Caribbean Petroleum VCE Case History · 2019. 5. 28. · Caribbean Petroleum VCE Case History...
Transcript of Caribbean Petroleum VCE Case History · 2019. 5. 28. · Caribbean Petroleum VCE Case History...
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Hazards 29 – HAZ29_049
Quentin A. Baker, P.E.Thursday, 23 May 2019
Caribbean Petroleum VCE Case History
©2019 Baker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc.
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▪ Facility was in service as terminal (refinery shut down)
▪ Incident occurred on October 23, 2009 shortly after midnight
▪ Offloading gasoline from ship into series of tanks
▪ Filling Tank 409 at time of incident
▪ Overflowed through elevated vents
▪ Created large flammable cloud (calm conditions)
▪ Cloud occupied large, heavily vegetated areas
▪ Ignited cloud when reached unclassified area
▪ VCE damaged on and off-site structures
▪ BakerRisk performed extensive field investigation on behalf of owner
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Incident Overview
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Image During Fire Next Day
Tank 409
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Site Aerial Photo
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Tank 409
• Built in 2006 (3 yrs old)
• Internal floating roof
• 120 ft. dia.
• 63 ft. high
• 120,000 bbls.
• Six overflow vents at 60 feet
(3 feet x 9 inches)
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Tank 409
Overflow
vents
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Overflow of Tank 409 (1 of 2)
▪ Offloading gasoline from ship into series of tanks
o 405, 504, and 411 filled and closed; filling 409
o Tank 409 level system not communicating with control room
o Began filling tank 409 at 10:00 PM, expected to be filled at 1:00 AM
o Operators checked Tank 409 level (at tank) at 11:00 PM
o Inspectors on 411 up to about 11:23 PM (clear view of 409, no
overflow)
▪ Operators enter tank farm from west just before midnight on rounds
▪ Observe dense layer of “fog”
▪ Leave tank farm, and direct ship to stop transfer operations
▪ Tank 409 began overflowing between 11:23PM and midnight
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Overflow of Tank 409 (2 of 2)
• Ship stops transfer operations at 12:12 am
• Other operators enter on east side, observe cloud in vicinity of Tanks
301 and 302, ignition occurs before can drive further into tank farm
• Estimate overflowed 4,600 bbls. (193x103 gal, 731x103 liters)
o Six overflow vents located at 60 ft elevation (3 ft wide, 9 in. high)
o Overflow creates “water fall” effect and generates mist/vapor
mixture
• Flammable cloud formation
o Cloud spread in all directions from Tank 409 under calm conditions
o Cloud radius and height of roughly 1,000 ft (610 m) and 10 ft (3 m)
o Cloud volume of approximately 23x106 ft3 (6.5x105 m3)
o Approximately same volume per FABIG TN-12 (HSL) methodology
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Site Topography
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Flammable Cloud Outline
Tank 409
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Ignition and VCE
• Ignition occurs at approximately 12:22AM
o 10 minutes after gasoline transfer from ship halted
• Initial ignition (reflections from CCTV video)
• Secondary ignitions (captured on CCTV video)
• VCE modeled as deflagration and as detonation, with resulting blast
loads compared to observed blast damage both on and off-site
• Vehicles on road to east of tank farm
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Video from FCC Tower
• Ignition occurs at approximately 12:22AM
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Determination of Ignition Location
North
• Dashed lines denote
edges of site lines for
cameras at time of
ignition
• Used reflections from
initial flame to locate
source
• Red circle denotes area
containing likely ignition
source
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Ignition Source
• Electrical equipment cabinet (pump switch gear, unclassified area)
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2nd Ignition (FCC Camera)
Secondary
Ignition
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Secondary Ignition
• Electrical equipment enclosure
• Lines up with video image sight line
• Panel throw suggests internal
pressurization
• Suggestion that secondary ignition from
sewer not borne out by field investigation
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Congestion (Vegetation, 1 of 2)
• Aerial photo predates
Tank 409 and 107
construction
• Vegetation heavy in
wetlands north and
east of the facility
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Congestion (Vegetation, 2 of 2)
• Examples of more and less dense congested vegetation areas
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Blast Damage Indicators
• Developed pressure asymptote values for on and off-site indicators
• Compared observed structural damage with predicted blast loads
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Vehicle Positions at Time of Ignition on Roadway on East Side
107
605
603
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Damage to Vehicles on the Roadway
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Detonation of FABIG TN-12 Cloud
0.9 psi
3 psi
5 psi
10 psi
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VCE Blast Loads
• Assuming flammable cloud based on FABIG TN-12 cloud (1 m deep):
o Detonation of entire flammable cloud grossly over-predicts loads
o Over-predict by factor of 5 to 300, averaging 40 times
o Similar results for deeper cloud (1.8 m) at same volume
• Blast loads predicted assuming a deflagration in reasonable agreement with
observed blast damage (slightly conservative)
o Dominated by congestion in vegetated areas
• Local indicators identified by others as possible detonation indicators were
judged to be due primarily to thermal effects
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Conclusions
• VCE resulted from Tank 409 gasoline overfill during ship unloading
o Spill volume estimated to be 4,600 barrels
o Cloud spread in all directions from Tank 409 under calm conditions
o Cloud radius and height of roughly 1,000 ft (610 m) and 10 ft (3 m)
o Cloud volume of approximately 23x106 ft3 (6.5x105 m3)
• VCE was a deflagration
o Assuming a detonation grossly over-predicts observed damage
• FABIG TN-12 (HSL) approach for cloud volume along with simplified blast load
methodology expected to yield reasonable consequence predictions for similar events
• Expected that rapid & extensive secondary fires due to gasoline mist wetting
vegetation, tanks and equipment
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▪ Co-Authors
o Kelly Thomas
o Darren Malik
o Matt Edel
▪ BakerRisk had performed investigation of this incident on behalf of the owner
immediately following the incident
▪ Explosion Research Cooperative (ERC) joint industry program funded analysis
and evaluation of this incident
o Approved limited release of information as case study
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Acknowledgements
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Quentin A. Baker, P.E.Senior Principal Engineer, Blast EffectsPresident
Understanding Hazards and Risks
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Contact Us
BakerRisk Europe Ltd.Thornton Science Park (Bldg. 49)Pool Lane, Ince, Chester CH2 4NUUnited Kingdom
+44.1244.405.960 (UK office)
+1.210.824.5960 (San Antonio office)