Carlingford Introduction Carlingford

Digital content from: Irish Historic Towns Atlas (IHTA), no. 23, Carlingford Authors: Harold O’Sullivan and Raymond Gillespie Editors: Anngret Simms, H.B. Clarke, Raymond Gillespie, Jacinta Prunty Consultant editor: J.H. Andrews Cartographic editor: Sarah Gearty Editorial assistants: Angela Murphy, Angela Byrne, Jennnifer Moore Printed and published in 2011 by the Royal Irish Academy, 19 Dawson Street, Dublin 2 Maps prepared in association with the Ordnance Survey Ireland and Land and Property Services Northern Ireland

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Introduction. In Harold O’Sullivan and Raymond Gillespie, Irish Historic Towns Atlas, no. 23, Carlingford. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 2011 (www.ihta.ie, accessed 4 February 2016), cover, p 2. Acknowledgements (digital edition) Digitisation: Eneclann Ltd Digital editor: Anne Rosenbusch Original copyright: Royal Irish Academy Irish Historic Towns Atlas Digital Working Group: Sarah Gearty, Keith Lilley, Jennifer Moore, Rachel Murphy, Paul Walsh, Jacinta Prunty Digital Repository of Ireland: Rebecca Grant Royal Irish Academy IT Department: Wayne Aherne, Derek Cosgrave

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Royal Irish Academy19 Dawson Street, Dublin 2

CARLINGFORD

By HAROLD O’SULLIVAN and RAYMOND GILLESPIE

EDITORSAnngret SimmsH.B. ClarkeRaymond GillespieJacinta Prunty

CONSULTANT EDITORJ.H. Andrews

CARTOGRAPHIC EDITORSarah Gearty

EDITORIAL ASSISTANTSAngela Murphy, Angela Byrne, Jennifer Moore

Maps prepared in association withOrdnance Survey Ireland andLand and Property Services Northern Ireland Royal Irish Academy

IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS No. 23Extracts from selected maps contained in

Irish Historic Towns Atlas, no. 23, Carlingford

Map 2 Reconstruction, 1835 Map 5 Bartlett, c. 1602 Map 17 Fair plan, 1835

IRISH HISTORIC TOWNS ATLAS

CARLINGFORD

CONTENTSPage

Preface and introduction Cover

General abbreviations Cover

The topographicaldevelopment of Carlingford 1

Topographical information 7 1 Name 7 2 Legal status 7 3 Parliamentary status 7 4 Proprietorial status 7 5 Municipal boundary 8 6 Administrative location 8 7 Administrative divisions 8 8 Population 8 9 Housing 8 10 Streets 8 11 Religion 9 12 Defence 9 13 Administration 10 14 Primary production 10 15 Manufacturing 11 16 Trades and services 11 17 Transport 11 18 Utilities 12 19 Health 12 20 Education 12 21 Entertainment, memorials and societies 12 22 Residence 12

AppendicesA Pre-1700 maps of Carlingford 13B Reference to map, 1797 Map 13 (reverse)C Reference to map, 1833 Maps 15, 16 (reverse)

Bibliography 13

Note on Map 2 15

Acknowledgements 15

Illustrations

Text figures1 Medieval Carlingford2 Building types, 18333 Valuation, 1854

Maps, views and photographs of Carlingford (loose sheets)Map 1 Ordnance Survey, 1874, 1:50,000 2 Reconstruction, 1835, 1:2500 3 Ordnance Survey, 2009, 1:5000 4 Lythe, c. 1568 5 Bartlett, c. 1602 6 Pynnar, 1624 7 Barony of Dundalke, c. 1657 8 Collins, 1693 9 Wren, 1766 10 Taylor and Skinner, 1777 11 McCary, 1793 12 Longfield, 1805 13 McCary, 1797Plate 1 Brocas, c. 1800 2 Ashford, 1821Map 14 O’Hare and Barry, 1818 15 Frain, 1833 16 Frain, 1833 17 Fair plan, 1835 18 Brassington and Gale, 1857 19 OS map, 1907Plate 3 View, looking north, c. 1900 4 View, looking south, c. 1900 5 Newry Street, c. 1900 6 Market Street, c. 1900 7 Carlingford from the air, 2006Legend sheet

Thanks are due to the institutions mentioned in the captions to the maps and plates for permission to reproduce material in their custody.

The Royal Irish Academy is grateful to the Heritage

Council for a grant under the Heritage Education, Communications & Outreach Scheme 2011. Thanks also to the Carlingford Lough Heritage Trust and Louth County Council for grants towards production.

Cover illustration: Carlingford Castle, c. 1800, by Henry Brocas sr (Brocas 2).

Printed by Brunswick Press.

Irish H

istori

Irish A

CARLINGFORD

CONTENTSPage

Bibliography 13

Note on Map 2 15

Acknowledgements 15

Illustrations

Irish H

istori

Irish A

Urban history as it is practised today is much more than the local study of a particular town. As part of social and economic history it needs a com-parative approach. The topographical aspects of towns, the layout of streets, rivers and canals, the site of public buildings and defence works and the general setting of the town in its geographical environment, are particularly well suited to such a comparative approach. The International Commission for the History of Towns, therefore, having recommended since its foundation in 1955 the publication of historic towns atlases in its member countries, set out in 1968 a number of guidelines concerning the scale and contents of the principal maps to be included in these atlases. The Commission’s guidelines

have been followed more or less strictly by most of the many countries and regions where historic towns atlases have been published since. Among these countries Ireland with its Irish Historic Towns Atlas has produced a model in this respect.

Ghent, 1995 Adriaan Verhulst†

President of the International Commission for the History of Towns

It was in a spirit of co-operation after the second world war that in 1955 the International Commission for the History of Towns recommended the publication of a series of European national historic towns atlases to encourage a better understanding of common European roots and to facilitate comparative urban studies. Since then fascicles for c. 460 towns and cities in seventeen European countries have been published, more or less on the lines recommended by the Commission. This volume is part of Ireland’s contribution to the scheme.

At an interdisciplinary symposium on ‘Irish towns and medieval Europe’, organised in 1978 by the Board of Medieval Studies in University College, Dublin, the idea of an Irish historic towns atlas was first publicly discussed following a lecture by Heinz Stoob from Münster on the German towns atlas project. In June 1981 the Council of the Royal Irish Academy agreed to publish the Irish Historic Towns Atlas and the government of the Republic of Ireland subsequently provided funds for the employment of a cartographic editor. The joint editors of the first four fascicles were J.H. Andrews (Department of Geography, Trinity College, Dublin) and Anngret Simms (Department of Geography, University College, Dublin). H.B. Clarke (Department of Medieval History, University College, Dublin) was appointed as an additional editor in 1990, Raymond Gillespie (Department of History, National University of Ireland Maynooth) in 1994, and Jacinta Prunty (Department of History, National University of Ireland Maynooth) in 2008. John Andrews retired as editor and became consultant editor in 1992. K.M. Davies acted as cartographic editor and project co-ordinator from September 1981 to January 1999. On her retirement Sarah Gearty was appointed to the position. Angela Murphy became editorial assistant to the project in June 2001. Angela Byrne was with the project staff from 2003 to 2010 and Jennifer Moore joined the team in 2006.

The editorial board has been complemented by an editorial committee in which the editors have been joined over a period of time by Terry Barry (Department of Medieval History, Trinity College, Dublin), John Bradley (Department of History, National University of Ireland Maynooth), M.J.D. Brand (former Director, Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland), Mary Clark (City Archivist, Dublin City Library and Archive), M.E. Daly (College of Arts and Celtic Studies, University College, Dublin), Richard Haworth (formerly of the Department of Geography, Trinity College, Dublin), A.A. Horner (formerly of School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College, Dublin), Richard Kirwan (former Director, Ordnance Survey Ireland), Tomás Ó Carragáin (Department of Archaeology, University College Cork), Philip Robinson (formerly of the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum), Geraldine Ruane (Chief Executive, Ordnance Survey Ireland), Katharine Simms (formerly of Department of Medieval History, Trinity College, Dublin), Matthew Stout (Department of History, St Patrick’s College, Drumcondra) and Kevin Whelan (University of Notre Dame). The atlas is indebted to Ordnance Survey Ireland and Land and Property Services (formerly Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland) for practical support from their respective institutions. Valuable assistance has also been received from the staff of the Royal Irish Academy. The editorial board is grateful to the Heritage Council, the Marc Fitch Fund (Oxford) and the Luther I. Replogle Foundation (Washington D.C.) for on-going support in the preparation of the atlas.

The atlas has been planned as a series of fascicles, one or more for each town or city in a selection representing various size-categories, various regions of the country from both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, and various periods of origin, growth and change, with some bias in favour of the medieval period but not excluding the estate towns, industrial towns and resort towns characteristic of more modern times. Large cities are divided chronologically according to available cartographic sources. The principal map in each fascicle is a large-scale (1:2500) representation of the town as it is believed to have stood at a period as close as possible to 1840. The reconstruction is based on the manuscript town plans made

by the Ordnance Survey in 1832–42 and on the manuscript maps compiled at the same time or soon afterwards by the General Valuation Office. Use is also made of surviving contemporary estate maps and, where necessary, of the earliest (1833–46) published Ordnance Survey maps at six inches to one mile (1:10,560). The reconstructions include buildings, streets, roads, paths, yards, gardens, orchards, parks, fields and surface watercourses. Contemporary names are used wherever possible. The base map on which these data are assembled is the most accurate available nineteenth-century town plan, which in most cases is the one published by the Ordnance Survey on a scale of either 1:1056 or 1:500 at some time during the period 1855–95.

A second map shows the town in its mid-nineteenth-century setting at 1:50,000. This has been prepared from the first (1855–95) edition of the one inch to one mile (1:63,360) Ordnance Survey map of Ireland. The third map common to all fascicles is a modern Ordnance Survey town plan at 1:5000. A selection of facsimile maps is included, some with their accompanying reference tables. Where possible there are also growth maps and large-scale single period maps reconstructing significant phases of development before the end of the nineteenth century. Other graphic material includes the town’s armorial bearings, if any, a modern air photograph and facsimiles of early views. The text accompanying the maps comprises an introductory essay, topographical information on the town as a whole and its component parts, selected documentary and literary extracts where appropriate, and a bibliography.

The maps and topographical information are derived directly from primary sources and to that extent are less likely to become out of date. But readers may also expect to be given an interpretation of the sources, and this is the role of the introductory essay. Each town is described in relation to its physical site and setting, and its development is reviewed in chronological sequence from the beginnings of urban life to the end of the nineteenth century, with a brief indication of its twentieth-century history. In the case of large cities, this is done over a series of linked parts. The essay is intended to deal primarily with the form and layout of the town as expressed in the accompanying maps. Individual buildings may receive attention as topographical entities, but the atlas does not usurp the functions of an archaeological or architectural survey. In the same spirit, political and socio-economic factors are introduced in so far as they seem relevant to an understanding of the townscape and not as ends in themselves.

The bibliography lists important items devoted to a single town or city for the period, especially those of topographical relevance, and is not necessarily confined to works cited in the footnotes. Other sources mentioned in the footnotes are not separately tabulated, except where their titles have been abbreviated in a way that requires explanation. Abbreviations of more general application are listed inside the back cover of each fascicle. Grid references follow the Irish Grid co-ordinate system as shown on current Ordnance Survey maps, and throughout the atlas placenames are spelt as in the maps of Ordnance Survey Ireland or Land and Property Services Northern Ireland.

Finally the atlas expresses the belief that large-scale plans constitute the best kind of source material for a comparative analysis of the topography of European towns, whether as a starting point for retrospective topographical research or as a basis for studying the changes associated with modern urban expansion. As such, it is proving useful not only to students and teachers of history, geography, archaeology and architecture, but also to planners, conservationists and local government officers, and thus directly or indirectly to all residents and visitors in the towns or cities concerned.

March 2011 Anngret Simms H.B. Clarke Raymond Gillespie Jacinta Prunty

INTRODUCTION

PREFACE GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS

AFM Annála ríoghachta Éireann: Annals of the kingdom of Ireland by the Four Masters, from the earliest period to the year 1616. Ed. John O’Donovan. 7 vols. Dublin, 1851.

ALC The Annals of Loch Cé: a chronicle of Irish affairs from A.D. 1014 to A.D. 1590. Ed. W.M. Hennessy. 2 vols. London, 1871.

Ann. Clon. The Annals of Clonmacnoise, being annals of Ireland from the earliest period to A.D. 1408, translated into English, A.D. 1627, by Conell Mageoghagan. Ed. Denis Murphy. Dublin, 1896.

Ann. Conn. Annála Connacht: the Annals of Connacht (A.D. 1224-1544). Ed. A.M. Freeman. Dublin, 1944.

Ann. Inisf. The Annals of Inisfallen (MS Rawlinson B 503). Ed. Seán Mac Airt. Dublin, 1951.

Ann. Tig. The Annals of Tigernach. Ed. Whitley Stokes. Facsimile reprint from Revue Celtique, xvi–xviii (1895–7). 2 vols. Lampeter, 1993.

AU 1, 2 (1) Annála Uladh, Annals of Ulster … : a chronicle of Irish affairs, 431 to 1541. Ed. W.M. Hennessy and Bartholomew MacCarthy. 4 vols. 2nd ed. Dublin, 1998; (2) The Annals of Ulster (to A.D. 1131), pt 1, Text and translation. Ed. Seán Mac Airt and Gearóid Mac Niocaill. Dublin, 1983.

BL British Library, London.Bodl. Bodleian Library, Oxford.Boundary com. rept Municipal boundaries commission (Ireland), pt

III, Report and evidence. HC 1881 [C.3098], 1.Cal. Carew MSS Calendar of the Carew manuscripts preserved in

the archiepiscopal library at Lambeth, 1515–74 [etc.]. 6 vols. London, 1867–73.

Cal. chart. rolls Calendar of the charter rolls, 1226–57 [etc]. 6 vols. London, 1903–27.

Cal. doc. Ire. Calendar of documents relating to Ireland, 1171–1251 [etc.]. 5 vols. London, 1875–86.

Cal. justic. rolls Ire. Calendar of the justiciary rolls or proceedings in the court of the justiciar of Ireland, 1295–1303 [etc.]. 3 vols. Dublin, 1905–56.

Cal. papal letters Calendar of entries in the papal registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland: papal letters, 1198–1304 [etc.]. London and Dublin, 1893–.

Cal. pat. rolls Calendar of the patent rolls, 1216–25 [etc]. London, 1901–.

Cal. pat. rolls Ire. Calendar of the patent and close rolls of chancery in Ireland. 3 vols. Dublin, 1861–3.

Cal. pat. rolls Ire., Jas I Irish patent rolls of James I: facsimile of the Irish record commissioners’ calendar prepared prior to 1830. IMC, Dublin, 1966.

Cal. S.P. Ire. Calendar of the state papers relating to Ireland, 1509–73 [etc.]. 24 vols. London, 1860–1910.

Cal. treas. bks Calendar of treasury books. 32 vols. London, 1904–62.

Census, 1659 A census of Ireland circa 1659. Ed. Séamus Pender. IMC, Dublin, 1939; 2nd ed., 2002.

Census, 1821 [etc.] Printed census reports (for full references see W.E. Vaughan and A.J. Fitzpatrick, Irish historical statistics 1821–1971 (Dublin, 1978), pp 355–61).

Census returns, 1901 [etc.] Unpublished census returns, NAI.Chartae Chartae, privilegia et immunitates, being

transcripts of charters and privileges to cities, towns, abbeys, and other bodies corporate … . Dublin, 1829–30.

Chron. Scot. Chronicum Scotorum: a chronicle of Irish affairs … to A.D. 1135, with a supplement … from 1141 to 1150. Ed. W.M. Hennessy. London, 1866.

C. of I. Church of Ireland.Commons’ jn. Ire. Journals of the house of commons of the kingdom

of Ireland. Printed in four series (for full lists see H.D. Gribbon, ‘Journals of the Irish house of commons’, An Leabharlann: the Irish Library, 2nd ser., ii (1985), pp 52–5).

CS The civil survey, A.D. 1654–56. Ed. R.C. Simington. 10 vols. IMC, Dublin, 1931–61.

Education repts Reports from the commissioners of the board of education in Ireland. HC 1813 (47), v.

Endowed schools rept Report of the commissioners for enquiring into the endowed schools in Ireland. HC 1857–8 [2336], xxii, pt iv; 1881 [2831], xxxv, pt i.

Excavations Excavations 1969: summary accounts of archaeological excavations in Ireland [etc.]. Dublin and Bray, 1969–76, 1985–. Available at www.excavations.ie (last accessed 14 Mar. 2011).

Extents Ir. mon. possessions Extents of Irish monastic possessions, 1540–41, from manuscripts in the Public Record Office, London. Ed. N.B. White. IMC, Dublin, 1943.

Fairs and markets rept Report of the commissioners appointed to inquire into the state of the fairs and markets in Ireland. HC 1852–3 [1674], xli.

Fiants ‘Calendar of fiants of Henry VIII … Elizabeth’. In PRI repts D.K. 7–22. Dublin, 1875–90. Reprinted

as The Irish fiants of the Tudor sovereigns … . 4 vols. Dublin, 1994.

Gwynn and Hadcock Gwynn, Aubrey and Hadcock, R.N. Medieval religious houses: Ireland. London, 1970.

HC House of commons sessional paper.IAA Irish Architectural Archive, Dublin.IHS Irish Historical Studies. Dublin, 1938–.IHTA Irish historic towns atlas. Ed. J.H. Andrews,

Anngret Simms, H.B. Clarke, Raymond Gillespie and Jacinta Prunty. Dublin, 1986–.

IMC Irish Manuscripts Commission.Ir. Builder The Irish Builder and Engineer. Dublin, 1867–.

Formerly The Dublin Builder. Dublin, 1859–66.Lewis Lewis, Samuel. A topographical dictionary of

Ireland. 2 vols with atlas. London, 1837.Logainm Logainm. Bunachar logainmneacha na hÉireann

— Placenames database of Ireland. Available at www.logainm.ie (last accessed 14 Mar. 2011).

Lucas Lucas, Richard. A general directory of the kingdom of Ireland … . Dublin, 1788.

Mac Niocaill Mac Niocaill, Gearóid. Na buirgéisí, xii–xv aois. 2 vols. Dublin, 1964.

Mun. boundary repts Municipal corporation boundaries (Ireland) reports and plans. HC 1837 (301), xxix.

Mun. corp. Ire. rept Municipal corporations (Ireland), appendices to the first report of the commissioners. HC 1835, xxvii, xxviii; 1836, xxiv.

NAI National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. Formerly Public Record Office of Ireland.

NIAH intro./survey National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. An introduction to the architectural heritage of County Meath [etc.]. Dublin, 2002–. Survey available at www.buildingsofireland.com (last accessed 14 Mar. 2011).

NHI A new history of Ireland. Ed. T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin, F.J. Byrne and others. 9 vols. Oxford, 1976–2005.

NLI National Library of Ireland, Dublin.OSM Ordnance Survey memoirs, RIA.Parl. boundary repts Parliamentary representation: boundary reports,

Ireland. HC 1831–2 (519), xliii.Parl. gaz. The parliamentary gazetteer of Ireland. 3 vols.

London, 1846.Petty Petty, William. Hiberniae delineatio quoad

hactenus licuit perfectissima … . [London], 1685.Pigot Pigot’s national commercial directory of Ireland.

Dublin, 1824.Pratt Pratt, Henry. A map of the kingdom of Ireland

newly corrected and improved … with plans of the citys and fortified towns … . London, [1708]. Reprinted Dublin, [1732].

Primary educ. returns Royal commission of inquiry, primary education (Ireland), vi, Educational census. Returns showing the number of children actually present in each primary school on 25th June 1868 … . HC 1870 [C.6.v], xxviii, pt V.

PRI rept D.K. 1 [etc.] First [etc.] report of the deputy keeper of the public records in Ireland. Dublin, 1869–.

PRONI Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast.Publ. instr. rept 1 First report of the commissioners on public

instruction, Ireland. HC 1835 [45, 46], xxxiii.Publ. instr. rept 2 Second report of the commissioners on public

instruction, Ireland. HC 1835 [47], xxxiv.RC Roman Catholic.RCB Representative Church Body Library, Dublin.RD Registry of Deeds, Dublin, memorials of deeds.RIA/RIA Proc. Royal Irish Academy, Dublin (Proceedings of ).

Dublin, 1836–.RSAI Jn. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of

Ireland. Dublin, 1850–.Slater Slater’s national commercial directory of Ireland.

Manchester, 1846, etc.Stat. Ire. The statutes at large passed in the parliaments

held in Ireland … . 22 vols. Dublin, 1786–1801.Taylor and Skinner Taylor, George and Skinner, Andrew. Maps of the

roads of Ireland, surveyed in 1777. London and Dublin, 1778.

TCD Trinity College, Dublin.Thom Thom’s Irish almanac and official directory.

Dublin, 1844, etc.Thomas Thomas, Avril. The walled towns of Ireland. 2

vols. Dublin, 1992.TNA: PRO The National Archives: Public Record Office,

Kew.UJA Ulster Journal of Archaeology. Belfast, 1853–.Urb. Arch. Survey Urban Archaeology Survey, National Monuments

Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.

Watson Watson, John, and others. The gentleman and citizen’s almanack. Dublin, 1729–1844.

VOLume INo. 1 KILDARE by J.H. AndrewsNo. 2 CARRICKFERGUS by Philip RobinsonNo. 3 BANDON by Patrick O’FlanaganNo. 4 KELLS by Anngret Simms with Katharine SimmsNo. 5 MULLINGAR by J.H. Andrews with K.M. DaviesNo. 6 ATHLONE by Harman MurtaghISBN 978-1-874045-34-2

VOLume IINo. 7 MAYNOOTH by Arnold HornerNo. 8 DOWNPATRICK by R.H. Buchanan and Anthony WilsonNo. 9 BRAY by K.M. DaviesNo. 10 KILKENNY by John BradleyNo. 13 FETHARD by Tadhg O’KeeffeNo. 14 TRIM by Mark HennessyISBN 978-1-904890-10-2

Nos 1–10, 13, 14 also available as separate fascicles.No. 11 DuBLIN, part I, to 1610 by H.B. ClarkeISBN 978-1-874045-89-2

No. 12 BeLFAST, part I, to 1840 by Raymond Gillespie and Stephen A. RoyleISBN 978-0-954385-50-7

No. 15 DeRRY~LONDONDeRRY by Avril ThomasISBN 978-1-904890-19-5

No. 16 DuNDALK by Harold O’SullivanISBN 978-1-904890-19-5

No. 17 BeLFAST, part II, 1840 to 1900 by Stephen A. RoyleISBN 978-1-904890-26-3

No. 18 ARmAGH by Catherine McCullough and W.H. CrawfordISBN 1-904890-18-8

No. 19 DuBLIN, part II, 1610 to 1756 by Colm LennonISBN 978-1-904890-44-7

No. 20 TuAm by J.A. ClaffeyISBN 978-1-904890-47-8

No. 21 LImeRICK by Eamon O’FlahertyISBN 978-1-904890-55-3

No. 22 LONGFORD by Sarah Gearty, Martin Morris and Fergus O’FerrallISBN 978-1-904890-67-6

No. 23 CARLINGFORD by Harold O’Sullivan and

Raymond GillespieBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataCatalogue record available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-904890-76-8Cartography of Maps 1, 3 © Ordnance Survey Ireland/Government of Ireland Copyright Permit No. MP 001911. Cartography of Map 2 by Land and Property Services Northern Ireland. Figs 1–3 drawn by Sarah Gearty.

Armagh •

Limerick

Downpatrick

Longford

Derry~LondonderryCarrickfergus Belfast

parts I & II

Armagh

DundalkKellsTrim

MullingarAthlone

Maynooth

Kildare Bray

Dublin parts I & II

Kilkenny

Fethard

Bandon Towns publishedto date

Carlingford