4er ,&e F.-,&

Ame+4me+, , ,&e U+.,e4 S,*,e0 C+0,.,',.+1! *+4 '+4er ,&e c*0e=2*5 - ,&e C'r, - J'0,.ce - ,&e E're*+ Cmm'+.,.e0 17 ,&ere .0 * r./&, ,rem*.+ 0.2e+, b', .+ r.+c.2e +, * r./&, , re-'0e , &*+4 "er 4c'me+,02e, *2+e *+ *b02',e r./&, , 4 0#

1%# I, .0 &5e"er *, 2e*0, e+ , 4'b, 5&e,&er ,&e C'r, .+ *r*/r*&! - .,0 re0e+, 6'4/me+, &*0 +, = .m2.c.,2 5.,&', 0*.+/ 0 e+2 2e,*2+e 5.,&', *44'c.+/ c/e+, re*0+0 -r 4.+/ 0 = "err'2e4 F'+Ke *+4e00e+,.*22 c+"er,e4 , ,&e mre re0,r.c,e4 4c,r.+e *4,e4 .+,er *2.* b ,&eC'r, - J'0,.ce - ,&e E're*+ Cmm'+.,.e0# I+ ,&.0 c+,e, ., .00./+.-.c*+, ,&*, *r*/r*& ! re-er0 , &5 ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ .0 '+4er0,4 .+ ,&e 2e/*2 00,em0 - ,&e C+,r*c,.+/ S,*,e0

*+4 e20e5&ere# >&*, .0 mre .mr,*+, .0 ,&*, 5&.20, ,&e -.r0, 0e+,e+ce - *r*/r*& ! 0eem0 , *m*2/*m*,e ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+5.,& ,&e r./&, , rem*.+ 0.2e+, ,&e 0ec+4 0e+,e+ce 0eem0 , .m2 ,&*, =c+,r*r , F'+Ke = ,&e r.".2e/e 4e0 +, cmr.0e ,&e 5er , re-'0e ,&*+4 "er .+cr.m.+*,.+/ 4c'me+,0 +r ,&*, , re"e+, ,&e '0e - 0'c&4c'me+,0 b,*.+e4 '+4er cm'20.+ .+ cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0#

I c+-e00 ,&*, I -*.2 , 0ee *+ ,&er 00.b2e c+0,r'c,.+ - *r*/r*& !0 ,&*, I re0'me ,&*, ,&e *b"e .+,erre,*,.+ .0 crrec,# O+ ,&*, *00'm,.+,5 .+,0 0&'24 be m*4e#

T&e -.r0, .0 ,&*, ,&e mer/.+/ - ,&e c+ce,'*22 br*4er r./&, +, ,.+cr.m.+*,e +e0e2- 5.,& ,&e r./&, , rem*.+ 0.2e+, re4'ce0 ,&e 0ce -

r,ec,.+ *--r4e4 , 0'0ec,0# I+ m '+4er0,*+4.+/ - ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0,

13 See *r*/r*& 3 *b"e#1! T&ere .0 +2 * "*2.4 F.-,& Ame+4me+, c2*.m .- 4'e , ,&e *r,.c'2*r -*c,0 *+4c.rc'm0,*+ce0 - ,&e c*0e ,&e *c, - r4'c.+/ .0 b,& ,e0,.m+.*2 *+4 .+cr.m.+*,.+/#T be +,e4 5&e+ * c'0,4.*+ - * c22ec,."e e+,., r4'ce0 ,&e crr*,e recr40 *+44c'me+,0 &.0 *c, 4e0 +, c+0,.,',e ,e0,.m+.*2 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ &e .0 &5e"er

r,ec,e4 -rm c+4em+.+/ &.m0e2- b &.0 5+ r*2 ,e0,.m+# I+ ,&e c+,e, - m 4.00e+,.+ ,&e re0e+, c*0e ., .0 - .+,ere0, , +,e +e - ,&e S'reme C'r,0 *r/'me+,0 -r ,&.0re0,r.c,."e 4c,r.+e>e +,e -'r,&er ,&*, rec/+.0.+/ * F.-,& Ame+4me+, r.".2e/e +

be&*2- - ,&e recr40 c'0,4.*+0 - c22ec,."e e+,.,.e0 5'24 &*"e * 4e,r.me+,*2 .m*c, +,&e G"er+me+,0 e--r,0 , r0ec',e ]5&.,e=c22*r cr.me +e - ,&e m0, 0er.'0

rb2em0 c+-r+,.+/ ,&e 2*5=e+-rceme+, *',&r.,.e0# ]T&e /re*,er r,.+ - e".4e+ce .+5r+/4.+/ b *+ r/*+.0*,.+ r .,0 rere0e+,*,."e0 .0 '0'*22 -'+4 .+ ,&e --.c.*2 recr40*+4 4c'me+,0 - ,&*, r/*+.0*,.+# >ere ,&e c2*K - ,&e r.".2e/e , be ,&r5+ *r'+4,&e0e .mer0+*2 recr40 *+4 4c'me+,0 e--ec,."e e+-rceme+, - m*+ -e4er*2 *+4 S,*,e2*50 5'24 be .m00.b2e# ### I- c'0,4.*+0 c'24 *00er, * r.".2e/e *',&r.,.e0 5'24 be0,m.e4 +, +2 .+ ,&e.r e+-rceme+, e--r,0 */*.+0, ,&0e .+4.".4'*20 b', *20 .+ ,&e.r

r0ec',.+0 - r/*+.0*,.+0# (Br*05e22 "# US 7 US (1))#

17 See .,0 OrKemCmm.00.+ 6'4/me+, - 1 Oc,ber 1 (77 1VECR I= e, 0e#) *+4 .,0 O,,P0,b*+K 6'4/me+, - 1 N"ember 1(C=!% 1V ECR I=3! e, 0e#)#




0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ ,&e C'r, re,*.+0 ,&e 5er , c+,r2 +*,.+*2 2e/.02*,.+*+4 r*c,.ce (0ee *r*/r*& 1 *b"e) 5&.c& ., &*0 -r-e.,e4 '+4er .,0

re0e+, 4c,r.+e#T&e 0ec+4 .+, .0 ,&*, ., .0 = , ', ., m.242 = e+ , /r*"e 4'b,

5&e,&er ,&e 4.0,.+c,.+ m*4e be,5ee+ ,&e 2.ce+ce , '0e .+ cr.m.+*2 rcee4.+/0 m*,er.*2 5&.c& &*0 *+ e.0,e+ce .+4ee+4e+, -rm ,&e 5.22 - ,&e 0'0ec, *+4 ,&e r&.b.,.+ - 0'c& '0e - m*,er.*2 5&.c& &*0 bee+b,*.+e4 .+ 4e-.*+ce - &.0 5.22 .0 * 0'+4 +e# >& 0&'24 * 0'0ec, be-ree -rm cerc.+ , m*Ke .+cr.m.+*,.+/ 0,*,eme+,0 b', +, -ree -rmcerc.+ , cer*,e , -'r+.0& .+cr.m.+*,.+/ 4*,*Z T&e C'r,’0 +e52*4,e4 r*,.+*2e 4e0 +, 6'0,.- ,&e 4.0,.+c,.+ 0.+ce .+ b,& c*0e0 ,&e 5.22- ,&e 0'0ec, .0 +, re0ec,e4 .+ ,&*, &e .0 -rce4 , br.+/ *b', &.0 5+c+".c,.+# Mre"er ,&e *r40,.cK r0e4 .0 +, 5.,&', rb2em0 c*+ .,

re*22 be 0*.4 ,&*, ,&e re0'2,0 - * bre*,&*20er ,e0, , 5&.c& * er0+0'0ec,e4 - 4r.".+/ '+4er ,&e .+-2'e+ce &*0 bee+ cme22e4 &*"e *+e.0,e+ce .+4ee+4e+, - ,&e 5.22 - ,&e 0'0ec,Z A+4 5&*, *b', * PINc4e r * *005r4 .+, * cr,/r*&.c 00,em 5&.c& *re &.44e+ .+ ,&e0'0ec,’0 memrZ

I+ 0'm I c*++, *cce, ,&e +e5 4c,r.+e# I 0,.cK , ,&e +,.+ - ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ *+4 ,&e r./&, , rem*.+ 0.2e+, be.+/ ,50e*r*,e *2be., re2*,e4 .mm'+.,.e0 5&.c& *225 -r 2.m.,*,.+0#

II = FURTHER DELINEATING THE ISSUE

6 A 6

1# I, .0 &./& ,.me *-,er ,&e0e .+,r4'c,r rem*rK0 - * /e+er*2 +*,'re,&*, I ,'r+ , ,&e c*0e *, &*+4#

I+ 4.+/ 0 * -.r0, .+, , m*Ke .0 ,&*, ., .0 - ,&e ',m0, .mr,*+ce ,Kee .+ m.+4 ,&*, .+ ,&.0 c*0e ,5 0,*/e0 0&'24 be c2e*r2 *+4 c*re-'224.0,.+/'.0&e4 *, * -.r0, 0,*/e Mr S*'+4er0 &*4 , *e*r be-re ,&e.+0ec,r0 - ,&e De*r,me+, - Tr*4e *+4 I+4'0,r (DTI) *+4 +2 *, *0ec+4 0,*/e 4.4 &e &*"e , -*ce ,r.*2#

1# I, .0 .mr,*+, , c*re-'22 4.0,.+/'.0& b,& 0,*/e0 0.+ce Ar,.c2e !(*r,# !) *2.e0 , ,&e 0ec+4 0,*/e +2# T&e re*0+ .0 ,&*, 4'r.+/ ,&e -.r0,

0,*/e Mr S*'+4er0 5*0 +, e, ]c&*r/e4 5.,& * cr.m.+*2 --e+ce’ 5.,&.+,&e *',+m'0 me*+.+/ - ,&.0 ere00.+ .+ Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !)1#

A2,&'/& 0,r.c,2 0e*K.+/ *r*/r*& !7 - ,&e C'r,’0 6'4/me+, +2rem.+40 '0 ,&*, +e.,&er Mr S*'+4er0 +r ,&e Cmm.00.+ &*"e *22e/e4,&er5.0e .,0 5r4.+/ *+4 e0ec.*22 ,&e re-ere+ce , ,&e De5eer

6'4/me+,1 m*Ke ., c2e*r ,&*, * m*6r., 5.,&.+ ,&e m*6r., 0'b0cr.be0 ,,&.0 r0.,.+#

1 See ,&e *b"e=me+,.+e4 F'+Ke 6'4/me+, # %% *r*# #1 See +,e 13 be25#



%SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENTDISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MARTENS JOINED B? JUDGE $URIS

13# >& 5*0 Mr S*'+4er0 +, e, c&*r/e4 4'r.+/ ,&.0 -.r0, 0,*/eZS.m2 bec*'0e &e &*4 +, e, rece."e4 *+ --.c.*2 +,.-.c*,.+ /."e+ , *+

.+4.".4'*2 b ,&e cme,e+, *',&r., - *+ *22e/*,.+ ,&*, &e &*0 cmm.,,e4* cr.m.+*2 --e+ce%#

A4m.,,e42 * c&*r/e m* .+ 0me .+0,*+ce0 ,*Ke ,&e -rm - ,&er me*0're0 5&.c& c*rr ,&e .m2.c*,.+ - 0'c& *+ *22e/*,.+ *+4 5&.c&2.Ke5.0e 0'b0,*+,.*22 *--ec, ,&e 0.,'*,.+ - ,&e 0'0ec,%1# I, m./&,,&ere-re be *r/'e4 ,&*, ,&e .+'.r be-re ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 5*0 * -rm - 0'c& ,&er me*0're0 5&.c& (1) .+ ".e5 - ,&e 'r0e - ,&e .+'.r *+4,&e c.rc'm0,*+ce0 - ,&e c*0e c*rr.e4 ,&e .m2.c*,.+ ,&*, Mr S*'+4er0 5&5*0 * 4.rec,r - G'.++e00 *, ,&e ,.me - ,&e b.44.+/ 5*0 0'0ec,e4 - &*".+/ cmm.,,e4 * cr.m.+*2 --e+ce *+4 (%) 5*0 *--ec,.+/ &.0 0.,'*,.+ - 0'0ec, *0 0'b0,*+,.*22 *0 .- * cr.m.+*2 .+"e0,./*,.+ &*4 bee+ r4ere4

*/*.+0, &.m#T&ere .0 &5e"er + mer., .+ ,&.0 *r/'me+, 0.+ce 6'0, *0 ,&ere .0 +

c&*r/e .- ,&e --.c.*2 +,.-.c*,.+ .0 +, /."e+ b ,&e cme,e+,*',&r.,.e0 = ,&*, .0 b ,&e cme,e+, r0ec',.+/ *',&r.,.e0 = 0 ,&ere .0+ c&*r/e .- ,&e ,&er me*0're0 4 +, em*+*,e -rm ,&e cme,e+,

r0ec',.+/ *',&r.,.e0# I, .0 cmm+ /r'+4 &5e"er ,&*, ,&e .+'.r be-re ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 **r, -rm be.+/ e00e+,.*22 .+"e0,./*,."e%% =4.4 +, em*+*,e -rm +r 5*0 ,*Ke+ "er b ,&e r0ec',.+/ *',&r.,.e0 %

(13)#1!# I, -2250 -.r0,2 ,&*, ,&e -*c, ,&*, Mr S*'+4er0 5*0 +, e+,.,2e4

4'r.+/ ,&.0 -.r0, 0,*/e , re-'0e , *+05er .+cr.m.+*,.+/ 'e0,.+0 4.4 +,/."e r.0e , *+ ".2*,.+ - &.0 r./&,0 '+4er Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !) e0ec.*22 +,,&e r./&, , rem*.+ 0.2e+, r ,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+#

Sec+42 ., -2250 ,&*, ,&e e00e+,.*2 .00'e .+ ,&e re0e+, c*0e .0 5&e,&er5&ere 0me+e &*0 m*4e .+cr.m.+*,.+/ 0,*,eme+,0 .+ ,&e c+,e, - *+

% See ,&e Cr./2.*+ "# I,*2 6'4/me+, - 1 December 1% Ser.e0 A +#37 # 1 *r*# #%1 Ib.4#%% See ,&e C'r,0 6'4/me+, - %1 Se,ember 1 .+ ,&e c*0e - F*e4 "#,&e U+.,e4 $.+/4m Ser.e0 A +# %=B # 7 e, 0e# *r*0# !1 *+4 !%#See *20 *r*/r*& 7 - ,&e re0e+, 6'4/me+,#

% See ,&e C'r,0 6'4/me+, - %7 Febr'*r 1 .+ ,&e c*0e - De5eer "#Be2/.'m Ser.e0 A +# 3# I+ ,&*, c*0e ,&ere 5*0 + --.c.*2 +,.-.c*,.+ -.me+4.+/ r0ec',.+# T&ere 5*0 *+ .+0ec,.+ 5&.c& 5*0 +, er-rme45.,&.+ ,&e c+,e, - ,&e rere00.+ - cr.me# Ne"er,&e2e00 *0 -rm * cer,*.+mme+, ,&e .+0ec,.+ /, , * .+, ,&*, De5eer 5*0 4eeme4 , bec&*r/e4 *+4 ,&*, 5*0 5&e+ ,&e rc're'r 4' R. = ,&e r0ec',.+/*',&r., *r ece22e+ce --ere4 De5eer * me*+0 , *".4 r0ec',.+ (0ee

*r*/r*& ! .+ c+6'+c,.+ 5.,& *r*/r*& )# S.m.2*r2 *2.c*,.+ +#3177 rer, - ,&e Cmm.00.+ Dec.0.+0 *+4 Rer,0 % # %1 *r*0#!=7%#




.+'.r 4'r.+/ 5&.c& &e .0 b2./e4 , *+05er *+ *+4 *22 'e0,.+0 + *.+- -.+e r .mr.0+me+, ., 5'24 be cm*,.b2e 5.,& ,&e r./&, , 0.2e+ce *+4

,&e r.".2e/e */*.+0, 0e2-=.+cr.m.+*,.+ , *225 ,&e '0e - ,&e0e 0,*,eme+,0*0 e".4e+ce */*.+0, &.m *, &.0 ,r.*2% (1!)#

6 ( 6

17# A0 *2re*4 .+4.c*,e4 .+ *r*/r*& % *b"e ,&.0 .0 *+ .mr,*+, .00'e#O'r m4er+ 0c.e,.e0 *re .+-rm*,.+ 0c.e,.e0 *20 .+ ,&e 0e+0e ,&*,

*22 - '0 /"er+me+, */e+c.e0 *0 5e22 *0 c.,.e+0 , * 2*r/e e,e+, 4ee+4+ "*r.'0 K.+40 - .+-rm*,.+ +,*b2 + .+-rm*,.+ r".4e4 b (,&er)c.,.e+0# T&.0 *2.e0 .+ *r,.c'2*r , /"er+me+, */e+c.e0 c'+,2e00*4m.+.0,r*,."e 4ec.0.+0 5&e,&er .m0.+/ * 4', r /r*+,.+/ * -*"'r =

*re b*0e4 + 0'c& .+-rm*,.+# I+-rm*,.+ 5&.c& 0.m2 c*++, *25*0 be"er.-.e4 be-re&*+4# O+e m'0, ,&ere-re be *b2e , re2 + ,&e "er*c., - 0'c& .+-rm*,.+# H5e"er ,&e 24 ".r,'e - ,r',&-'2+e00 &*0 2*r/e24.0*e*re4 -rm m4er+ mr*20# >e &*"e becme c*2c'2*,.+/ c.,.e+0

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%7 Term brr5e4 -rm Cmm.,,ee - M.+.0,er0 Recmme+4*,.+ N# R(3) 1 c+cer+.+/ rb2em0 - cr.m.+*2 rce4'r*2 2*5 c++ec,e4 5.,&.+-rm*,.+ ,ec&+2/# See + ,&.0 recmme+4*,.+ P# C0+K* Cm',erL*5 *+4 Sec'r., Rer, 1! ("2#1%) # 7 e, 0e# T&e .+,r4'c,r

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III = DECIDING THE ISSUE(S)

%# I+ ,r.+/ , 4ec.4e ,&e m*.+ .00'e m 0,*r,.+/=.+, .0 ,&*, I *cce,,&*, ,&e U+.,e4 $.+/4m 2e/.02*,'re = 5&.c& .+ 0'c& m*,,er0 0&'24 be*225e4 * cer,*.+ m*r/.+ - *rec.*,.+ = c'24 re*0+*b2 c+c2'4e ,&*,5&ere ,&ere *re 0er.'0 r'm'r0 - -r*'4'2e+, m*+*/eme+, ,&e 'b2.c.+,ere0, - r,ec,.+/ 0c.e, */*.+0, 0'c& -r*'4 4em*+40 ,&*, ,&e ,r',&cme0 ', *+4 ,&*, ,&.0 6'0,.-.e0 ,&e 00,em - .+'.r *0 0e, ' '+4er ,&e13 Ac, * 00,em '+4er 5&.c& --.cer0 *+4 */e+,0 - ,&e .+"e0,./*,e4cm*+ *re b2./e4 , cer*,e 5.,& ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 *0 2*.4 45+ .+0ec,.+ - ,&*, Ac, 5.,&', e+6.+/ ,&e .mm'+.,.e0 '+4er 4.0c'00.+#

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% See *r*/r*& - ,&e C'r,0 6'4/me+,#



!SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENTDISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MARTENS JOINED B? JUDGE $URIS

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ere,r*,r ,&*, ere,r*,r /e,0 &.0 '+.0&me+, .+ ,&e 0ec+4 ,.er# See+

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*m'+,0 , +'22.-.+/ ,&e0e .mm'+.,.e0 -r ,&e 0*Ke - r,ec,.+/ ,&e 'b2.c*/*.+0, 0er.'0 -rm0 - -r*'4 .0 , be c+4+e4 0'c& * ,5=,.er rce00m'0, *20 be *cce,e4 .- + 0.m.2*r *r/'me+,0 ,&*, .0 + ,&e *r/'me+, ,&*,

% I rec*22 ,&*, Mr S*'+4er0 0'bm.,,e4 ,&*, ,&e r0ec',.+ c*0e */*.+0, &.m5'24 &*"e bee+ .+ 0er.'0 4.--.c'2,.e0 b', -r ,&e '0e - ,&e .+,er".e5,r*+0cr.,0 (0ee *r*/r*& - ,&e C'r,0 6'4/me+,)# See ,&e 0ec+4 0'b=*r*/r*& - *r*/r*& 7 - ,&e C'r,0 6'4/me+,#




'b2.c .+,ere0, .+ be.+/ r,ec,e4 */*.+0, rbber ".2e+ce m'r4er e,c#',5e./&0 ,&e0e "er 0*me .mm'+.,.e0 = ., .0 e0,*b2.0&e4 .+ re0ec, -

r4.+*r cr.me0# >&.c& 5'24 b".'02 be ,&e e+4 - ,&e ,5 .mm'+.,.e0'+4er 4.0c'00.+#

%3# T&e *r/'me+, .0 -2*5e4 .+ ,&*, ., 4.0re/*r40 * 4.--ere+ce be,5ee+ ,&e"*r.'0 -rm0 - 0er.'0 -r*'4 *+4 0'c& r4.+*r cr.me0 *0 rbber ".2e+ce*+4 m'r4er 5&.c& .+ ,&e re0e+, c+,e, .0 e00e+,.*2 .+ r4.+*r cr.me c*0e04.0c"er - ,&e cr.me +e*r2 *25*0 rece4e0 ,&e .+"e0,./*,.+ 5&.c&c+0e'e+,2 *0 * r'2e mere2 *.m0 *, e0,*b2.0&.+/ 5& 4.4 ., 5&.20, .+-r*'4 c*0e0 ,&e .+"e0,./*,.+ /e+er*22 &*0 *0 .,0 -.r0, *+4 m*.+ 'r0e ,e0,*b2.0& 5&e,&er r +, * cr.me &*0 bee+ cmm.,,e4 *, *22# T&.0 4.--ere+ce.0 e00e+,.*2 0.+ce ., e2*.+0 5& .+"e0,./*,.+0 .+, r4.+*r cr.me0 *0 *r'2e cme 5.,&.+ ,&e *mb., - Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !) 5&.20, .+"e0,./*,.+0 .+ ,&e

-.e24 - 00.b2e -r*'4 4 +, ,&0e 5& *re ,*r/e,e4 b .+"e0,./*,.+0 - ,&e -rmer ,e *0 * r'2e .0 -*c, becme c&*r/e4 5.,& * cr.m.+*2--e+ce 5.,&.+ ,&e *',+m'0 me*+.+/ - ,&.0 ere00.+ .+ Ar,.c2e ! (*r,#!) 5&.20, ,&0e 5& *re '+4er *+ .+"e0,./*,.+ .+, 00.b2e -r*'4 4 +,*+4 ,&ere-re m* 5.,&', ".2*,.+ - Ar,.c2e ! (*r,# !) be 4e+.e4 ,&e

r.".2e/e0 '+4er 4.0c'00.+ .+ ,&e -.r0, ,.er#A0 , ,&e 0ec+4 ,.er 5&ere * c&*r/e &*0 bee+ br'/&, 0 ,&*, Ar,.c2e !

(*r,# !) .0 -*c, *2.e0 *25*0 ,&ere *re 0'+4 *r/'me+,0 -r 4.0,.+/'.0&.+/ crr*,e -r*'4 -rm ,&er 0ec.e0 - cr.me# F.r0, ,&ere *re.mr,*+, ,2/.c*2 4.--ere+ce0 be,5ee+ ,&e -,e+ 5e22 bre4 &./&20&.0,.c*,e4 crr*,e 5r+/4er *+4 ,&er cr.m.+*20 *+4 0ec+42 ,&ere.0 ,&e e00e+,.*2 -e*,'re 5&.c& ,&e0e -rm0 - -r*'4 0&*re *+4 0e,0 ,&em **r,-rm ,&er 0ec.e0 - cr.me +*me2 ,&*, /e+er*22 ,&e *re +2 4e,ec,*b2e*-,er *+ .+"e0,./*,.+ - ,&e ,e re-erre4 .+ *r*/r*& 17 *b"e *+4mre"er m* +2 be 0'cce00-'22 r0ec',e4 5&e+ ,&e re0'2,0 - ,&*,.+"e0,./*,.+ m* be '0e4 .+ e".4e+ce */*.+0, ,&e 5r+/4er (0ee *r*/r*&%% *b"e)#

Fr ,&e0e re*0+0 ,&e *r/'me+, -*.20# S 4e0 * 0.m.2*r b6ec,.+ -rm ,&e*2.c*+, 5&.c& ',0 ,&e 0*me *r/'me+, .+ ,&e -rm - *22e/e44.0cr.m.+*,.+ be,5ee+ crr*,e cr.m.+*20 5& *re 4er."e4 - ,&e ,5.mm'+.,.e0 '+4er 4.0c'00.+ *+4 r4.+*r cr.m.+*20 5& e+6 ,&em# T&e

4.--ere+ce0 6'0, me+,.+e4 .m2 ,&*, ,&e c*0e0 *re +, 0.m.2*r 5&.20, ,&e*r/'me+, mre"er -*.20 , ,*Ke .+, *cc'+, ,&e e00e+,.*2 4.--ere+ce be,5ee+ ,&e "er 'rb*+e rcee4.+/0 be-re ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 *+4c'0,4.*2 2.ce 'e0,.+.+/#

%!# M c+c2'0.+ ,&*, 0'b0ec,.+ (3) - 0ec,.+ - ,&e 13 Ac, .0+, .+cm*,.b2e er 0e 5.,& ,&e ,5 .mm'+.,.e0 4e0 +, - c'r0e eem,me -rm e*m.+.+/ 5&e,&er '+4er ,&e 0ec.-.c c.rc'm0,*+ce0 - ,&e c*0e ,&e'0e - ,&e *2.c*+,’0 *+05er0 , ,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 5*0 +e"er,&e2e00 '+-*.r#T&.0 .0 5&*, ,&e G"er+me+, c*22e4 ,&e -*c,'*2 .00'e#




I+ ,&.0 re0ec, I rec*22 (1) ,&*, '+4er 0ec,.+ 7 - PACE ., 5*0 -r ,&e,r.*2 6'4/e , 0ee , ., ,&*, '0e - ,&e0e *+05er0 4.4 +, &*"e 0'c& *+

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A*re+,2 Mr S*'+4er0 &*0 +, bee+ *b2e , er0'*4e ,&e C'r, -

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I+ *r*/r*& 7% ,&e C'r, *,,*c&e0 m'c& 5e./&, , ,&e -*c, ,&*, *, *cer,*.+ 0,*/e - ,&e ,r.*2 = 4*0 3 , 7 = ,&e ,r*+0cr.,0 - ,&e .+,er".e50

5ere re*4 , ,&e 6'r# I rec*22 &5e"er ,&*, r./&, -rm ,&e be/.++.+/ - ,&e,r.*2 Mr S*'+4er0’0 4e-e+ce 5*0 e00e+,.*22 ,&*, 5&*,e"er -r*'4 &*4 ,*Ke+

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See *r*/r*& 1 - ,&e C'r,0 6'4/me+,# I -*.2 , '+4er0,*+4 5& ,&eC'r, .+ *r*/r*& 7% - .,0 6'4/me+, 0eem0 , -.+4 ., m*,er.*2 ,&*, ,&e

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6'4/me+, ., &*0 e0,*b2.0&e4 ,&*, ,&e0e ,r*+0cr.,0 &*4 bee+ r'2e4 ', b ,&e



3SAUNDERS "# UNITED $INGDOM JUDGMENTDISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE MARTENS JOINED B? JUDGE $URIS

I ,&ere-re -.+4 ,&*, = 5&*,e"er .0 ,&e e*c, me*+.+/ - ,&e C'r, - Ae*2’0 r*,&er *r.m*,e rem*rK ,&*, ,&e .+,er".e50 -rme4 *

0./+.-.c*+, *r, - ,&e r0ec',.+ c*0e (%) = Mr S*'+4er0’0 *+05er0 ,,&e DTI .+0ec,r0 5ere +2 '0e4 .+ e".4e+ce */*.+0, &.m e00e+,.*22 .+r4er , 4em+0,r*,e ,&*, ,&e e".4e+ce 5&.c& &e &*4 c&0e+ , /."e *, &.0,r.*2 5*0 +, re2.*b2e .+ ,&*, ., 5*0 .+cm*,.b2e + cer,*.+ .+,0 5.,& ,&0e*+05er0# I 4 +, c+0.4er ,&*, , &*"e bee+ *+ '+-*.r '0e - ,&0e *+05er0#

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,r.*2 6'4/eZ T&e0e '+cer,*.+,.e0 m*Ke ,&e C'r,0 re*0+.+/ + ,&.0.mr,*+, .00'e 5&.c& *, *+ r*,e 0eem0 r*,&er ,&e mre '+er0'*0."e#

Case of Saunders v. the United Kingdom

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