Carlingford NIS 12062014 FinalCarlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment...

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Irish Water Uisce Éireann June 2014 CARLINGFORD WASTEWATER DISCHARGE LICENCE APPLICATION (REG NO. D0268-01) Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment for the purposes of the Waste Water Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations, 2007 (S.I. No 684 of 2007) For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. EPA Export 30-09-2014:23:33:24

Transcript of Carlingford NIS 12062014 FinalCarlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment...

Page 1: Carlingford NIS 12062014 FinalCarlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 2 June 2014 This Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Natura Impact

Irish Water Uisce Éireann

June 2014

CARLINGFORD WASTEWATER DISCHARGE LICENCE APPLICATION (REG NO. D0268-01) Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment for the

purposes of the Waste Water Discharge

(Authorisation) Regulations, 2007 (S.I. No

684 of 2007)

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Page 2: Carlingford NIS 12062014 FinalCarlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 2 June 2014 This Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Natura Impact

IRISH WATER

CARLINGFORD WASTEWATER DISCHARGE LICENCE APPLICATION (REG. NO D0268-01)

STAGE 2 APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT FOR THE PURPOSES OF THE

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE (AUTHORISATION) REGULATIONS, 2007 (S.I. NO 684 OF 2007)

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd.,

Consulting Engineers,

Nutgrove Office Park,

Nutgrove Avenue,

Dublin 14. June 2014

PROJECT NO. 20542

Revision Reason for Revision Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by Issue Date

- Initial Report NOD / TN SH/CAS CAS 10/06/2014

A Report for Client Review NOD / TN SH/CAS CAS 11/06/2014

B Incorporating Client Comments NOD / TN SH/CAS CAS 12/06/2014

C

D

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Page 3: Carlingford NIS 12062014 FinalCarlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 2 June 2014 This Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Natura Impact

Carlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. i June 2014

CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Appropriate Assessment Legislation 2

1.3 Waste Water Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations, 2007 3

1.4 Methodology 3

1.5 Sources of Information 5

1.6 Consultation 6

2. STAGE 2 APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT 7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Project and Site Information 7

2.2.1 Site Location 7

2.2.2 Existing Carlingford WwTP 9

2.2.3 Effluent Discharge 9

2.3 Natura 2000 Sites 11

2.3.1 Description of Natura 2000 Sites 11

2.3.2 Qualifying Interests 14

2.4 Baseline Environment 18

2.4.1 Water Framework Directive Assessment 18

2.4.2 WFD Register for Protected Areas 21

2.5 Impact of Carlingford WwTP Primary Discharge 21

2.5.1 Coastal Dilution and Dispersion 21

2.5.2 Dilution and Dispersion Calculations 21

2.5.3 Initial Dilution 22

2.5.4 Horizontal Transport and Dispersion 23

2.5.5 Overall Dilution 23

2.5.6 Impact of Wastewater Parameters 24

2.5.7 Summary of Predicted Dispersion Results 26

2.6 Conservation Objectives 28

2.6.1 Conservation Objectives of Carlingford Shore SAC 28

2.6.2 Conservation Objectives of Carlingford Lough SPA 31

2.7 Assessment of Potential Impacts on the Conservation Objectives 31

2.8 In Combination Effects with Other Plans and Projects 35

2.9 Mitigation Measures 39

2.10 Concluding Statement 39

3. REFERENCES 40

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Page 4: Carlingford NIS 12062014 FinalCarlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 2 June 2014 This Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Natura Impact

Carlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. ii June 2014

APPENDICES

Appendix I: Natura 2000 Site Synopses

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Page 5: Carlingford NIS 12062014 FinalCarlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 2 June 2014 This Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Natura Impact

Carlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 1 June 2014

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Louth County Council submitted a Waste Water Discharge Licence Application to the EPA

on 3rd March 2009 to comply the Waste Water Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations,

2007 (S.I. No 684 of 2007).

The Water Services (No.2) Act 2013 provided for the transfer of water services functions

from the 34 Local Authorities to Irish Water. It also provided for the transfer of the water

services infrastructure assets to Irish Water. With this transfer of assets and functions,

Irish Water has now become the licensee for all EPA Waste Water Discharge Licences

and Certificate of Authorisation applications.

This Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment, prepared by Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. and Associate

Ecologist, Tony Nagle on behalf of Irish Water, supports the Waste Water Discharge

Licence application for the Carlingford agglomeration (EPA Application Register Number

D0268—01) and forms a response to the EPA correspondence of 21st March 2014 which

requested the following:

“A screening for Appropriate Assessment was undertaken to assess, in view of best

scientific knowledge and the conservation objectives of the site, if the activity,

individually or in combination with other plans or projects is likely to have a significant

effect on a European Site(s). In this context, particular attention was paid to the

European sites at Carlingford Shore SAC (002306) and Carlingford Lough SPA (004078)

and the Agency considered, for the reasons set out below, that the activity is not directly

connected with or necessary to the management of those sites as European Sites and

that it cannot be excluded, on the basis of objective scientific information following

screening under this Regulation, that the activity, individually or in combination with

other plans or projects, will have a significant effect on a European site and accordingly

determined that an Appropriate Assessment of the activity is required. This

determination is based on the proximity of the primary discharge to the Carlingford

Shore SAC (002306) and the direct discharge of effluent to the Carlingford Lough SPA

(004078).

You are thereby required to submit a Natura Impact Statement, as defined in Regulation

2(1) of the European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations (S.I. No.

477 of 2011)”.

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Carlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 2 June 2014

This Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Natura Impact Statement will consider the impact

on the integrity of the Carlingford Shore SAC (002306) and the Carlingford Lough SPA

(004078) from the current discharged effluent from the agglomeration. This effluent is

discharged directly into the aforementioned SAC and SPA. This assessment will consider

alone or in combination impacts, with respect to the site’s structure and function and the

conservation objectives. Any negative impacts on the integrity of the sites will require

the implementation of avoidance or mitigation measures to avoid progression to Stages

3 and 4 of the Appropriate Assessment process.

1.2 Appropriate Assessment Legislation

Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild Fauna and Flora -

the “Habitats Directive” - provide legal protection for habitats and species of European

importance. The Directives requires the maintenance or restoration of habitats and

species of European Community interest, at a favourable conversation status and

provides the legislation to protect habitats and species of community interest

through the establishment and conservation of an EU-wide network of sites known as

Natura 2000 sites.

Natura 2000 sites are Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) designated under the

Habitats Directive and Special Protection Areas (SPA) designated under the Conservation

of Wild Birds Directive (79/409/EEC). Articles 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive sets

out the decision-making tests for plans or projects affecting Natura 2000 sites.

Article 6(3) establishes the requirement for Appropriate Assessment:

“Any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the

site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination

with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its

implications for the site in view of the site's conservation objectives. In the light of the

conclusions of the assessment of the implications for the site and subject to the

provisions of paragraph 4, the competent national authorities shall agree to the plan or

project only after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the

site concerned and, if appropriate, after having obtained the opinion of the general

public”.

Article 6(4) of the Directive deals with alternative solutions, the test of “imperative

reasons of overriding public interest” (IROPI) and compensatory measures:

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Carlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 3 June 2014

“If, in spite of a negative assessment of the implications for the site and in the absence

of alternative solutions, a plan or project must nevertheless be carried out for imperative

reasons of overriding public interest, including those of social or economic nature, the

Member State shall take all compensatory measures necessary to ensure that the overall

coherence of Natura 2000 is protected. It shall inform the Commission of the

compensatory measures adopted”.

1.3 Waste Water Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations, 2007

The Wastewater licensing and certification process gives effect to a number of EU

Directives by the imposition of restrictions or prohibitions on the discharge of dangerous

substances and thus preventing or reducing the pollution of waters by wastewater

discharges.

All discharges to the aquatic environment from sewerage systems owned, managed and

operated by water service authorities (now Irish Water) require Waste Water Discharge

Licences or Certificate of Authorisations from the EPA.

This process provides for the EPA to place stringent conditions on the operation of

discharges from WwTPs to ensure that potential effects on the receiving water bodies are

strictly limited and controlled. In overall terms the aim is to achieve good surface water

and ground water status in addition to complying with standards and objectives

established for associated protected areas, including Natura 2000 sites.

1.4 Methodology

An Appropriate Assessment is an assessment of the potential adverse or negative

impacts of a plan or project, in combination with other plans or projects, on a European

site. An Appropriate Assessment must be carried out before any decision is made to

allow that plan or project to proceed. The obligation to undertake Appropriate

Assessment derives from both Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive.

The European Commission (2002) has provided guidance on addressing the provisions of

Article 6(3) and 6(4) of the Habitats Directive and identifies four main stages in the

process as follows:

Stage One: Screening for Appropriate Assessment

The process identifies the likely significant effects upon a Natura 2000 site of a project or

plan, whether alone or in combination with other projects or plans, and considers

whether these impacts are likely to be significant. This Stage 1 has been completed by

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Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 4 June 2014

the Competent Authority, the EPA and it was determined that a Stage 2 NIS would need

to be completed for the current discharge as it cannot be excluded, on the basis of

objective scientific information following screening, that the discharge, individually or in

combination with other plans or projects, will have a significant effect on the Carlingford

Shore SAC and the Carlingford Lough SPA.

Stage Two: Appropriate Assessment

This stage considers whether the project or plan, alone or in combination with other

projects or plans, will have adverse effects on the integrity of a Natura 2000 site, and

includes any mitigation measures necessary to avoid, reduce or offset negative effects.

Stage Three: Assessment of Alternative Solutions

This process examines alternative ways of achieving the objectives of the project or plan

that avoid adverse impacts on the integrity of the Natura 2000 site.

Stage Four: Assessment where no Alternative Solutions Exist and where

Adverse Impacts Remain.

This process is an assessment of compensatory measures, where in the light of an

assessment of imperative reasons of over-riding public interest, it is deemed that the

project or plan should proceed.

The Habitats Directive promotes a hierarchy of avoidance, mitigation and compensatory

measures. First, the project should aim to avoid any negative impacts on European sites

by identifying possible impacts early in the planning stage and designing the project in

order to avoid such impacts. Second, mitigation measures should be applied, if

necessary, during the AA process to the point where no adverse impacts on the site(s)

remain. If the project is still likely to result in adverse effects, and no further practicable

mitigation is possible, then it is rejected. If no alternative solutions are identified and the

project is required for imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI test) under

Article 6(4) of the Habitats Directive, then compensation measures are required for any

remaining adverse effects.

This document bring together all of the information necessary to determine if the current

discharges from the Carlingford WwTP to the Carlingford Lough is adversely affecting the

integrity of the Carlingford Shore SAC and the Carlingford Lough SPA.

This Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment has been prepared in accordance with the following

guidelines:

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Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 5 June 2014

• EPA (2012) Note on Appropriate Assessments for the purposes of the Waste

Water Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations, 2007 (S.I. No. 684 of 2007), as

amended;

• Managing Natura 2000 Sites: the provisions of Article 6 of the “Habitats” Directive

92/43/EEC (EC, 2000);

• Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites:

Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats

Directive 92/43/EEC (EC, 2002);

• Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland: Guidance for Planning

Authorities (DoEHLG, 2009);

• Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government Ireland

(DOEHLG) Circular L8/08 (September 2008).

The structure of this NIS broadly follows the methodology as recommended in the EPA

guidance note: Waste Water Discharge Licensing – Appropriate Assessment,

Version 2.2 2012).

1.5 Sources of Information

The data used in this assessment has been drawn mainly from following sources:

• Carlingford WWDLA Application and Further Information Request (Reg. No.

D0268-01)

• EPA Monitoring Data

• Louth County Council/Irish Water Monitoring Data

• Neagh-Bann International River Basin District Management Plan and Associated

Reports

• NPWS Data and Mapping

• NPWS (2013) The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland. Habitat

Assessments Volume 2. Version 1.0

• NPWS (2013) Conservation Objectives: Carlingford Shore SAC 002306 Version 1

• NPWS (2013) Conservation Objectives: Carlingford Lough SPA 004078 Version 1

• NPWS (2013) Carlingford Lough Special Protection Area (Site Code 4078)

Conservation Objectives Supporting Document Version 1

• NPWS (2013) Carlingford Shore SAC (Site Code 2306) Conservation Objectives

Supporting Document - Coastal Habitats

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Carlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 6 June 2014

1.6 Consultation

Consultation was sought with the NPWS Divisional Ecologist (North Eastern Region),

Linda Patton, on the 9th of June 2014. No responses were received at the time of writing

this Report.

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Page 11: Carlingford NIS 12062014 FinalCarlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 2 June 2014 This Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment Natura Impact

Carlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 7 June 2014

2. STAGE 2 APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT

2.1 Introduction

In Stage 2 of the Appropriate Assessment process the impact of a project or plan (i.e. in

this case the primary discharge from the Carlingford WwTP to Carlingford Lough) on the

integrity of a European Site(s) (i.e. the Carlingford Shore SAC and the Carlingford Lough

SPA) is considered with respect to the conservation objectives of the sites. This involves

acquiring adequate information on the project, predicting the likely effects (direct,

indirect, short and long term, isolated, interactive and cumulative) and identifying the

impacts on the conservation objectives and status of the European Sites. Finally,

mitigation measures need to be identified and assessed against the adverse effects the

project is likely to cause.

2.2 Project and Site Information

2.2.1 Site Location

Carlingford is a coastal town in Northern Louth, located on the east of Ireland between

Dublin and Belfast. The town it situated adjacent to Carlingford Lough and the base of

the Slieve Foy Mountains and the Mourne Mountains.

The existing Wastewater Treatment Works is located south of the village centre. The

treatment works site is approximately 0.67 ha in area and access to the site is via a local

road adjacent to the R173.

A location plan of the area around the Carlingford WwTP is shown on Fig. 2.1 below. The

location of the primary discharge location is shown in Fig. 2.2.

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Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 8 June 2014

WwTP

Figure 2.1: Carlingford WwTP Location (Source: NPWS Mapping)

Figure 2.2: WwTP and Primary Discharge Location (Source: EPA Mapping)

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Carlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 9 June 2014

2.2.2 Existing Carlingford WwTP

A full description of the existing Carlingford Sewerage Scheme and associated WwTP is

provided in the 2009 WWD application (Reg. No. D0268-01). A brief overview of the

WwTP and primary discharge is provided in the sections below.

The existing treatment works was built in the late 1990s and consists of an inlet pump

station, a screening chamber with balancing tank, two aeration tanks, two clarifiers, a

sludge return pump station, a sludge thickener, a sludge press building and a sludge

storage area. The existing Wastewater Treatment Works is located south of the village

centre.

The treated effluent is pumped from the treatment works to a chamber located along the

coast line and flows then by gravity through a sea outfall pipe about 1500 m long,

discharging into Carlingford Lough via a diffuser. The treatment works is designed on the

basis of a population equivalent of 1,500 assuming Total BOD5 90 kg/d, Total Suspended

Solids 105 kg/d, Total Dry Weather Flow 270 m3/day, Total peak design flow to be

treated (3DWF) 34 m3/h.

The quality of the current effluent discharge and its compliance with the UWWT

Regulations are discussed in Section 2.2.3 below.

2.2.3 Effluent Discharge

As mentioned above in Section 2.2.2, Carlingford wastewater receives secondary

treatment before being discharged to Carlingford Lough by a diffuse outfall with an

approximate length of 1500 m. The treated effluent from the Carlingford WwTP must

comply with the Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulations, 2001 (S.I. No. 254 of 2001)

i.e. the treated effluent quality standards must achieve 25 mg/l BOD5, 35 mg/l SS and

125mg/l COD.

Data obtained from Louth County Council was assessed for compliance with the above

effluent standards. A summary of the 2013-2014 effluent concentrations is shown in

Table 2.1. Where data were recorded as less than the limit of detection a worst case

scenario was assumed and data were considered to be equal to the limit of detection.

The effluent monitoring results for 2013 and 2014 indicates that the Carlingford WwTP is

in compliance with the required BOD, COD and SS standards of Urban Waste Water

Treatment Regulations. The impact of the effluent on the receiving environment (in the

context of meeting the surface water objectives standards) is discussed in Section 2.5

of this Report.

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Carlingford WwTP Reg. No. D0268-01 Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 10 June 2014

Table 2.1: Carlingford WwTP Effluent Monitoring Data (mg/l) (2013-2014) (Data Source: Louth County Council)

Sample Date Nitrates

(N)

Ammonia

as N

Total

Nitrogen BOD

COD

(O2)

Total

Suspended

Solids

Ortho-

phosphate

(P)

Total

Phosphorus

as P

Nitrites

(N)

Nitrates

(NO3) DIN *

16-Jan-13 5.91 2.34 6.2 1.76 44.1 21 <0.18 0.21 0.279 - 8.529

20-Feb-13 - 2.19 4.3 3.97 30.8 5 0.29 0.74 0.386 0.095 2.672

20-Mar-13 7.42 2.84 10.6 15.8 72.1 35 0.25 1.2 0.59 - 10.85

17-Apr-13 5 1.57 5.9 7.95 44.9 13 0.91 1.4 0.492 - 7.062

22-May-13 4.3 4.55 10.2 6 46.1 21 0.85 1.4 0.828 - 9.678

19-Jun-13 1.21 8.1 8.4 7.36 37.4 25 0.71 1 1.21 - 10.52

17-Jul-13 0.802 16.9 19.7 9.21 53.3 25 0.62 1.3 0.792 - 18.494

21-Aug-13 2.81 14 17 6.35 60 17 3.04 3.4 0.994 - 17.804

18-Sep-13 7.1 6.84 14.6 6.19 50.4 13 2.74 3 1.33 - 15.27

16-Oct-13 14.7 4.06 18.4 4.8 36.9 18 2.67 2.9 1.12 - 19.88

13-Nov-13 6.53 2.17 8.9 3.72 27.8 13 1.34 1.42 0.599 - 9.299

18-Dec-13 6.31 4.31 9.1 8.65 72 24 1.54 2 0.673 - 11.293

12-Feb-14 0.652 10.7 10.8 8.37 40.6 9 1.17 1.97 0.231 - 11.583

19-Mar-14 0.068 18.5 16.6 4.89 43.7 17 1.84 2.33 0.128 - 18.696

Max 14.7 18.5 19.7 15.8 72.1 35 3.04 3.4 1.33 - 19.88

Mean 4.8 7.1 11.5 6.8 47.2 18.3 1.4 1.7 0.7 - 12.3

Min 0.068 1.57 4.3 1.76 27.8 5 0.25 0.21 0.128 - 2.672

Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation

Standards 25 125 35

*DIN calculated: DIN = nitrite + nitrate + ammonia

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2.3 Natura 2000 Sites

2.3.1 Description of Natura 2000 Sites

The Carlingford WwTP discharges into Carlingford Lough. Carlingford Lough is designated

as an SAC (Carlingford Shore SAC) and SPA (Carlingford Lough SPA). The SAC

designation covers the southern shore line of Carlingford Lough and extends around the

peninsula to Templetown (Fig. 2.3). The SPA designation comprises the outer part of t

Lough, at Carlingford and Greenore (see Fig. 2.4). The location of both designated sites

in relation to the treated effluent discharge point is shown in Fig. 2.5 and 2.6.

Figure 2.3: Carlingford Shore SAC (Mapping Source: NPWS)

Figure 2.4: Carlingford Lough SPA (Mapping Source: NPWS)

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Figure 2.5: Carlingford WwTP and Discharge Location relative to the SAC and SPA

(Source: NPWS)

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Figure 2.6: View of Carlingford WwTP Discharge Point (at sea) and surrounding habitat

Carlingford Shore SAC (Site Code: 002306)

Carlingford Shore stretches for approximately 15 km along the shoreline to the Low

Water Mark of Carlingford Lough which is also the estuary of the Newry River. It is

flanked by glacial moraines and mountains - the Mourne Mountains to the north and

Carlingford Mountain to the south-west. The underlying rock within the SAC is mainly

Carboniferous limestone. This outcrops over sections of the SAC in the form of bedrock

shore or reefs. Granite boulders are occasionally found. Intertidal mudflats and

sand/gravel banks also occur.

The site is a candidate SAC selected for perennial vegetation of stony banks and drift

lines, both habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The stony banks or

shingle found along much of the site vary in width from less than a meter to

approximately 50 m south of Ballagan Point. The best examples are found in this area.

The perennial vegetation of the upper beach of these shingle banks is widely ranging,

well developed and often stable. In places lichens encrust the stones farther back from

the sea and a small brackish lake is present on the landward side of the railway line.

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Relatively extensive expanse of intertidal flats - more a sand rather than mud dominant

type - occurs, particularly between Greenore Point and Carlingford Harbour. The flats in

this area are broken by outcropping reefs and some shingle deposits and saltmarsh on

the drier higher rocks. These flats are very important feeding grounds for wildfowl and

waders. Eelgrass (Zostera) beds are found on the flats – the main food source for the

internationally important population of Pale-bellied Brent Geese at the site. Small tufts of

Cord-grass (Spartina) are also found.

A site synopsis for this site is appended to Appendix I.

Carlingford Lough SPA (Site Code: 004078)

This SPA site, most of which is in the intertidal zone, primarily includes the relatively

extensive expanse of sand and mudflats, broken by outcropping reefs and some shingle

deposits. These flats are very important feeding grounds for internationally important

numbers of Light-bellied Brent Geese and large numbers of wintering wildfowl including

nationally important numbers of Cormorant and Ringed Plover. Although there are no

breeding Terns on the site, Common Terns, and particularly Sandwich Terns feed in the

SPA. The site also forms part of an extended cross-border site which supports

internationally important numbers of over-wintering Light-bellied Brent Geese Branta

bernicla hrota.

While the numbers of wintering birds are relatively low, the site does support a good

range of species. The presence of Bar-tailed Godwit is of particular note as this species is

listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive.

The site synopsis for this site is appended to Appendix I.

2.3.2 Qualifying Interests

2.3.2.1 Carlingford Shore SAC

The qualifying interest/features of the Carlingford Shore SAC are outlined and discussed

below):

• Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210]

• Perennial vegetation of stony banks [1220]

Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210]

This type of vegetation occurs on sandy, shingle or stony substrate at the upper part of

the strand, around the high tide mark. Water-borne material including organic matter is

deposited on the shore and provides nutrients and a seed source for vegetation. The

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vegetation predominantly consists of annual species, such as Atriplex species, Cakile

maritima and Salsola kali, which are highly specialised to deal with the harsh conditions

of high salinity, wind exposure and drought. This habitat is generally very species-poor,

fragmented and tends not to occupy large areas due to its narrow, linear nature. It

exists in a state of instability and may be absent in some years due to natural and/or

anthropogenic causes. In Ireland, the habitat includes drift line vegetation on sandy

substrates as well as drift line vegetation dominated by annuals found on shingle.

In the Article 17 Assessment the Range of this habitat was assessed as “Favourable”

(stable) as there has been no change in the assessment since 2007. Future prospects

were assessed as “Unfavourable-Inadequate” (stable). The most serious threats to the

habitat were associated with recreation and coastal defences, and these were consistent

with the Structure and Function assessment results. The overall conservation status of

1210 was assessed as “Unfavourable-Inadequate” in the NPWS 2013 report.

Perennial vegetation of stony banks [1220]

This habitat occurs along the coast where shingle (cobbles and pebbles) and gravel have

accumulated to form elevated ridges or banks above the high tide mark. Most of the

rocky material should be less than 250 mm in diameter to be considered in this

category. The vegetation tends to be dominated by perennial species, typically including

Honckenya peploides, Rumex crispus, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, Crithmum maritimum

and Tripleurospermum maritimum. The rare plants Crambe maritima and Mertensia

maritima are also associated with this community (Fossitt, 2000). Species diversity is

determined by the degree of exposure and by substrate stability, coarseness and size.

The presence of lichens indicates long term stability.

The ‘Status of EU Habitats and Species in Ireland’ (NPWS, 2013) states that the overall

national conservation status of this habitat is considered as ‘inadequate’ but the national

conservation status trend is considered as “stable”. The future prospects are

considerable “Inadequate”.

2.3.2.2 Carlingford Lough SPA

The qualifying interest/features of the Carlingford Lough SPA are outlined and discussed

below:

• Light-bellied Brent Goose (Branta bernicla hrota) [A046]

• Wetlands [A999]

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Light-bellied Brent Goose (Branta bernicla hrota) [Species Code A046]

The Light-bellied Brent Goose population winters almost entirely in Ireland. As the entire

population is considered to be relatively small (c. 40,000 (2010)), the Light-bellied Brent

Goose is considered the most important waterbird species in Ireland, based on numbers

alone. The species is Amber-listed as the majority of the population which winter here

are located at less than ten sites around Ireland. The European population is considered

vulnerable as some important populations have seen a decline.

The main factors which affect the population are as follows:

• Food availability, the species are dependent on intertidal eelgrasses, Zostera

spp., Reduction in this food source could see decline in species numbers

• Habitat loss and fragmentation, the population are threatened by loss of inter-

tidal habitat and/or anthropogenic degradation (e.g. aquaculture and

infrastructure)

• Disturbance, human activity can impact the species and prevent site utilisation

A recent waterbird survey (2010/11) was conducted at Carlingford Lough SPA (Detailed

in the Carlingford Lough SPA Conservation Objectives Supporting Document). Waterbirds

were counted within two survey zones (zone 1 and 2) both contained within the

Carlingford Lough SPA. This survey focused on Light-bellied Brent Goose numbers,

distribution, behaviour and movements. Table 2.2 details the peak zone counts within

the Carlingford Lough SPA from October 2010 to March 2011.

Table 2.2: Carlingford Lough SPA Peak zone counts and the peak site count (Source:

NPWS, 2013)

Date Count in Zone 1

(Occurrence Frequency %)

Count in Zone 2

(Occurrence Frequency %) Site*

Oct 2010 126 (53) 92 (100) 218

Nov 2010 109 (33) 317 (100) 411**

Dec2010 275 (53) 412** (100) 687**

Jan 2011 177 (47) 132 (91) 271

Feb 2011 346 (56) 176 (100) 522**

Mar 2011 438** (42) 282 (100) 572**

* Numbers in Zone 1 and Zone 2 combined within any one 60—minute period

** Exceeds international threshold of 400 after Wetlands International (2012)

Based on the long-term population trend for the site, Light-bellied Brent Goose are

determined as “Intermediate-Unfavourable” Conservation Condition (Table 2.3).

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Table 2.3: Carlingford Lough SPA Current Site Conservation Condition (Source: NPWS)

Special

Conservation

Interest

BoCCI

Category a

Site

Population

Trend b

Site

Conservation

Condition

Current all-

Ireland

Trend c

Current

International

Trend d

Light-bellied

Brent Goose Amber

-1 Intermediate

Unfavourable +62.3 Increase

a After Lynas et al. (2007); b Site Population Trend; see Table 4.2 in the Carlingford Lough SPA Supporting

Information Document1; c All-Ireland trend calculated for period 1994/95 to 2008/09 (I-WeBS); d International

trend after Wetland International (2012)

Wetlands [Habitat Code [A999]

The wetlands of northwest Europe are a vital resource for millions of northern and boreal

nesting waterbird species that overwinter on these wetlands or visit them when

migrating further south. To acknowledge this importance of Ireland's wetlands to

wintering waterbirds the term Wetland and Waterbirds can be included as a Special

Conservation Interest for a Special Protection Area that has been designated for

wintering waterbirds, and is or contains a wetland site of significant importance to one or

more of the species of Special Conservation Interest.

The boundary of Carlingford Lough SPA was defined to include the primary wetland

habitats of this site. The designation seeks to maintain the permanent extent of these

wetland habitats, which constitute an important resource for regularly-occurring

migratory waterbirds.

The wetland habitats can be categorised into three broad types: subtidal, intertidal and

supratidal. Over time and through natural variation these subcomponents of the overall

wetland complex may vary due to factors such as changing rates of sedimentation,

erosion etc. Waterbird species may use more than one of the habitat types for different

reasons (behaviours) throughout the tidal cycle. Subtidal areas refer to those areas

contained within the SPA that lie below the mean low water mark and are predominantly

covered by marine water. Tidal rivers, creeks and channels are included in this category.

For Carlingford Lough SPA this broad category is estimated to be 304 ha. Subtidal areas

are continuously available for benthic and surface feeding ducks (e.g. Shelduck,

Shoveler) and for the listed species Light-bellied Brent Geese. Various waterbirds roost

in subtidal areas. The intertidal area is defined, in this context, as the area contained

between the mean high water mark and the mean low water mark. For Carlingford

Lough SPA this is estimated to be 282 ha. When exposed or partially exposed by the

1http://www.npws.ie/publications/archive/004078_Carlingford%20Lough%20SPA%20Supporting%20Doc_V1.p

df

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tide, intertidal habitats provide important foraging areas for many species of waterbirds,

especially wading birds, as well as providing roosting/loafing areas. When the intertidal

area is inundated by the tide it becomes available for benthic and surface feeding ducks,

geese and piscivorous/other waterbirds. During this tidal state this area can be used by

various waterbirds as a loafing/roosting resource. The supratidal category refers to areas

that are not frequently inundated by the tide (i.e. occurring above the mean high

watermark) but contain shoreline and coastal habitats and can be regarded as an

integral part of the shoreline. For Carlingford Lough SPA this is estimated to be 9 ha.

supratidal areas are used by the listed species Light-bellied Brent Geese and a range of

other waterbird species as a roosting resource as well as providing feeding opportunities.

2.4 Baseline Environment

This section of the NIS gives a brief outline of the general baseline of the aquatic

environment.

2.4.1 Water Framework Directive Assessment

The Water Framework Directive was adopted by the EU in order to halt and reverse the

decline in water quality. The Directive sets very strict deadlines for meeting water quality

objectives, especially in protected areas. The WFD’s objectives can be best summarised

as: maintaining “high status” of waters where it exists; preventing any deterioration in

the existing status of waters; and achieving at least “good status” in all waters by 2015

(or 2027 at the latest where a derogation has been applied to a waterbody).

Carlingford Lough (NB_030_0000) is located in the Neagh-Bann International River Basin

District (NB IRBD). The NB IRBD Plan sets out how it is aimed to achieve the objectives

of the WFD Directive in this district. The NB IRBD Plan establishes four core

environmental objectives to be achieved by 2015 or in specific cases a timeframe set by

derogation:

• Prevent deterioration

• Restore good status

• Reduce chemical pollution

• Achieve water related protected areas objectives

The NB IRBD Transitional and Coastal Waters Action Programme sets out the current

status of Carlingford Lough. Details of the current status are shown in Fig. 2.7 below.

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Figure 2.7: Neagh-Bann IRRBD Transitional and Coastal Waters Designations and

Discharge Locations (Source: NB IRBD Transitional and Coastal Waters Action

Programme)

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A breakdown of the overall status of Carlingford Lough is shown below:

Figure 2.8: Reasons for status for the water bodies within the Carlingford and Newry

LMA March 2014 Version No.1 (Source: NIEA)

As seen on Fig. 2.7 and 2.8, Carlingford Lough is designated as “Moderate” status. The

monitoring data for Carlingford Lough indicates that the key limiting parameter for this

waterbody to achieve “Good” status is DIN. The specific source of the adverse pressure

or combination of pressures on this water body, causing deterioration in status, has yet

to be determined, however, possible contributors to the DIN status have been identified

as agricultural nutrient input, WwTPs and shellfish dredging.

As a result of the above, Carlingford Lough was identified as “at risk” or “probably at

risk” of not achieving good status by 2015. Derogation has been applied to this

waterbody and the WFD objective of the Carlingford Lough water body is to restore to

good status by 2021.

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2.4.2 WFD Register for Protected Areas

In accordance with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive and the

associated national regulations, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has compiled

Registers of Protected Areas in Ireland. The protected areas are identified as those

requiring special protection under existing national or European legislation, either to

protect their surface water or groundwater, or to conserve habitats or species that

directly depend on those waters.

These Protected Areas include sites designated under the Birds Directive (79/409/EEC)

and the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) e.g. Carlingford Shore SAC and Carlingford

Lough SPA. There are no nutrient sensitive waters within the vicinity of the effluent

discharge location.

2.5 Impact of Carlingford WwTP Primary Discharge

2.5.1 Coastal Dilution and Dispersion

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) which established a new framework for

Community action in the field of water policy (2000/60/EC) came into effect in December

2000. The primary objective of the Water Framework Directive, as mentioned in Section

2.4.1 above, is to maintain the “high status” of waters where it exists, prevent

deterioration in existing status of waters and to achieve at least “good status”.

Carlingford Lough is located within the Neagh-Bann International River Basin District

(IRBD). The Transitional and Coastal Waters Action Programme for the Neagh-Bann

IRBD identified the water quality status as moderate with high nitrogen levels noted.

Taylor et al. (1999) calculated that the total annual loading of dissolved inorganic

nitrogen (DIN: NO‐3 + NH4+, of which <2% was NH4+) to Carlingford Lough was 1,311

tonnes. Approximately 77% (1,016 tonnes) of the DIN originated from the

Newry/Clanrye catchment, 1.196 tonnes (<0.12%) was identified as originating from the

Carlingford Wastewater Treatment Plant.

The calculations below have been completed using the design PE for the actual effluent

data (2013-2014) and the design standards.

2.5.2 Dilution and Dispersion Calculations

There are several mechanisms which govern the dilution characteristics of a coastal

outfall. These are usually considered separately in three phases:

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i. Initial dilution which occurs in the first few minutes as the wastewater leaves the

outfall diffuser and rises in the water column

ii. Kinetic reactions which take place in the sea (the principal reaction for design is

the die-off of indicator bacteria (coliforms))

iii. Horizontal transport and dispersion of the wastewater plume

The calculations below consider dilution within the immediate vicinity of the outfall only

and as such kinetic reactions and die-off are not considered.

2.5.3 Initial Dilution

Initial dilution occurs due to three effects:

• Jet mixing due to the momentum of the sewage stream as it leaves the diffuser

port

• The buoyancy effect resulting from density differences between the wastewater

and the ambient ocean water (temperature and salinity differences) which causes

the wastewater plume to rise upward in the water column as an expanding

plume, thus mixing with the sea water

• The current effect causing the lateral entrainment of fresh sea water into the

plume. The plume may rise to the water surface, or may be trapped below the

surface depending on the degree of stratification of the water column.

The initial dilution equations developed by the WRc (WRc Design Guide for Marine

Treatment Schemes) are as follows:

Where,

Q = Total discharge flow (m3/s) = 0.012 m3/s (3DWF@1,500pe, 225

l/pe/day)

N = number of diffusers (=1)

Qj = Diffuser discharge flow = (Q/n) (m3/s) = 0.012 m3/s

ua = ambient velocity (m/s) = 0.05m/s – estimated low current

ua = ambient velocity (m/s) = 1.0m/s – estimated high current

C3 = dilution constant for equation (1) above = 0.34 (reference WRc)

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C1 = dilution constant for equation (2) above = 0.34 (reference WRc)

B = Buoyancy flux = Qj.g (ρa – ρe) / ρa = 0.0031

ρa = ambient density (kg/m3) = 1,028kg/m3

ρe = effluent density (kg/m3) = 1,000kg/m3

g = Gravity (9.81 m/s2).

H = Depth of the discharge point (m) = 4.1m (average)

5B/ua3 = 125.25 (≥ H) at low current velocities therefore equation (1) above is used.

5B/ua3 = 0.02 (< H) at high current velocities therefore equation (2) above is used

At low currents:

Initial dilution, D1 = 0.34 x 0.00311/3 x 4.15/3 = _____

0.012

At high currents

Initial dilution, D1 = 0.34 x 1.0 x 4.12 = _______

0.012

2.5.4 Horizontal Transport and Dispersion

The horizontal transport and dispersion are governed by the local current regime and

eddy diffusion (lateral mixing due to eddy currents). The Brooks19 four-thirds power law

is used to calculate secondary (horizontal) dilution at a time interval, t using the

following equation:-

Where:

α = diffusion co-efficient = 0.0003 m2/3/sec (normal range: 0.0001 to 0.0005)

t = travel time of sewage field to bathing area

B = initial plume width (0.3 to 0.9 times the water depth depending on current speed. B

increases depending on current speed)

t = travel time to set distance from outfall (50 m and 200 m assessed)

2.5.5 Overall Dilution

The overall dilution achieved and the anticipated concentration at varying locations is

summarised in Table 2.4 for low and high currents using the following equations:

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DT = D1 x D2

CT =. Co .

D1 x D2

Table 2.4: Summary of Dilutions at 50m and 200m from Outfall in Carlingford Lough

Parameter

Concentration at 50 m from

outfall

Concentration at 200 m from

outfall

At low current At high current At low current At high current

D1 = Initial dilution 40.6 460 40.6 460

D2 = Horizontal

dispersion 2.08 1.0 9.2 1.06

DT = Total dilution 84.4 460 372.6 488

2.5.6 Impact of Wastewater Parameters

The impact of the effluent from the Carlingford WwTP primary discharge on the receiving

aquatic environment is discussed below. Using the calculations detailed in the above

sections, predicted concentrations have been calculated based for BOD and DIN as well

as TN, OP and COD. The concentrations of pollutants for low and high dilutions in

combination with the initial discharge location, 50m from the discharge location and 200

m from the discharge location has been examined.

Table 2.5 below details the average effluent concentrations for BOD and DIN (2013-

2014 data) and the allowable concentrations based on the Surface Water Objectives (i.e.

S.I. No. 272 of 2009).

Table 2.5: Average Effluent Concentrations and Allowable Concentrations

Parameter Effluent Concentration

(Initial Concentration)

Maximum Allowable

Concentration

cBOD (mg/l) 6.8 41

Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen

(mg.N/l) 12.3 0.252

1 Transitional standard for good status

2 Coastal water stand for good status

Table 2.6 provides a summary of the predicted BOD and DIN concentrations along with

predicted Ortho-Phosphate (P), COD and Total Nitrogen concentrations for (i) after initial

dilution, (ii) 50m from the discharge location and (iii) 200m from discharge location.

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These predicted concentrations are based on design standards (i.e. BOD 25mg/l; COD

125mg/l; TN 40mg/l; DIN 30mg/l; OP 10mg/l)

Table 2.6: Predicted Concentrations based on Design Standards at Low and High Current

Dilutions

Parameters Low Current High Current

Following Initial Dilution

BOD 0.62 0.05

COD 3.08 0.27

Total Nitrogen 0.98 0.09

Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen 0.74 0.07

Ortho-Phosphate (P) 0.25 0.02

Concentrations at distance of 50m from discharge (mg/l)

BOD 0.30 0.05

COD 1.48 0.27

Total Nitrogen 0.47 0.09

Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen 0.36 0.07

Ortho-Phosphate (P) 0.12 0.02

Concentrations at distance of 200m from discharge (mg/l)

BOD 0.07 0.05

COD 0.33 0.25

Total Nitrogen 0.11 0.08

Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen 0.08 0.06

Ortho-Phosphate (P) 0.03 0.02

The horizontal dispersion dilution factor, D2, increases from 9.2 at 200 m for low currents to 31 at 500 m.

Table 2.7 provides a summary of the predicted BOD and DIN concentrations along with

predicted Ortho-Phosphate (P), COD and Total Nitrogen concentrations for (i) after initial

dilution, (ii) 50m from the discharge location and (iii) 200m from discharge location

based on the mean effluent concentrations from 2013-2014.

Table 2.7: Predicted Concentrations based on Mean Effluent Concentrations (2013-2014)

at Low and High Current Dilutions

Parameters Low Current High Current

Following Initial Dilution

BOD 0.17 0.01

COD 1.16 0.10

Total Nitrogen 0.28 0.02

Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen 0.30 0.03

Ortho-Phosphate (P) 0.03 0.00

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Parameters Low Current High Current

Concentrations at distance of 50m from discharge (mg/l)

BOD 0.08 0.01

COD 0.56 0.10

Total Nitrogen 0.14 0.02

Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen 0.15 0.03

Ortho-Phosphate (P) 0.02 0.00

Concentrations at distance of 200m from discharge (mg/l)

BOD 0.02 0.01

COD 0.13 0.10

Total Nitrogen 0.03 0.02

Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen 0.03 0.02

Ortho-Phosphate (P) 0.00 0.00

2.5.7 Summary of Predicted Dispersion Results

Design Standards and Low Currents

The level of BOD following initial dilution will be a maximum of 15% of the maximum

allowable concentration; at 50m the level of BOD will be 7.5% of the maximum allowable

concentration and at 200m the level of BOD will be 1.75% of the maximum allowable

concentration.

In terms of DIN, following initial dilution and at 50m the level will exceed the

concentration in the Surface Water Regulations (0.25mg/l). At 200m the level of dilution

will be 32% of the maximum allowable concentration.

Design Standards and High Currents

The level of BOD following initial dilution will be a maximum of 1.25% of the maximum

allowable concentration after initial dilution.

At high currents, the level of DIN will be approximately 28% of the maximum allowable

concentrations after initial dilution and 50m. At a distance of 200 m from the outfall

location the maximum DIN will be approximately 24% of maximum allowable

concentration at high currents.

The mixing zone within Carlingford Lough where the effluent discharge may impact the

DIN levels is approximately 200m at low tidal conditions. Outside this area, any impacts

will be negligible.

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Mean Effluent Concentration (2013-2014 Data) and Low Currents

The level of BOD following initial dilution will be a maximum of 4.25% of the maximum

allowable concentration; at 50m the level of BOD will be 2% of the maximum allowable

concentration and at 200m the level of BOD will be 0.5% of the maximum allowable

concentration.

In terms of DIN, following initial dilution the level will exceed the concentration in the

Surface Water Regulations (0.25mg/l). At 50m the level of dilution will be 60% of the

maximum allowable concentration and at 200m the level of DIN will be 12% of the

maximum allowable concentration.

Table 2.8 below shows the % allowable concentrations of DIN in relation to the distance

from the discharge point (i.e. point of initial dilution) at low tidal conditions.

Table 2.8 Percentage Allowable Concentrations of DIN in relation to the Distance from

the Discharge Point at Low Tidal Conditions

DIN Concentration (mg/l) Distance from Discharge

Point (m)

Percentage of Allowable

Concentration (%)

0.300 0 120

0.2438 20 97.5

0.2025 30 81

0.1705 40 68.20

0.1500 50 60

0.1263 60 48

0.0879 85 32

0.0792 95 31

0.0477 150 18.8

0.0390 170 15.6

0.0367 185 14.68

0.0346 190 13.84

0.0327 200 13.08

Based on the current mean effluent data and low tidal conditions, the mixing zone within

Carlingford Lough where the actual effluent discharge may impact the DIN levels is up to

approximately 100m from the outfall, where the DIN will be approximately 28% of

maximum allowable concentration. Outside this area, any impacts will be negligible.

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Mean Effluent Concentration (2013-2014 Data) and High Currents

The level of BOD following initial dilution will be a maximum of 0.25% of the maximum

allowable concentration after initial dilution.

At high currents, the level of DIN will be approximately 12% of the maximum allowable

concentrations after initial dilution and 50m. At a distance of 200 m from the outfall

location, DIN concentrations will be approximately 8% of maximum allowable

concentration at high currents.

2.6 Conservation Objectives

A site's conservation objectives are a statement of the overall nature conservation

requirements for a site, expressed in terms of the favourable condition required for the

qualifying features.

According to the EU Habitats Directive, favourable conservation status of a habitat is

achieved when:

• Its natural range and area it covers within that range, is stable or increasing;

• the ecological factors that are necessary for its long-term maintenance exist and

are likely to continue to exist for the foreseeable future, and

• The conservation status of its typical species is favourable as defined below.

The favourable conservation status of a species is achieved when:

• Population data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining itself;

• The natural range of the species is neither being reduced or likely to be reduced

for the foreseeable future, and

• There is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large habitat to maintain

its populations on a long-term basis.

The conservation objectives for the two Natura 2000 sites are set out below.

2.6.1 Conservation Objectives of Carlingford Shore SAC

The conservation objectives for the qualifying interests (SAC) are detailed in the 2013

NPWS Conservation Objectives document (ISSN 2009-4086). The natural condition of

the qualifying interest should be preserved with respect to their area, distribution, and

extent. Habitat availability should be maintained for qualifying species and disturbances

should not adversely affect such species.

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The features, conservation objectives and key targets of each of the qualifying interests

within the SAC are listed in Table 2.9 overleaf.

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Table 2.9 Conservation Objectives and Key Targets for Marine Habitats and Species in Carlingford Shore SAC (Source: NPWS, 2013)

Qualifying Interest

[Habitat Code]

Conservation

Objective Target

Annual Vegetation of

drift lines [1210]

Maintain the favourable

conservation condition

of annual vegetation of

drift lines

• Habitat area stable or increasing, subject to natural processes including erosion and

succession

• No decline, or change in habitat distribution, subject to natural processes

• Maintain the natural circulation of sediment and organic matter, without any physical

obstructions

• Maintain the range of coastal habitats including transitional zones, subject to natural

processes including erosion and succession

• Maintain the presence of species-poor communities with typical species: sea rocket (Cakile

maritima), sea sandwort (Honckenya peploides), prickly saltwort (Salsola kali) and orache

(Atriplex spp.)

• Negative indicator species (including non-natives) to represent less than 5% cover

Perennial vegetation of

stony banks [1220]

Maintain the favourable

conservation condition

of perennial vegetation

of stony banks

• Area stable or increasing, subject to natural processes, including erosion and succession

• No decline, or change in habitat distribution, subject to natural processes. (Greenore,

Ballagan Point, Whitestown to Cooley Point)

• Maintain the natural circulation of sediment and organic matter, without any physical

obstructions

• Maintain range of coastal habitats including transitional zones, subject to natural processes

including erosion and succession

• Maintain the typical vegetated shingle flora including the range of sub-communities within

the different zones

• Negative indicator species (including non-natives) to represent less than 5% cover

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2.6.2 Conservation Objectives of Carlingford Lough SPA

The overarching Conservation Objective for Carlingford Lough SPA is to ensure that the

waterbird populations and their wetland habitats are maintained at, or restored to,

favourable conservation condition. This includes, as an integral part, the need to avoid

deterioration of habitats and significant disturbance; thereby ensuring the persistence of

site integrity.

The site should contribute to the maintenance and improvement where necessary, of the

overall favourable status of the national resource of waterbird species, and continuation

of their long-term survival across their natural range.

Conservation Objectives for Carlingford Lough SPA, based on the principles of favourable

conservation status, are described below.

Objective 1: to maintain the favourable conservation condition of Light-bellied Brent

Goose in Carlingford Lough SPA.

This Conservation Objective target aims to maintain the population trend as stable or

increasing and aims to result in no significant decrease in the range, timing or intensity

of use of areas by Light-bellied Brent Goose, other than that occurring from natural

patterns of variation.

Objective 2: to maintain the favourable conservation of the wetland habitat in

Carlingford Lough SPA as a resource for the regularly occurring migratory waterbirds

that utilise the site.

This Conservation Objective target aims to ensure that the permanent area occupied by

wetland habitat should be stable and not significantly less than 595 ha, other than that

occurring from natural patterns of vegetation succession or natural processes of erosion.

2.7 Assessment of Potential Impacts on the Conservation Objectives

This stage of the Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment assesses the impact of the effluent

discharge on the conservation objectives of the Carlingford Shore SAC and Carlingford

Lough SPA qualifying interests as detailed in Sections 2.3.

An assessment under the Habitats Regulations must be appropriate to the potential level

of impact and the likely receptors. Therefore designated SAC and SPA qualifying features

which have no potential of being impacted by the wastewater treatment plant discharge,

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either because they do not occur within the area likely to be affected or because they are

not sensitive to changes in water quality, are excluded from this assessment. In the case

of Carlingford WwTP discharge all of the qualifying features of the SAC and SPA, as

detailed in the above Sections, have the potential to be impacted and have been brought

forward to this assessment.

The Transitional and Coastal Waters Action Programme for the Neagh-Bann IRBD

identified the water quality status of Carlingford Lough as moderate with high nitrogen

levels noted. Taylor et al. (1999) have shown that Carlingford WwTP is the source of a

small but significant proportion of the total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) loading to

Carlingford Lough. In low tidal conditions, Carlingford WwTP does not reach permissible

DIN levels in emissions to a limited area of Carlingford Lough (up to 100 m from the

emission point).

Carlingford Shore SAC

The qualifying interest/features of the Carlingford Shore SAC are Annual vegetation of

drift lines [1210] and Perennial vegetation of stony banks [1220], as detailed above. The

assessment of potential impacts on the conservation objectives of these habitats are

detailed below.

Annual vegetation of drift lines [1210]

Annual vegetation of drift lines, or strandline vegetation, is found on beaches along the

high tide mark, where tidal litter accumulates. Decaying detritus in the tidal litter

releases nutrients into what would otherwise be a nutrient-poor environment. It is

possible that enhanced nutrient levels from effluent discharged into Carlingford Lough by

the Carlingford WwTP may have contributed to increased algal growth and hence the

amount of detritus accumulating on sandy shores. The conservation objectives set for

the annual vegetation of drift lines are based in part on the findings of the Coastal

Monitoring Project (CMP) (Ryle et al., 2009). However, as the CMP did not visit this

particular site, the conservation objectives for the entire SAC are based on generic

findings from other sites that have been visited and therefore the overall objective for

‘Annual vegetation of drift lines’ in Carlingford Shore SAC is to ‘maintain the favourable

conservation condition’. The exact current extent of this habitat in Carlingford Shore is

unknown but it is thought to coincide with that of ‘perennial vegetation of stony banks’

with which it is likely to occur in a mosaic. The known extent of this habitat has been

mapped (NPWS, 2013) and the principal conservation objective is that there should be

no decline or change in the distribution of this habitat, unless it is the result of natural

processes, including erosion and succession.

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The main pressures and threats to this habitat relate to sand and gravel extraction,

removal of beach materials, walking, horse-riding and use of non-motorised vehicles,

trampling, garbage and solid waste disposal at habitat sites. The top-ranking pressures

are amenity/recreational use and coastal protection works at habitat sites (NPWS,

2013). This largely terrestrial habitat is not likely to be impacted by the WwTP at

Carlingford.

Perennial vegetation of stony banks [1220]

The conservation objectives set for this habitat are based primarily on the findings of the

National Shingle Beach Survey (NSBS), which was carried out in 1999 on behalf of the

National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) (Moore and Wilson, 1999). Profiles and

transects were recorded from each shingle beach and each site was assigned a

High/Medium/Low interest ranking. At Carlingford Shore, all three sub-sites were rated

‘medium’ interest. The overall conservation objective for perennial vegetation of stony

banks in Carlingford Shore SAC is to ‘maintain the favourable conservation condition’.

The exact current extent of this habitat in Carlingford Shore SAC is unknown. The

National Shingle Beach Survey recorded vegetated shingle ridge from three sub-sites:

Cooley Point to Whitestown, Ballagan Point and Greenore, but did not map the extent

(Moore and Wilson, 1999) and there may be additional areas of shingle within the SAC.

The known extent of this habitat has been mapped (NPWS, 2013) and the principal

conservation objective is that there should be no decline or change in the distribution of

this habitat, unless it is the result of natural processes, including erosion and succession.

The main pressures and threats to this habitat are removal of beach materials, sea

defence and coastal protection measures and sand and gravel extraction, horse-riding

and use of non-motorised vehicles, trampling, garbage and solid waste disposal at

habitat sites. This largely terrestrial habitat is not likely to be impacted by the WwTP at

Carlingford.

Carlingford Lough SPA

As detailed above, the qualifying interest/features of the Carlingford Shore SAC are

Light-bellied Brent Goose (Branta bernicla hrota) [A046] and Wetlands [A999].

Favourable conservation conditions for the Light-Bellied Brent Goose in Carlingford

Lough are inextricably linked to the favourable conservation of the wetland habitat of the

Lough and as such, both objectives are assessed together.

Carlingford Lough SPA supports internationally important numbers of Light-bellied Brent

Goose i.e. numbers regularly exceed the international threshold of 400 (Wetlands

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International, 2012). In addition, the site holds a wide variety of waterbirds all of which

depend on wetland habitats. The main pressures on Brent Geese in terms of disturbance

relate to walkers and dog walkers, shellfish gatherers and aquaculture activities (NPWS,

2013).

Sewage outfalls are widely known to provide significant food sources for a variety of bird

species either directly as a source of edible matter or indirectly by artificially enhancing

nutrient availability (Burton et al. 2001). It is likely that nutrient delivery via Carlingford

and other treatment plants (and also agriculture sources) has led to increased nutrient

levels accumulating in the sediments of Carlingford Lough which in turn leads to

increases in certain invertebrate populations and algal growth. Increased numbers of

invertebrates benefit over-wintering waterbirds such as Black-tailed Godwit, Curlew and

Redshank, whereas increases in algal growth benefit grazing species such as Brent

Goose and Wigeon.

Excessive levels of nitrogen however, can have serious impacts on Zostera noltii

(Eelgrass), a vital food source for Brent Geese in Carlingford Lough between September

and December (NPWS, 2013) and high nitrogen levels have been implicated as one of

the primary causes of global Eelgrass decline (Katwijk et al. 1997; Van der Heide et al.

2008).

Conversely, high nitrogen levels can enhance the growth of algae such as Sea Lettuce,

also an important food source for Brent Geese. Continued high nitrogen levels in

Carlingford Lough could eventually lead to the establishment of eutrophic conditions

resulting in an ecological imbalance caused by excessive algal growth. This phenomenon

has already occurred in several estuaries along the south coast (e.g. Clonakilty Bay and

Courtmacsherry Bay in County Cork) and in nearby Dublin Bay where excessive growth

of sea lettuce is jeopardizing environmental conditions for important invertebrate species

with likely negative consequences for some wetland bird species at these sites (Sea

Lettuce Task Force Report, 2010).

Carlingford WwTP is largely meeting its emission targets and falls short with DIN

emissions only at low current periods. The WwTP at Carlingford is contributing to

nutrient enrichment in Carlingford Lough by exceeding the level of dissolved inorganic

nitrogen (DIN) emissions following initial dilution in low current situations up to 100 m

from the emission point and as such, it is having a negative impact on the wetland

habitat of Carlingford Lough. In the short term, nutrient enhancement may benefit the

Brent Goose population by contributing to enhanced algal growth but continued high

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levels of nitrogen could potentially threaten the existence of Eelgrass, the primary food

source for the Brent Goose population in the Lough. Excessive algal growth also has the

potential to negatively impact on the wetland habitat of Carlingford Lough.

2.8 In Combination Effects with Other Plans and Projects

In addition to the wastewater discharge from Carlingford, other relevant projects and

plans in the relevant region must also be considered in terms of in-combination impacts.

Cumulative impacts are incremental changes in the environment that result from

numerous manmade small-scale alterations. In-combination impacts can result from

individually minor but collectively significant changes taking place over a period of time.

The consequences of these changes are defined as in-combination effects.

Cumulative impacts resulting from projects of this nature relate primarily to the potential

for disturbances to key qualifying interests/features of a site and the degradation of

water quality, both of which have the potential to alter the integrity (structure and

function) of any Natura 2000 site.

Existing plans and projects which have been examined include:

• Louth County Development Plan 2012-2018

• Neagh-Bann International River Basin Management Plan

• Carlingford Water Management Unit Action Plan

• Other Discharge Sources

The above plans have been assessed in accordance with Article 6(3) of the Habitats

Directive and Part XAB of the Planning and Development Act, 2000, and are not

envisaged to result in significant effects on the integrity of the Natura 2000 network.

It is essential that the functioning of the Carlingford WwTP is not operating in conflict

with any of the aims, objectives and policies of the above plans.

Louth County Council Development Plan 2009-2015

The Louth County Development Plan 2009-2015 contains environmental policies and

objectives to protect Natura 2000 sites and the aquatic environment in County Louth

including Carlingford Louth.

A key Natural Heritage objective of the County Development Plan is to conserve and

protect where appropriate the County’s natural heritage for future generations and

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encourage appreciation and enjoyment of these resources (As per the Naturals Heritage

Plan 2002).

The key policies and objectives of the Plan relevant to the Scheme considering Natura

2000 sites and the WFD are listed below.

CON 11: To resist any development that would be harmful to or that would result in a

significant deterioration of habitats or disturbance of species.

CON 13: To ensure that an appropriate assessment of the implications of any proposed

development on a SAC or development likely to impact on a SAC that is outside the

designated area or any other SAC identified during the period of this plan is undertaken

in view of the site’s conservation objectives.

CON 14: To resist any development that would be harmful or that would result in a

significant deterioration of habitats or disturbance of species in a SAC.

CON 15: To ensure that an appropriate assessment of the implications of any proposed

development on a SPA or development likely to impact on a SPA that is outside the

designated area or any other SPA identified during the period of this plan is undertaken

in view of the sites conservation objectives.

ENV 1: To implement European, national and regional policy in relation to the protection

of the environment and the pursuance of sustainable development principles in respect

of the council’s policies and procedures.

ENV 3: To promote and maintain the highest achievable standards of air, noise and

water quality in the county.

ENV 7: To implement the recommendations contained in the River Basin District

Management Plans for the Neagh Bann and the Eastern River Basin Districts, in so far as

they relate to County Louth.

ENV 16: To adhere to the guidance document setting out the requirements and

information to be submitted with a planning application for an on-site wastewater

treatment systems.

WS 4: To ensure that the provision and operation of water and wastewater treatment

facilities is undertaken in accordance with EU policies and directives, relevant national

legislation, national and regional policies.

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WS 8: To undertake measures recommended in the River Basin Management Plans

relevant to County Louth to mitigate the impacts of water abstraction and discharges of

treated effluent from wastewater plants and storm drains, on a prioritised basis, subject

to affordability.

WS 28: To prevent discharges of untreated sewage from overflows.

Neagh-Bann International River Basin Management Plan and the Carlingford

Water Management Unit Action Plan

The principal suspected causes of less than satisfactory water in the state are

discharges, principally of nutrients, from agricultural activities and from municipal

wastewater treatment works. Industrial discharges, wastewater from unsewered

properties and discharges from several other activities have also been identified as

contributing.

This Neagh Bann River Basin Management plan identifies a programme of measures to

protect and restore water status by addressing the main pressures (that is sources of

pollution or status impact) in the district. Many of the measures are already provided for

in national legislation and are being implemented. These include, for example, the Urban

Waste Water Treatment Regulations 2001 to 2010 and the Good Agricultural Practice for

the Protection of Waters Regulations of 2009. Other measures have been recently

introduced e.g. the Bathing Water Regulations, 2008.

More detailed information is also set out in a series of water management unit (WMU)

action plans. WMUs are at a smaller geographical scale than river basin districts, and

allow for more focussed planning and implementation. There are seven water

management units for the rivers and lakes in the Neagh Bann IRBD plus action plans

focusing on groundwaters and estuary and coastal waters. For estuary and coastal water

there is a Transitional and Coastal Waters Action Programme which identifies the key

pressure and threats with the transitional and coastal waters of the Neagh Bann region

and outlines the action programmes for the waters to ensure that the objective and aims

of the WFD are met.

The relevant WMU Plan for Carlingford Lough and the Carlingford WwTP are the

Carlingford Water Management Unit Action Plan and the Neagh Bann IRBD Transitional

and Coastal Waters Action Programme. In this plan the Carlingford WwTP is considered

as a point pressure, however the Plan notes that “No water bodies at risk from WwTP or

industrial discharges”.

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Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 38 June 2014

Any impacts from the Carlingford WwTP discharge on the receiving coastal waters are in

conflict with the above plans’ policies and objectives. The WwTP is currently operating in

compliance with the UWWT Regulations.

The monitoring data for Carlingford Lough indicates that the key limiting parameter for

this waterbody in terms of achieving “Good” status is DIN. The specific source of the

adverse pressure or combination of pressures on this water body, causing a deterioration

in status, has yet to be determined. Based on the current mean effluent data and at low

tidal conditions, the mixing zone within Carlingford Lough where the actual effluent

discharge may impact the DIN levels is up to approximately 100 m from the outfall. It is

considered that outside this area the impact will be negligible. At low flow condition the

WwTP is therefore having a localised effect on the Lough in terms of DIN and is

contributing to the waterbody not achieving the surface water objective for this

parameter. It is considered that agricultural input and shellfish dredging are also

contributors to the DIN status (NIEA, 2014).

Other Sources/Discharges

As part of this in combination assessment the other discharges to the Lough were

considered.

As stated above, there are two other municipal wastewater discharges into Carlingford

Lough i.e. Omeath and Greenore. These sites are removed from the Carlingford treated

effluent discharge location and are subject to separate Licence applications.

Nevertheless, there is the potential for in combination impacts with the above

discharges, should the above WwTPs not be in compliance with the UWWT Directive,

Surface Water Objectives and EPA Certificate conditions.

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2.9 Mitigation Measures

With regard to the cumulative impacts of the Carlingford discharge as a whole and the

operational impacts, the wastewater discharge effluent standards must be in line with

the Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulations (2001) and the functioning of the WwTW

must be in compliance with any future EPA Waste Water Discharge Licence conditions to

ensure the environmental quality standards for the receiving waters are always met. In

terms of additional discharges from other municipal sources into Carlingford Lough, it is

imperative that the EPA Certificate conditions relating to their discharges to the aquatic

environment are stringently met.

A number of mitigation measures will be put in place further to the issuing of the

Wastewater Discharge Licence Application from the EPA for the existing Carlingford

WwTP. These will ensure that significant effects on Carlingford Lough will not occur or

will be minimised. The key mitigation measure will be the continued treatment of sewage

effluent to acceptable standards and will include measures to ensure nutrient emissions

will fall within maximum allowable concentrations. This will ensure the maximum water

quality output to the receiving water body and minimise adverse effects on Carlingford

Lough and therefore the Carlingford Lough SPA and Carlingford Shore SAC.

2.10 Concluding Statement

After completing this Natura Impact Statement and the Stage 2 Appropriate Assessment

process, it can be concluded that, as long as the mitigation measures of Section 2.9 are

implemented, no significant adverse effects on the conservation objectives and qualifying

interests/features of Carlingford Lough SPA and Carlingford Shore SPA are likely from

the discharge effluent from the existing Carlingford WwTP.

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3. REFERENCES

Burton, N.H.K., Maskell, J.M., Armitage, M.J.S, Hutchings, C.J., Rehfisch, M.M. 2001.

Effects of Reductions in Organic and Nutrient Loading on Bird Populations in

Estuaries and Coastal Waters of England and Wales. Interim Report. British Trust

for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk.

Circular L8/08 (September 2008) Water Services Investment and Rural Water

Programmes – Protection of Natural Heritage and National Monuments

Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government Ireland

(DOEHLG).

DEHLG (2009) Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland – Guidance for

Planning Authorities.

Drew D.P. and Daly D. (1993) Groundwater and Karstification in Mid-Galway, South

Mayo and North Clare. A Joint Report. Department of Geography, Trinity College

Dublin and Groundwater Section, Geological Survey of Ireland. Geological Survey

of Ireland Report Series 93/3 (Groundwater), 86 pp

EPA (2012) Note on Appropriate Assessments for the purposes of the Waste Water

Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations, 2007 (S.I. No. 684 of 2007), as amended.

European Commission: Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura

2000 sites Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of

the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC.

European Commissions Managing Natura 2000 Sites. The provisions of Article 6, of the

‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC.

Moore D. and Wilson, F. (1999) National Shingle Beach Survey of Ireland 1999.

Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin.

NIEA (2005) Northern Ireland Species Action Plan, Light-bellied Brent Goose, Branta

bernicla hrota.

NIEA (2014) Reasons for status for the water bodies within the Carlingford and Newry

LMA March 2014 Version No.1.

NPWS (2013) Conservation Objectives: Carlingford Shore SAC 002306. Version 1.

National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the

Gaeltacht.

NPWS (2013) Conservation Objectives: Carlingford Lough SPA 004078. Version 1.

National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the

Gaeltacht.

NPWS (2013) The Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland. Habitat

Assessments Volume 2. Version 1.0. Unpublished Report, National Parks and

Wildlife Services. Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Dublin, Ireland.

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Nicholas O’Dwyer Ltd. 41 June 2014

NPWS (2013) Carlingford Lough Special Protection Area (Site Code 4078) Conservation

Objectives Supporting Document Version 1.

Ryle, T., Murray, A., Connolly, K. and Swann, M. (2009). Coastal Monitoring Project

2004-2006. Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin.

Sea Lettuce Task Force Report. 2010. Available at:

http://www.environ.ie/en/Foreshore/ApplicationsandDeterminations/CorkCoCl-

RemovalSeaLettuce/ApplicationDetails/FileDownLoad,30556,en.pdf

Van der Heide, T., Smolders, A.J.P., Rijkens, B.G.A., Van Nes, E.H., Van Katwijk, M.M.,

Roelofs, J.G.M. 2008. Toxicity of reduced nitrogen in eelgrass (Zostera marina) is

highly dependent on shoot density and pH. Oecologia, 158:411-419.

Van Katwijk, M.M., Vergeer, L.H.T., Schmitz, G.H.W., Roelofs, J.G.M. 1997. Ammonium

toxicity in eelgrass Zostera marina. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 157:159-

173.

Western RBD / ESBI / Eleanor Mayes (2008) Report Protected Areas: Water Dependent

Habitats and Species.

Wetlands International (2012) Waterfowl Population Estimates – Fifth Edition. Wetlands

International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Key Online Sources

EPA Online Mapping ENVision

NPWS Data and Mapping

Water Matters Mapping and Reports

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APPENDIX I: SITES SYNOPSES

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: CARLINGFORD SHORE

SITE CODE: 002306

Carlingford Shore stretches for approximately 15 km along the shoreline to the LWM

of Carlingford Lough which is also the estuary of the Newry River. It is flanked by

glacial moraines and mountains - the Mourne Mountains to the north and Carlingford

Mountain to the south-west. The underlying rock within the SAC is mainly

carboniferous limestone. This outcrops over sections of the SAC in the form of

bedrock shore or reefs. Granite boulders are occasionally found. Intertidal mudflats

and sand/gravel banks also occur.

The site is a candidate SAC selected for perennial vegetation of stony banks and drift

lines, both habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive.

The stony banks or shingle found along much of the site vary in width from less than a

meter to approximately 50 m south of Ballagan Point. The best examples are found in

this area. The perennial vegetaion of the upper beach of these shingle banks is widely

ranging, well developed and often stable. In places lichens encrust the stones farther

back from the sea. Typical species present throughout the site include Oraches

(Atriplex spp.), Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris), Wild Carrot (Daucus carota), Red Fescue

(Festuca rubra), Sea-milkwort (Glaux maritima), Lyme-grass (Leymus arenarius) and

Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). This grades landward into lowland dry

grassland mainly though there are patches of wet grassland.

The vegetation of the stony banks is often interspersed with the vegetation occupying

accumulations of drift material and gravels rich in nitrogenous organic matter. The

vegetation is sparse. Species seen include Saltwort (Salsola kali), Sea Rocket (Cakile

maritima), Sea Sandwort (Honkenya peploides), Sea Spurge (Euphorbia paralias),

Sea Mayweed (Matricaria maritima)and Oraches. The Red Data Book Species the

Oyster Plant (Mertensia maritima) is also found. This plant is protected under the

Flora Protection Order 1999.

There are small patches of saltmarsh on the drier sections of outcropping reefs and at

the landward edge of the site. Species present include Sea Aster (Aster tripolium),

Sea Purslane (Halimione portulacoides), Lax-flowered Sea Lavender (Limonium

humile), Common Saltmarsh-grass (Puccinellia maritima), Sea Arrowgrass

(Triglochin maritima) and Sea Plantain (Plantago maritima). In areas which are more

regularly flooded is Sea Blite (Suaeda maritima). A small brackish lake is present on

the landward side of the railway line.

Relatively extensive expanse of intertidal flats - more a sand rather than mud

dominant type - occur, particularly between Greenore Point and Carlingford Harbour.

The flats in this area are broken by outcropping reefs and some shingle deposits and

saltmarsh on the drier higher rocks. These flats are very important feeding grounds

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for wildfowl and waders. Patches of green algae (filamentous, Ulva sp. and

Enteromorpha sp.) and Lugworm casts occur in places, while fucoid seaweeds are

common on the more stony flats. Abundant Barnacle shells and Lichens are also

present on many of the rocks. Eelgrass (Zostera) beds are found on the flats - the

main food source for the internationally important population of Pale-bellied Brent

Geese at the site. Small tufts of Cord-grass (Spartina) are also found.

The threshold for internationally important numbers of birds within the site has been

exceeded in single years, by some species such as Pale-bellied Brent Geese in the 80’s and

94/95. The site is nationally important for a number of species such as Great Crested Grebe,

Cormorant, Ringed Plover and Red-Breasted Merganser. This classification is based on

species which attained interim all-Ireland importance on the basis of the three year mean

maximum counts for the winters 94/95-96/97. There are a number of bird species recorded

including, Golden Plover and Bar-tailed Godwit, which are listed under Annex I of the E.U.

Birds Directive. The intertidal flats between Greenore and Carlingford have been designated

a Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive.

Black Guillemots (6) were recorded in pairs nesting in wooden breakwater in Greenore and

8 birds were seen at the breakwater. A colony of Terns in Northern Ireland feed in the SPA

particularly Sandwich Tern with some Common Tern.

Grey Seals also use the site. Approximately 25-30 haul out on reefs between Greenore and

Carlingford. This seal is listed in Annex II under the E.U. Habitats Directive.

The principal activity in the site is recreational usage and shellfish production.

Almost the entire area at the MLWM between Carlingford Harbour and Greenore is

under production of Oyster and some small amount of Clams.

Carlingford Shore has a wide diversity of habitats including very good examples of

perennial vegetation of stony banks and drift lines. The presence of the Red Data Book

Species adds to the ecological interest. The wide area of mud and sand flats within the site

is internationally important for birds and is designated as a Special Protection Area. Grey

Seal, an Annex II species under the E.U. Habitats Directive adds to the conservation value

of the site.

23.10.2002

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: CARLINGFORD LOUGH SPA

SITE CODE: 004078

The site comprises part of the southern sector of Carlingford Lough, Co. Louth,

extending from the harbour at Carlingford to Greenore Point. It includes all of the

intertidal sand and mud flats to the low tide mark. Much of the shoreline is artificially

embanked.

The site supports part of a nationally important population of wintering Cormorant

(233 average maximum, 1995/96-1999/00). A range of other waterfowl species

occurs, notably Brent Goose (175), Oystercatcher (172), Dunlin (267), Bar-tailed

Godwit (25), Redshank (35) and Turnstone (19). The intertidal flats provide feeding

areas for the wintering birds.

While the numbers of wintering birds are relatively low, the site does support a good

range of species. The presence of Bar-tailed Godwit is of particular note as this

species is listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive.

8.2.2004

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