Cartographic representations for Intercultural dialogue · Cartographic representations for...
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22/04/2014 1 Cartographic representations for Intercultural dialogue Eratostene (276-195 b.C.) THE REPRESENTATION OF ECUMENE
Transcript of Cartographic representations for Intercultural dialogue · Cartographic representations for...
22/04/2014
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Cartographic representations for Intercultural dialogue
Eratostene (276-195 b.C.)
THE REPRESENTATION OF ECUMENE
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Hispania
Britannia Gallia Germania
Mauretania Italia
Illyricum Graecia Sarmatia Asia minor Scythia
Africa Aegyptus Syria Persida India
NETOWORKED SPACE
335-366 A.D., Tabula Peutingeriana (copY of XII century)
Roma
335-366 d.C., Tabula Peutingeriana (copia del XII secolo)
Italia
Augusta Taurinorum
Torino
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CREATIONIST SPACE
1235, Ebstof, Mappamondo
1550 ca., Battista Agnese, Carta nautica
HODOLOGICAL SPACE
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AREAL SPACE
1460, Mappamondo di Fra’ Mauro
1680, Henri Testelin, Colbert présente à Louis XIV les membres de l’Académie royale des sciences crée en 1667
BIRTH OF TOPOGRAPHIC SPACE
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1720, MAP OF FRANCE
Salle Méridienne (Cassini Hall), Observatoire de Paris,
XIVe arrondissement
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1817, Nicolas-André Monsiau, Louis XVI donnant ses instructions au capitaine de vaisseau Jean-François de La Pérouse
pour son voyage d’exploration autour du monde, le 29 juin 1785
TOPOGRAPHY AND POWER
AFRICA: TRAVELLING AROUND A TABLE
1909, Arcangelo Ghisleri, Atlante d'Africa
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Stazione di triangolazione su un baobab dove veniva poi alzato il segnale piramidale (Foto da: A. Mori, La cartografia ufficiale in Italia e l’Istituto Geografico Militare)
TOPOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN AFRICA
BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884-1885 – THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
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IGM, Tavoletta al 25.000 of Treviso plane
ITALIAN TOPOGRAPHY
2007, Centro Studi sul Territorio “Lelio Pagani” – Università degli studi di Bergamo, Carta di piano: PLIS del Basso Brembo
TOPOGRAPHY AND PLANNING
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MAPPING AND POWER
1984, Alighiero Boetti, Mappa
TOPOGRAPHIC EVOCATIONS AND ART
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MAP
Objective
Deconstruction Semiotics
• neo-positivist approach
• representation of the
relationship man-
environment
• critical approach
• communication system
R. ALMAGIA’
F. FARINELLI
J.B. HARLEY
C. JACOB
ICA COMMISION
Theoretical cartography (Wolodtschenko et H. Schlichtmann )
• visual issues (J. BERTIN)
•Map = hypertext
Cartographic Semiosis (Casti, 2000)
DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS
Geography
Semiotics Cartography
CARTOGRAPHIC SEMIOSIS
Connection between map
and territory Semiotic field
Operational role of the map
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Cartographic semiosis: a meta- semiosis
Denomination
Structuration
MAP
INTERPRETER
Map = Semiotic Field
Semantics Syntax Pragmatics
NAME PROJECTION
Reification
Territorialisation process 1° level semiosis
2° level semiosis
ICON
DESIGNATOR
FIGURATISATION
SEMIOTIC ELEMENT
Strenghtening of position
Attribution of social values
SELF-REFERENCE
Shape
Position
Number
Color
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La carta topographique de la zone de la bataille de Adua Map given by Gen. Baratieri to the brigades before the battle of Adua
Self-reference
Importance of cultural values
topography Visual and material aspects of territory
Empty and abstract space
« chorography » Meaning of places and landscape
From topos to chora (recovering the individual)
Relational dimension
Map = symbolic operator
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CARTOGRAPHIC
TRANSPOSITION
METRICS Euclidian space (continue, contigus, uniform)
Cartesian logic (conventional space material aspects)
INTERPRETER Cartographer: institutionnalise professional
Receiver: no interaction
DATA
Geodesy/trigonometry
Observation: material qualities
Point of observation: zenithal (no 3 dimension)
Scale: uniform
Icons: abstraction (shape, dimension, orientation,
intensity)
From Topography ...
… to chorography
Cartographer: plurality of actors professional/institutional or common people;
Receiver: interaction and intervention
Topologic space (extension/contraction, networking)
Landscape logic (symbolic, material, dynamic)
Teledetection/GPS/Field research
Social and cultural values
Point of observation: multiple (zenithal and
perspective) = 3D;
Anamorphosis: deformation of the surphace following the
social weight
Scale: interaction of plural scales;
Icons: analogic, figurative, 2D/3D) ; Introduction of
photos, descriptions, videos …)
CARTOGRAPHIC
TRANSPOSITION
METRICS
INTERPRETER
DATA
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Cartografic challenge
How to develop a map able to create a dialogue between social actors coming from different cultural contexts?
? How can we translate the terms «participation» and «collaboration» in cartographic instruments for territorial governance
1. the cartographic interpreter: plurality of actors
? How can we integrate in a map different visions of the world
3. the graphic transfert: multiple ways of representation
2. the typology of data: not only statistical, other sources
Cartographic semiosis
INTERPRETAZIONE DEI DATI: LA CARTOGRAFIA PER LA PIANIFICAZIONE
Strumento operativo per
la presa di decisione
ANALISI DATI STATISTICI E INDAGINE DI TERRENO: LA CARTOGRAFIA DI CONOSCENZA
Cartografia a plurime scale
Osservazione e inchieste partecipative
COMMUNENOM MÈRENOM Statut Phénomènes de déguerpissementY X N habitants N concessionsGROUPES Année fondationMigrations Activité Elements TrElements mod
Kandi Kandi Donwari vill.de nouv. Installation11.11861 2.85415 4300 358 Bariba,gando,haoussa, djerma,Immigrés agricoles (saisonniers ou définitifs) et commerçants du Niger et parfois du Burkina FasoAgriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs, haricot, igname,…); élevage (bovins, caprins, ovins, volaille), chasse collective à la battue vers les hameaux de DinninLieux sacrés:Konrantéya (=rivière; plus important lieu sacré du village), Sawaï (pierre), Kloulassidé (colline), Gbigangni (arbre, un caïlcédrat exactement), Womassou (Deux arbres, un karité et un néré), Yabobom (pierre)Coton, habitat moderne, projets et associations de type moderne: PADEAR, PAMR, APE, GJ, GC, GF
Kandi Donwari Boï ham.perm. 11.15295 2.84294 72 6 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs), élevage (bovins, caprins, ovins, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Goukonnou ham.perm. 11.15153 2.83534 192 16 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), petit élevage (volaille)
Kandi Donwari Goutinma ham.perm. 11.16484 2.83222 36 3 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs,arachide)
Kandi Donwari/ Sinawongourou(les deux villages reclament ces terres)Gannou ham.perm. 11.15600 2.80927 180 15 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide), élevage
Kandi Donwari Gouwonké ham.perm. 11.15912 2.79844 120 10 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide), élevage
Kandi Donwari Bontéré ham.perm. 11.15247 2.79361 108 9 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (sorgho, coton, maïs, arachide), élevage (bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Siansiangourouham.perm. 11,22193 2.78593 120 10 Bariba,Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs,igname), élevage (bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Gountia ham.perm. 11,26098 2.75095 96 8 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), élevage (bovin et volaille)
Kandi Donwari Batabongouham.perm. 11,27597 2.79904 288 24 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (maïs, sorgho, coton, igname, riz, manioc, piment)
Kandi Donwari/ Sanrou (les deux villages reclament ces terres)Sémkassi (ou Djanwanka; son deuxième nom)ham.perm. 11,24616 2.82740 144 12 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (maïs, sorgho, coton, manioc, haricot, arachide)
Kandi Donwari Goubouko ham.perm. 11,19516 2.82225 240 20 Bariba,Gando Agriculture (sorgho, maïs, coton), petit élevage
Kandi Donwari Tiankorogourouham.perm. 11,16921 2.84243 120 10 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs), élevage (bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Yayarou/délégué gbarouham.perm. 11.15995 2.85054 60 5 Bariba, Gourmantché, Gando Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs,arachide), élevage (bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari/ SinawongourouGbéniki ham.perm. 11.11147 2.81162 84 7 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho)
Kandi Donwari Matchou soulé garoucamp peulh 11,20309 2,80411 348 29 Peul 1980 élevage, agriculture (coton sorgho)
Kandi Donwari El-hadji Gabso marégaroucamp peulh 11,21966 2,81590 276 23 Peulh, élevage, agriculture (sorghho, maïs, coton) habitat mod
Kandi Donwari Gousouanouham.perm. 11.01969 2.81210 120 10 Bariba Agriculture (coton, sorgho, maïs), petit élevage(bovin, volaille)
Kandi Donwari Kouhougouham.perm. 11.09274 2.82402 180 15 Bariba Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), élevage (bovin et volaille)
Kandi Donwari Gbébakayèrèham.perm. 11.07984 2.85804 180 15 Bariba, Gando Agriculture (coton, maïs, sorgho), élevage (bovin et volaille)
Kandi Donwari Goutinma camp.peul 11.15818 2.83534 96 8 Peul Elevage (bovin, ovin, volaille), agriculture (sorgho,coton)
Kandi Donwari Yompiri camp.peul 11.13304 2.83436 180 15 Peul, Gando Elevage (bovin, ovin, volaille), agriculture (sorgho,coton)
Kandi Donwari Wadagou camp.peul 11.13770 2.82740 84 7 Peul, Gando Elevage (bovin, ovin, volaille), agriculture (sorgho,coton, mil)
Kandi Donwari Goudokou/Momgogouroucamp.peul 11.13667 2.84762 60 5 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Donwari Kouhougoucamp.peul 11.09053 2.83399 120 10 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Donwari Siansiangouroucamp.peul 11.22358 2.77173 96 8 Peul (Borédjo du Niger) Elevage, agriculture (mil, sorgho)
Kandi Donwari Tiankorogouroucamp.peul 11.17492 2.84788 96 8 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Monko Tissarou (anciennement apppelé Djessou)Vill.par agrandissement 11.12741 2.87483 180 50 Bariba, Gando, Djerma, HaoussaImmigrés agricoles (saisonniers ou définitifs) et commerçants du Niger et parfois du Burkina FasoAgri (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide, riz haricot, tomate, piment), élevage, poterieLieu sacré: Yassakarou (pierre), chef traditionnel: Bouko Yabi NgoïCoton, habitat moderne, projets et associations de type moderne: PAMR, APE, GJ, GC, GF
Kandi Tissarou Gannoun ham.perm. 11.10753 2.87544 144 12 Gando Agri (coton, sorgho, maïs, arachide, riz ), élevage (bovin, ovin et volaille surtout)
Kandi Tissarou Toégbarou ham.perm. 11.08776 2.88679 144 12 Bariba 1840 Agri (coton, maïs, sorgho, mil), élevage
Kandi Tissarou Wuro Hamancamp.peul 11.11847 2.87866 384 32 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Tissarou Wuro Gaanicamp.peul 11.10974 2.87731 156 13 Peul Elevage, agri (sorgho, mil, coton)
Kandi Tissarou Kécérou camp.peul 11.11149 2.88174 144 12 Peul Elevage, agri (coton, sorgho, mil, maïs)
Kandi Tissarou Gurè Baoudècamp.peul 11.10489 2.88565 156 13 Elevage, agri (coton, sorgho, maïs)
Kandi Sinanwongourou/Kommon(Kommon= deuxième nom)Sinanwongourou/KommonVill. mère 11.12244 2.77672 1200 80 Bariba, Gando, Djerma, HaoussaImmigrés agricoles (saisonniers ou définitifs) et commerçants venant du Niger ou du NigériaAgri (coton, maïs, sorgho, riz), maraîchage (tomate, piment), élevageLieux sacrés: Somborou (arbre), Dangoo (pierre), Dankpidou don (arbre), Boundérou (pierre), Kabayari bonyérou (colline), kpétahorou (pierre),chefferie traditionnelle forte ( bien respectée), coton, habitat moderne
Kandi Sinanwongourou/KommonBountéré ham.perm. 11.15144 2.77697 264 22 Bariba Agri (coton, sorgho, maïs), petit élevage
Modellizzazione dei dati
(criteri, indici, categorie) Identificazione
problematiche
ELABORAZIONE DI STRUMENTI DI GOVERNANCE: LA CARTOGRAFIA PER LA CONCERTAZIONE
Identificazione delle
dinamiche in atto e
delle criticità
Identificazione degli
attori e delle poste in
gioco
1° PHASE 2° PHASE
3° PHASE 4° PHASE
PARTICIPATORY METHODOLOGY: the SIGAP Strategy created by the Diathesis Lab
CAPITALIZZAZIONE: LA CARTOGRAFIA INTERATTIVA E MULTIMEDIALE
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THE SIGAP STRATEGY
1. KNOWLEDGE: observation, data collection, field research and interviews
2. PLANNING: data analysis, interpretation and GIS
3. NEGOTIATION: Focus Group, living labs and collaborative mapping
Modular methodology
4. CAPITALIZATION: sharing knowledge and experience
THE MAIN FEATURES OF COLLABORATIVE MAPPING FOLLOWING THE SIGAP STRATEGY
1) THE INTERPRETER OF THE MAP: A PLURALITY OF SOCIAL ACTORS
Environmental conservation is a colonial legacy which implies today a participatory
approach considering many social actors: national institutions, international
organisations, researchers, ONG and associations, local communities
The researcher as an intermediate actor facilitating the dialogue
2) DATA: LOCAL KNOWLEDGE RECOVERED BY FIELD RESEARCH
If a topographical map shows legal territorial organisation, following legal and
administrative criteria, participatory mapping shows local traditional organisation:
following historical and traditional criteria and also traditional knowledge
The importance of denomination: the need of a «de-codification» of the
meaning to recover local knowledge
3) GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION: MULTIPLE OPPORTUNITIES GIVEN BY
ICT
- 2D and 3D representations
- Participatory drawings and Community integrated GIS
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Bergamo Open Mapping (www.bgopenmapping.it)
Within the Candidacy of the city of Bergamo as European Capital of Culture 2019
MULTIMAP (www.multimap-parcw.org)
Within a EU project of environmental conservation
in Western Africa
TWO EXAMPLES OF COLLABORATIVE MAPPING
Geographies for intercultural dialogue:
collaborative mapping in Subsaharan Africa
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www.multimap-parcw.org
Burkina Faso
Niger
Bénin
WAP COMPLEX (W, Arly and Pendjari)
www.multimap-parcw.org
2001-2005 W TBR and 2006-2009 ARLY Partners: Universities of Bergamo, Ouagadougou, Niamey, Cotonou Cooperation Project: Regional Programme Parc W/ECOPAS (Europen Development Fund)
NP Pendjari
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www.multimap-parcw.org
• identification of different social actors and analysis of the territorial organization
• creation of capitalization and decision-support systems
4 Universities, 15 researchers, many stakeholders in local communities
• negotiation between local communities and environmental institutions
a) recover the territorial organization of local communities
b) build instruments of environmental management
c) promote local sustainable development
EU priorities
Burkina Faso Niger
Bénin
From 40 villages already known to about 1570 villages never mapped before
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W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK
«Knowledge Mapping»
0 50 km
W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK
Collaborative mapping for decision making
Creating a dialogue between local communities and parks managers
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Map of the southern regions of Scioa made by an Abyssin (1886) Source: A. Cecchi (1886), Da Zeila alle frontiere del Caffa, vol.1-2-3, SGI, Roma, Loesher, tav. 4
«sketch collaborative mapping»
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The participatory drawing of the foundation of the village of Kondio (Burkina Faso)
fauna
vegetation
hydrography
Cartographers: chief’s councellors and sacred places guides
villages
pedology
Symbolic knowledge on
natural resources:
Kingandi nakpambu
Goalmina kpambu
Tamboana kpambu
Tingwana kpambu
Farmers settlements
Jurisdictional knowledge
Cartographers: the farmers association
fauna
vegetation
No symbolic knowledge
New jurisdiction
Reserves
Participatory drawing of the village showing the creation of the protected area
borders
Denial of symbolic values and new jurisdiction
Farmers settlements
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W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK
Kindgandi nakpambu
Kindgandi
Tingoana kpambu
Goalmina kpambu
Goalmi Tamboana Tamboana kpambu
TBR W
Kourtiagou Game Reserve
Seri
Natongou
Bosswanga
Palboa
Niamonga
Sangwakiali
Cimokiali
wudodanou
Insediamento agricolo
Concessione
Antico insediamento
dipendenza Corso permanente Corso temporaneo
pista
pozzo
forage
Area pastorale
luogo di raccolta
mercato
moschea
scuola
Coldjati Combari
Wali
Yonli
Woba
Tankwano
Lompo
Altro
Swobu
timbwoanli
tintankiagui
tintanbima
tingboanga
Lignaggi
sacrée
pedologia
Tingoana
vegetazione
Idrografia
Poste forestier
Hotel
Gbansangou
The digitalisation of sketch maps and the local scale
SYMBOLIC KNOWLEDGE: socially recognisable values such as history and myth (sacred sites,
places of foundation)
FUNCTIONAL KNOWLEDGE: aimed at intellectual knowledge and material practices for the
identification of locations in which productive activities take place (agricultural and pastoral areas, hunting and fishing grounds and areas which are harvested)
JURISDICTIONAL KNOWLEDGE: which give information regarding the social and territorial
organisation of the local community (village boundaries, position of land, political and religious authorities)
COLLABORATIVE MAPPING AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
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W UNESCO TRANSBOUNDARY BIOSPHERE RESERVE AND REGIONAL PARK
www.multimap-parcw.org
DIATHESIS LAB
WEB-BASED COLLABORATIVE MAPPING
www.bgopenmapping.it
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PARTICIPATION LEVELS in the
Candidate cities as European Capital of Culture 2019
LACK OF PARTICIPATION or LACK OF WEBSITE
Participation as INFORMATION
Participation as COLLECTION OF SUGGESTIONS
ACTIVE PARTICIPATION
Bari
Amalfi
Brindisi
Catanzaro
Pisa
Siracusa
Bergamo
Caserta
Torino
Venezia
e il Nordest
SIENA
L’Aquila
LECCE
Mantova
MATERA
RAVENNA
PERUGIA-ASSISI
Palermo
Urbino
Taranto
CAGLIARI
• IDENTIFICATION of social actors
• ORGANISATION of meetings
• COMMUNICATION printed material and social networks
COMMUNICATION
• Focus Group for supporting the use of the web-based mapping system
• Users individually: insert markers and lines, add a text description on cultural initiatives , add pictures
• Consensus and merit ranking by vote
CONSULTATION
• Public presentation of the more voted initiatives
• Rewarding mechanism
• Meeting between proponents and Bergamo 2019 Steering Committee
• Supporting initiatives in the Candidacy Report
• Living Labs for shared urban planning
The process of PARTICIPATION
in Bergamo Open Mapping
NEGOCIATION
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• University internships
• Students associations
• Middle and High schools
STUDENTS • Young people
• Cultural organisations
• Local groups
ASSOCIATIONS
• Parishes
• Local administrations
• Neighborhoods
CITIZENS
… A M U L T I A C T O R P R O C E S S
• Educational/cultural Institutions
• Administrations
• Private initiatives
STAKEHOLDERS
www.bgopenmapping.it Released in March 2013
Information:
1. institutional data sets
2. data collected in field research
3. crowd-sourced data
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www.bgopenmapping.it
Information:
1. institutional data sets
2. data collected in field research
3. crowd-sourced data
www.bgopenmapping.it Released in March 2013
Information:
1. institutional data sets
2. data collected in the field
3. crowd-sourced data
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SOME NUMBERS … Users: 4793
Registered users: 306
Initiatives: 110 Province 79 72%
Proposal of activities 44
Places restoration 7
Mixed proposals 21
Place valorization 38
40%
19%
35%
6%
City 31 28%
VGI analysis
MARCH-SEPTEMBER
SOME NUMBERS …
56
mills, farm houses, small industries
churches, sanctuaries, monasteries
castles, towers, gates, villas, palaces
hospitals, electric powers
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WHAT IS THE MAPMAKER ASKING FOR ?
• Open public buildings for cultural initiatives
• Create lively public spaces as places of culture (painting, sculpture, music, dance, theatre, cinema, …)
• Discover unknown places and valorize the local culture (dialect, local knowledge …)
PLACES
RECEIVER
ACTIVITIES
• Low environmental impact (cycling routes, pedestrian paths, recovering already existing buildings…)
• With high social impact (collective cultural activities, group excursions, …)
• Creativity, art in unusual places (paintings in the caves, concerts in the electric power stations, cinema in the villas…)
• To envolve young people
• To attract visitors from Europe
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1. ITINERARI CULTURALI e AMBIENTALI NEL TERRITORIO DI PONTERANICA
Proponente: GIUSEPPE GUALINI Associazione/Ente: ASSOCIAZIONE PENSIERI E PAROLE
2. DOORS TO EUROPE E FLOWING CULTURE: ALLA SCOPERTA DELL’ALTA VALLE BREMBANA
Proponente: ANDREA PALENI Associazione/Ente: ALTOBREMBO
3. SCUOLA DI MUSICA NEL PALAZZO DEL VICARIO DI VALLE
Proponente: ANDREA CHIESA Associazione/Ente: COMUNE DI ALBINO
4. POLO DI INNOVAZIONE CULTURALE NELL’EX-CENTRALE TERMICA I.R.F.
Proponente: FABRIZIO TERZI Associazione/Ente: BERGAMO HUB
5. ONE THOUSAND SOUNDS: FESTIVAL MUSICALE DEGLI STUDENTI UNIVERSITARI EUROPEI
Proponente: MARIO GHIDINI Associazione/Ente: ASSOCIAZIONE STUDENTI UNIBG
6. ALLA SCOPERTA DELL’ARTE NELLA GROTTA EUROPA
Proponente: PIERO CATTANEO Associazione/Ente: GRUPPO SPELEOLOGICO VALLE IMAGNA
7. GIOVANI ARTISTI EUROPEI IN MOSTRA PRESSO GLI OSPEDALI RIUNITI DI BERGAMO
Proponente: CATERINA GIUPPONI Associazione/Ente: UTENTE PRIVATO
8. L’ARTE E I LUOGHI DELL’ACQUA: ALLA SCOPERTA DEI LUOGHI NASCOSTI DI CITTA’ ALTA
Proponente: GIOVANNI GINOULHIAC e IVANA CATTANEO Associazione/Ente: ASSOCIAZIONE CITTÀ ALTA E COLLI DI BERGAMO
9. CAPOLAVORI CINEMATOGRAFICI A VILLA DEI TASSO
Proponente: DIANA SANA Associazione/Ente: UTENTE PRIVATO
10. CAMPUS SCOLASTICO A CASCINA CA’ VALOTI
Proponente: SARA BERGAMELLI Associazione/Ente: BIBLIOTECA CENTRO CULTURA NEMBRO
Ten initiatives presented to the Bergamo 2019 Committee
Towards the second phase: Living Labs for collaborative urban planning
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SOME ISSUES COMING FROM THE EXPERIENCE
AUTHORSHIP: A COMPLEX DEFINITION the promoter: from single citizens to many stakeholders (supporter, developer,
producer, …) the user: from the individual to the real and a virtual community the beneficiary: from citizens to researchers, institutions and private organisations
PRAGMATICS: IMPACT OF COLLABORATIVE MAPPING ON SPATIAL PLANNING what happens during the process and afterwords? who uses the information, how and for what pursposes? what is the actual contribution of collaborative mapping?
QUALITY: ACCURACY, DIVERSITY, CONSENSUS accuracy in geolocalisation multifaceted perspective in data attributes (eg. the same place can have multiple place-names, descriptions, pictures, …) quality is proportional to other users validation and consensus
TECHNOLOGY: OPEN, UBIQUITOUS, TRACEABLE, STORED open source software and open data proliferation of Location Based Services real time control of data production or use collection, storage and management of huge amounts of data digital divide?
THE BENEFICIARY
