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19

63

of the stare legislature: William Arthur, John Boyldn, ThoiTiasCiiarlto:!, Robert Cunningham, Alexander Mclntosh, James May-son, and Mattiiew Singleton. Ten of the twenty-one Regulatorswho had legislative or convention service were elected to more thanone body: William Arthur (Provincial Congress, JacksonboroughLegislature, regular legislature), Benjamin Farrar (colonialsembly, Provincial Congress), Tacitus Gaillard (colonial Assembly,Provincial Congress), Henry Hunter (Provincial Congress, Jacksonborough Legislature), Joseph Kirkland (Provincial Congress,Jacksonborough Legislature), William Kurkland (JacksonboroughLegislature, ratification convention, constitutional convention of1790), Alexander Mclntosh (Provincial Congress, regular legislature), James Mayson (Provincial Congress, constitutional convention of 1790, regular legislature), Claudius Pegues (colonial Assembly, Provincial Congress), and William Welsh (JaclcsonboroughLegislature, constitutional convention of 1790)-

The list of seventy-five Regulators pardoned by GovernorMontagu in 1771 was composed mainly of rank and file Regulatorsfrom Camden District.^® Of the seventy-five, seventy (93 per cent)were of small planter status at the time of the Regulation; onlyfive were leading men.^^ In later years ten of the small plantersrose into the leading man category, so that a total of fifteen (20per cent) of those pardoned in 1771 were then or later leadingmen. The 1771 pardon list is additional proof that die Regulatormovement was part of the climb upward for ambitious youngermen. It also suggests that family and kinship were important factorsin the movement. Thirty-one, or almost half, of the seventy-fivemen on the pardon list had surnames that appeared more thanonce; only twelve surnames accounted for nearly half of the menlisted.^®

Thirty-four Regulators listed in the pardon lived in the LittleRiver—Cedar Creek section and exemplify the movement at thelocal level. Little River and Cedar Creek flow into the BroadRiver from the east about five miles apart. Their small watershedsare adjacent and form a fairly distinct section in the southwestand south central area of present Fairfield County and the north

I 2 2

central section of present Richland County, about fifteen milesnorth of the present city of Columbia. The group from this areawas mainly rank and file.®" Only three (9 per cent)—ThomasWoodward, Barnaby Pope, and Edward A-lcGraw, Sr.—were leadingmen at tlie time of the Regulation; all the restweresmall planters.Six of the latter became leading men in after years; hence nine,or one quarter, of the Little River-Cedar Creek Regulators fellultimately in that category.

Nineteen, or more than half of the Little River-Cedar Creekmen, were related to each other or had common surnames, an indication of probable kinship. Some of the family relationsliips werenotable; the five AdcGraws, the Woodwards, the three Andrews,and the Kirklands.®" Other men were related by marriage; for example, AA^illiam Kirkland and Barnaby Pope each married AlcKin-ney girls.®® Nearly half—fifteen—of the Little River-Cedar CreekRegulators were neighbors or owned adjoining land tracts. Theland plats show only landowners bounding directly on the platin question, but it is Ukely that other Little River-Cedar CreekRegulators were neighbors in the general sense of living only afew miles from each other. For example, on Adorrison's (or Morris)Creek, a branch of Little River, were intermingled plats belonging to Thomas AA^oodward, James Andrews, Sr., David McGraw,and Edward McGraw, Sr.®^ The Little River-Cedar Creek groupaffords a picture of the Regulator movement at the local levelwhere it probably functioned most effectively. Here local bandsof small planters—friends, neighbors, and relatives headed by ahandful of leading men—operated along particular creeks orstreams, rounding up outlaws and tasking lower people.

The widely accepted view that resentment against Low Countrymen who were Liberty Boys in the 1760's and Whigs in the1770's caused old Regulators to support the King during the waris not correct. Of the 118 Regulators, sixty-nine (59 per cent)were Whigs (fifty-five or 47 per cent definitely, fourteen or 12per cent probably), six (5 per cent) were Tories, and forty-three(36 per cent) were either dead or of unknown status. When theforty-three ex-Regulators whose Revolutionary allegiance cannot

I 2 3

SOUTH CAROLtNA REGUUa TOP g, .

Continental Association in their areas, and both rankett^the leading patriots of the Peedee.

Camden District Regulators were zealous Whigs. Johnshall of Lynches River executed the Continental Assodatyibecame acolonel under Thomas Sumter. Joseph Kirklandthe Continental Association, became alieutenant colonel or1and helped mete out punishment to the vanquished Tories^Jacksonborough Legislature of 1782. Matthew Singleton oflower Waceree was Provincial Congressman, executor ofthe Ctinental Association, and Whig colonel. Samuel Boykia exe^the Continental Association and in 1776, as Ranger capt^^company of Catawba Indians in the defense of Charlestd '̂later fought in Thomas Sumter's partisan band. Henry: Htiwas a Provincial Congressman, executed the Continentaltion, and in 1780 was among a score of leading Camden Xlwhom Lord Rawdon cast into jail for refusing to take upagainst the approaching Gates; later Hunter served in thesonborough Legislature. Elsewhere, William Woiford, apatriot" of the Tyger-Enoree section of Ninety Six Distr^TllScame aWhig lieutenant colonel and took part in Andrew Wil^^^son's campaign against the Cherokees in 1776 and in varidus'acin 1779. William Arthur was one of the principal Whigs ofGotha Township, Orangeburg District; he represented Saxe:in the Provincial Congress, served in the state senate durkig'Revolution, and shared in the victorious deliberations of the. jai^;-sonborough Legislature.

Examination of data on the Regulators as a"groiipratfof'Wgeneral picture of the movement. A different, and no less mening, perspective is gained by an examination of the iudivcareers of a few typical Regulators. James Andrews,,typical of the small planters who made up the rank and file 0Regulator movement.

Andrews, an early settler in the region, lived on(or Morris) Creek in the Little River-Cedar CreekRegulators. Aplat of 150 acres was surveyed for him on Liin 1752, and another of 300 acres was laid out for him near

126

^eaMf'OsrnOiV or the aiovement

, Creek in 1765- Except for his participation in the Regula-life seems to have been almost without public in-

His name appears from time to time in minor actions in^Xld County court records after the Revolutionary War. In

was enumerated in the federal census. At his death in 1798Andrei was essentially the same modest though solid and re-iDcctable property holder that he had been in the Regulator era.ggkyedon a plantation of 300 acres that had passed from Isaac

to Joseph Kirkland (an ex-Regulator) to Andrews. Hegsnied.00 slaves but possessed four horses, fifteen head of cattle,

"giy hogs, household and kitchen furniture, farm implements, and"fcce featherbeds. Andrews was survived by his wife, Priscilla,

children, to each of whom (except his executors, Mathewand Edward) he bequeathed sterling in cash. Small planterlames Andrews, Sr., was deeply involved in the Regulator move-

rment. Two of his sons (Enoch and James, Jr.) joined him in it,and one of his daughters (Mary) married into the McGraw familjr'of R^lators.*^. Andrew Baskin (or Basldns) was typical of those Regulators

were young and relatively unimportant small planters at thetBM of the Regulation but who later rose into leading man status,trSe probably begun by active participation in the Regulator move-

The Scotch-Irish Baskin was born in Ireland about 1730.3Qsmg for a time in Augusta County on the Virginia frontier, he

^ved about 1755 to the Flat Rock Creek section northeast of- emu the South Carolina Back Country, and in 176 r he was

Lynches River not far from Flat

War R M ^hig during the Revolutionaryi78r' provisions for Whig partisans in 1780 andh^self served in the Whig militia in 1779 and 1780feedi-AR Colonel John Marshall, who was probably re-

Aft hemerged as one of the leading men of his

Pointed on County was formed in 1785, he was ap-'Duringthe 1780'sand 1790's^ in oth frequently in the county records as agrand jurorer connections. Like most men of affairs, Baskin had

I 27

AD

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UM

Whi

leth

isbo

okw

ason

the

pres

s,an

othe

rR

egul

ator

pard

onw

asdi

scov

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.D

ated

June

29, 1

771,

the

pard

on(M

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Rec

ords

,Vol

ume

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,pa

ges

614-

615)

was

prac

tical

lyid

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form

and

lang

uage

toth

epa

rdon

ofO

ctob

er31

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1(A

ppen

dix

C);

itab

solv

edei

ght

Reg

ulat

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phK

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land

,H

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ter,

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atth

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the

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the

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1789

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acre

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Twp.)

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uel

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.(D

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utch

Fork

)—47

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2262

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Cook

—Co

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—33

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ater

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.—10

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Cr.

ofB

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100

acre

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illia

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atR

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.—10

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(Fre

deric

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acre

s—45

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amin

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plus

acre

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acre

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tle

R.

ofB

road

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nF

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axe

Go

tha.

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Fraz

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.—20

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mpi

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utch

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hnFu

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—10

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lard—

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eeR.

(Eut

awSp

rs.).

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iel

Gar

dner

—C

amde

n—10

0ac

res.

Barth

olom

ewG

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Got

ha—

300

acre

s—i

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n—L

ittle

R.o

fB

road

R.

»4

5

APPENDIX

Case, by any unavoidable Accident, the said Courts shall fail to be held, atthe Times respectively appointed for holding the same, the Proceedings shallnot be discontinued; but that any mie of the Commissioners, for takingRecognizances of Bail and Affidavits, or the Clerk of the Court, shall andmay adjourn the said Court ed Die in Die-m, not exceeding Six Days, untilthe said Court shall meet: And in Case they shall not meet and sit, in SbcDays as aforesaid, the said Commissioners, or Clerk of the Court, shall adjourn the same to the next Circuit Court, to which time all Causes then depending,shall be continued over.

XXVIII. And be it further Enacted, by the Authority aforesaid, Thatall Fines and Forfeitures, accruing or arising by Virtue of this Act, shall besued for in the Name of the King, and when recovered, shall be disposed ofas is herein before directed and appointed.

XXIX. And be it Enacted, by the Authority aforesaid, That this Act shallbe deemed a public Act, and may be given in Evidence, without SpecialPleading: And if any Person shall be sued, for any Thing done in Pursuance hereof, and Judgment shall pass for the Defendant, either on Verdict,non-Suit, or Demurrer, or the Plaintiff shall discontinue his Action, the Defendant shall recover treble Costs.

XXX. And be it Enacted, by the Authority aforesaid, That nothingherein contained, shall be of any Force, Virtue or Efficacy, until PublicNotice of His Majesty's Gracious Allowance and Approbation of this Actshall be given, by Proclamation of the Governor, or Commander in Chiefof this Province for theTime being; but that all and every Matterand Thingherein Contained, shall, as soon thereafter, as the same shall be practicable,be observed and carried into Execution, according to the true Intent andMeaning of this Act.

Peter Manigault, Speaker.In the Council Chamber,this 29th Day of July, 1769.

Assented to,C. G. Montagu.

158

C THE REGULATOR PARDON OF OCTOBER 31, 1771 ^

Source: Miscellaneous Records, Volume PP, pages 46-47. Manuscript volume in South Carolina Archives Department.

South Carolina George the Third by the Grace of God of GreatBritain, France &Ireland, King Defender of the Faith& so forth.

To all &singular our Judges,Justices,Marshalls, Sheriffs, Constables, Bailliffs& others our Peace Officers or loving Subjects within our said province,Greeting. Whereas sundry Inhabitants in the Northern parts of our saidprovince, heretofore assembled themselves together under the name of Regulators &committed various Outrages & Acts of Violence in illegally whipping &Imprisoning divers persons under pretence of their being Robbers &Horse-Thieves But for as much as it appeared that sundry well Disposedpeople, had been unwarily drawn in to join the said Association in some ofthe said illegal Acts of Violence by them committed. We did by our Proclamation under the Great Seal of our said province bearing Date the sixthDay of August 1768, promise our most Gracious Pardon for the said Outrages &Acts of Violence, Committed by any person or persons on or beforethe said sixth Day of August 1768, to all such Persons as should thenceforward peaceably Demean themselves &should keep our peace & duly observethe Laws of our said province enacted for the preservation of the same. AndWhereas very many of the said people who called themselves Regulators didthereupon Desist from the illegal practises aforesaid & peace & Tranquilityhath in a manner been restored to the Inhabitants in the back Settlements ofour said province. And Whereas John Marshall William Welsh, RichardBurnett, John Welsh, Thomas Marshall, Willm. Deason, John Holley Senior,John Holley Junior, James Holley, John Cook Jonathan Holley, John Kirk-land, Benjamin Cook, Francis Kkkland, James Marlow, John Owens, JamesOwens, James Rudand, Edward Grigg, Andrew Baskins, Joshua English,William Hilton, Joshua Dinkins Samuel Wiggans, David Gibson, BarnabyPope, John Kimbol, William Kirkland, Thomas Parrot, Moses Matthews,David McGraw, William Simmons, Philip Shaver, David Moore, ThomasFrankland, William Frazier, Jacob Fraizer, William McGraw, EdwardMcGraw Junior James Jones, Mark Davis, James Nelson, John Woodward,Josiah Horn James Andrews Senior, Thomas Trap, John Miles, John Grigg,Edward Narramore, Bryant Ryley, John Lightner, Edward McGraw Senior,Henry Wimpey, Henry Gotes, George Lewey, John Goodwin, James Russell, George Lighmer, James Andrews Junior, Enoch Andrews, WilliamHill, Enoch McGraw, Benjamin Gigary, Peter Rapesome, William Ackary,

159

APPENDIX

lesse Stevens, John Roden, Alexantler Daley, Henry Horn, WiihatnAverhearc Maces, John Gray, Richard Taylor. Daniel Gardner, WoodTucker &John Cook of our said province planters, have represented unto uschat alcho' they were present at some of the illegal proceedings, committedon the first Association of the Regulators they have for along time past dulyobserved our Peace, &have humbly besought us to grant to them our Pardon for the said Offences. Noiv Know Ye that we being Graciously inclined,have pardoned, Remitted &Released &We do hereby Pardon, Remitt &Release unto the said John Marshall, WUliam Welsh, Richard Burnett JohnWelsh Thomas Marshall. William Deason, John Holley Senior, John HoUey[unior, James Holley, John Cook, Jonathan HoUey, John Kirklan^ Ben-iamin Cook. Francis Kirkland. James Marlow, John Owens, Jam^es Owens,James Rutland, Edward Grigg, Andrew Baskins, Joshua English, WiUiamHilton, Joshua Dinkins, Saml. Wiggans, David Gibson, Bamaby Pope, JohnKimbol, WiUiam Kirkland Thomas Parrott, Moses Matthews, David Mc-Graw, WUliam Simmons PhUip Shaver, David Moore, Thomas Frankland,William Fraizer, Jacob Fraizer, WUliam McGraw, Edward McGraw Junior,Tames Jones, Mark Davis, James Nelson, John Woodward, Josiah Horn,James Andrews Senr. Thomas Trap, John Miles, John Grigg, Edward Nar-rambre, Bryant Ryley, John Lighmer, Edward McGraw Senr. HenryWimpey, Henry Gotes, Geo: Lewey, John Goodwin, James RusseU GeorgeLiffhtner, James Andrews Junior Enoch Andrews, William HUl, EnochMcGraw, Benjamin Gigary, Peter Rapesome, WUham Ackary, Jesse Stevens,John Roden, Alexander Daley, Henry Horn, William Nettles, AverheartNeates, John Gray, Richard Taylor, Daniel Gardner, Wood Tucker &JohnCook, &to each &to every of them aU Assaults, Batteries, Tresspasses, Misdemeanours &Crimes whatsoever under the Nature k Degree of a Felonyhad done, committed k perpetrated by them or any of them on or before thefirst Day of October Instant. &all Fines, Forfeitures, Amerciaments &Imprisonments, or other punishments for the same, &We do hereby furtherWUl &Direct, chat no Suit shall henceforward be Instituted or Prosecutedin our Name or at our Instance against all or either of the above named persons for any of the Tresspasses or Misdemeanours aforesaid, of which ourAttorney General ofour said province k all others whom ic may concern, arerequired to take due Notice &govern themselves accordingly.

Given under the Great Seal of our saidProvbce Witness His Excellency TheRight Flonble Lord Chas. Greville MontaguCaptain General Governour &Commanderin Chief in k over our Said provincethis thirty first Day of October,Anno Dom: 1771 & in the Twelfth Yearof our Reign.

Chas. Grev: Montagu.

By His Excellencys Commd.Geo: MurrayDep. Secy.

[Concerninfi a -riewly discovered pardon see page 144 alcove.']I 6 o

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following bibliography contains all the items cited in the notes tothe text, in addition to many items whichwere of value in the preparation ofthis study but which do not appear in the notes.

I. Primary Sources, UnprintedA. Public Records

B. Church and Parish Records

C. Diaries, Journals, Letters, and Papers of Private Individuals

II. Primary Sources, PrintedA. Public Records

B. Church and Parish Records

C. Diaries, Journals, Papers, and Memoirs of Private IndividualsD. Newspapers, Magazines, and AlmanacsE. MapsF. Other

ill. Secondary WorksA. Books, Pamphlets, and MonographsB. ArticlesC. Unpublished ThesesD. Maps and AtlasesE. Other

I. PRIMARY SOURCES, UNPRINTED

A. PUBLIC RECORDS

/. South Carolina Archives Department, Columbia -

Accounts Audited of Revolutionary Claims against South Carolina. A hugecollection, rich in material on the Revolutionary service of ex-Regulators.

Acts of Colonial South Carolina, 1760-1775."An Act for disposing of certain Estates, and banishing certain persons

therein mentioned," 1782.Association for Defense signed by inhabitants cast of the Wateree, 1775.County Wills of South Carolina. Works Progress Administration transcripts

containing many wills of ex-Regulators who lived beyond the Revolution.

Loose Papers, Pre-1800. A varied collection of documents, some of whichrefer to ex-Regulators.

I 6 I

NO

TE

ST

OC

tlA

PT

ER

VII

I

cme

oneo

fthe

leadin

gWhig

sofS

axeGo

tha]

Rober

^:and

Rudo

lphBu

z-7i

rdAl

exan

derD

aley,

Chris

tophe

rSmi

th,an

dEh

shaT

eiger

).tv

Irhis

eadier

^work

,The

Histo

ryof

theRe

voUu

^:of

Sonth

-Ca

rJiina

frow

aBriti

shPr

ovinc

eto

anInd

epen

dent

State

(Tren

ton,N

J.,'7

'63-6

4,Ra

msay

wasu

nder

theim

pressi

ontha

tthe

Regu

lators

berim

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Inhis

gene

ralhis

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ofSo

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rolina

publi

shed

in180

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msay

gavea

more

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ledand

quite

pene

tratin

gacc

ount

ofthe

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^"LT

anVc

oncIu

ded,

correc

tly,t

hatthe

Regul

ators

onwh

olebec

ame

Whig

swh

ilethe

iropp

onen

ts,the

Coffe

llites,

becam

eTon

es.Hi

story

ofS.C

IziT

-215.

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theop

inion

ofElm

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uglas

Johnso

n,stu

dent

ofSo

uthCa

rolina

histor

iograp

hy,t

hatt

helat

terwo

rkwa

sRam

says

mo^

valua

bleS

o"cd

contr

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Vjch

nson

."A

Histo

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South

1789

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publi

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Ph.D

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nivers

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95O.

^^\V

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say

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.,"p.

137.O

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milita

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and^e

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were

John

and

Samu

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Thor

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arlton

John

Cook

,Willi

amDe

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Jacob

Fraz

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obFu

lmore

,Bar

tholom

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,Joh

nGr

ay,G

eorge

Hick

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and

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asTr

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hHe

nry

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and

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ood

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name

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thenin

eteen

who

serve

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theran

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drew

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inTh

omas

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kland

,W

illiam

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er,Gi

bson

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njam

inGi

gary

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iamHi

U(p

roba

ble)

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esHo

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wid

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dW

illiam

McG

raw;J

ames

Marl

ow(p

roba

ble^

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asM

arsh

all,'E

dward

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more,

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Nelso

n,W

illiam

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s,Da

vidRo

binso

n,Jo

hnRo

den,

and

Jam

esRu

ssell

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babl

e).

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rdwa

sanu

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hig,a

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thisd

istan

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final

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lutio

nary

status

canno

tbed

eterm

ined.

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heske

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himin

note

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ap-

Thos

ewh

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rnish

edW

higsu

pplie

swe

reAn

drew

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in,Sa

muel

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in,Jo

hnCo

ok,

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shua

f^rt

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ations

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ethe

sketch

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VII),

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lGard

ner

(pro

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deon

Gibs

on,G

eoige

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yH

unte

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anci

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irkla

nd,

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atthe

ws,J

ames

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ward

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more,

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Gwen

s,Th

omas

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Clau

diusP

egue

s,Ph

ilipPle

dger,

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byPo

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vanP

ugh

Peter

Rape

some,

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Scott

,Matt

hew

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ton,W

ood

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er,M

atthia

sWee

ker,

and

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kswe

reWillia

mFra

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avidG

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idEd

war

dJr.

,an

dW

illia

mM

cGra

w,

and

Jam

esRu

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bable

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swe

reRu

ssell,

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amHi

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sketch

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und

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emph

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dW

ates,

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tyof

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cCra

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fety

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ision

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uth

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,'Col

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ount

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.,18

70-18

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4-449

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ent

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tions

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inth

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r<t

u47

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mbs

tone

sof

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esan

dH

enrie

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inet

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gan's

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phHa

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amCh

apter

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rical

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ction

s,III

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ndre

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anac

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rtA

ctof

1769

(App

endi

xB

);Bo

und

Plats

,VII,

482,

IX,

188,

XI78

XV

III,4

7-48

;Abb

evill

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unty

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s,Bo

okI,

pp.2

61-2

64,i

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unty

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sof

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;H

emph

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ates

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urna

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ngre

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of2

I5