Career Success Guide

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Suzanne Martin Assistant Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs Welcome to the ECU Career Success Guide! We are eager to help you, whether you are a student needing to plan your career or find an internship or job; or a parent with questions about how our department can assist your son or daughter. We offer many programs and services highlighted on our extensive website www.ecu.edu/career. The Career Center prides itself on its “high-tech, high-touch” model, using state-of-the- art technology to make information available and processes easy for stu- dents while providing personalized one-on-one service. Stop in and introduce yourself, we welcome personal visits and look forward to working with you. The Career Center Staff Student Employment Staff Anna Scarff College of Human Ecology and the Thomas Harriot College of Arts & Sciences Catrina Davis College of Education & Thomas Harriot College of Arts & Sciences (Science Departments) Lindsey Bradsher Marketing & Job Development Coordinator Brian Newton College of Allied Health Sciences, College of Nursing, and College of Health & Human Performance Cathy Moore College of Technology & Computer Science Jim McAtee College of Fine Arts and Communication Jane Rahm, Student Employment Coordinator Larry Donley, Director of Student Employment Victoria Ogden, Student Employment Coordinator Kristen Etheridge Employer Relations Specialist Sandy Coan Executive Assistant Brad Simons Technology Director

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East Carolina University Division of Student Affairs Career Success Guide

Transcript of Career Success Guide

Page 1: Career Success Guide

Suzanne MartinAssistant Vice Chancellor for

Student Affairs

Welcome to the ECU Career Success Guide! We are eager to help you, whether you are a student needing to plan your career or find an internship or job; or a parent with questions about how our department can assist your son or daughter.

We offer many programs and services highlighted on our extensive website www.ecu.edu/career. The Career Center prides itself on its “high-tech, high-touch” model, using state-of-the-art technology to make information available and processes easy for stu-dents while providing personalized one-on-one service.

Stop in and introduce yourself, we welcome personal visits and look forward to working with you.

The Career Center Staff

Student Employment Staff

Anna ScarffCollege of Human Ecology and the Thomas Harriot College of Arts & Sciences

Catrina davisCollege of Education & Thomas Harriot College of Arts & Sciences (Science Departments)

Lindsey bradsherMarketing & Job Development Coordinator

brian NewtonCollege of Allied Health Sciences, College of Nursing, and College of Health & Human Performance

Cathy MooreCollege of Technology & Computer Science

Jim McAteeCollege of Fine Arts and Communication

Jane Rahm, Student Employment CoordinatorLarry donley, Director of Student EmploymentVictoria Ogden, Student Employment Coordinator

kristen EtheridgeEmployer Relations Specialist

Sandy CoanExecutive Assistant

brad SimonsTechnology Director

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What the Career Center Can Do for You .................................................................. 3

A Plan for Career Success ..................................................................................... 4

Career Exploration Through Assessments .............................................................. 5

How to Find the Right Job ...................................................................................... 7

How to Stand Apart From the Crowd ....................................................................... 8

Job Search Strategies: Pros and Cons .................................................................... 9

Develop Your Power Greeting ............................................................................... 10

Tapping the Hidden Job Market ............................................................................ 10

Informational Interviews ..................................................................................... 11

Network Your Way to a Job .................................................................................. 12

Getting the Most Out of a Career Fair ................................................................... 13

The Art of Writing Resumes ................................................................................. 14

Resume Content Guidelines ............................................................................... 15

5 Keys to Creating a Targeted Resume ................................................................. 16

Resume Evaluation Form .................................................................................... 16

Resume Power Verbs ......................................................................................... 17

Sample Resumes .............................................................................................. 18

General Outline for a Cover Letter ........................................................................ 19

The Top Ten Pitfalls in Resume Writing .................................................................. 20

Transferable Skills ............................................................................................. 21

Job Interviewing in Brief ...................................................................................... 22

Dress to Impress! .............................................................................................. 23

10 Tips for a Successful Interview ....................................................................... 23

Are You Ready for a Behavioral Interview? ............................................................. 24

Employment References ..................................................................................... 25

Correspondence Principles for Hard Copy and Email .............................................. 26

The Art of Negotiating ......................................................................................... 28

Choosing Between Job Offers .............................................................................. 29

Cost of Living Index ............................................................................................ 30

Federal Jobs: Working for Uncle Sam ................................................................... 31

Student Employment at ECU ............................................................................... 32

Job Search Procedures—Career Connections ....................................................... 33

Succeeding in Your Internship or Co-op ................................................................. 34

Professional Etiquette ........................................................................................ 35

Dining Out ......................................................................................................... 36

International Students and the Job Search ........................................................... 37

Is Graduate School Right for You? ........................................................................ 38

Table Contentsof

CAREER SuCCESS GuIDE

2008 - 2009

East Carolina university

The Career Center

Advertiser Index

CareersAndColleges.com . . . Inside Back Cover

GraduatingEngineer.com . . . . . . 40

Metrics, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

NAVAIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

U.S. Navy . . . . . Inside Front Cover

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Career FairsCareer Fairs offer a convenient opportunity to network, talk face-to-face with a wide range of employers, and set up interviews. The ECU Career Center sponsors two all major fairs each year both of which are held in the Green-ville Convention Center. We also sponsor an Education Fair in the spring semester and a Health Sciences Fair in the fall semester. The Student Employment Office also hosts a part-time job fair each year. Career Fairs are a wonderful opportunity to become familiar with different employers recruiting your major, browse their available positions, talk with them informally, and drop off resumes.

Mock InterviewsWhen it comes to interviewing, practice makes perfect. The experience of having a simulated interview with a staff member can calm nerves, enhance performance, teach you how to answer tough questions, and prevent you from making big mistakes. H.I.R.E.D (Helping Individuals Reach Employment Destinations) is a partnership between the Career Center and professionals from a wide variety of industries. These professionals volunteer their time to conduct 30-minute mock interviews of students. This will allow you the opportunity to practice your interviewing skills and receive great feedback that will assist you in the interviewing process.

Advanced Technology and Virtual Career ServicesThe ECU Career Center uses a variety of technologies including SecondLife, Blackboard, and the Internet to pro-vide services to students at a distance. We also have unique online assessments and tools including Perfect Interview, Optimal Resume, Career GPS, and Occupational Informa-tion Network (ONET) to help students with the job search and career readiness process.

Employer Information Sessions/ On-Campus Recruiting Each semester, a wide range of employers from various locations and industries visit The Career Center to present information about their organizations to students. Learn about potential career opportunities and network with key employers by attending these sessions. Furthermore, students will be able to take advantage of on-campus recruiting programs, where employers collect student resumes and conduct on-campus interviews for various job openings.

Alumni NetworksThrough the Career Connections Mentor Module, The Career Center offers students access to alumni contacts in various career fields. These graduates have volunteered to serve as a resource for information and advice. This can be one of the most helpful ways to learn about different indus-tries, and can help you get your foot in the door.

Cooperative Education and Internship ProgramsInternships are the most valuable way to try out different career fields and gain hands-on experience while you are still a student. You can build your resume, learn the ropes, and maybe even get academic credit. Many co-ops and internships lead to full-time opportunities.

Most students go through college without ever setting foot in their school’s career services office. Yet, outside of the academic realm, job seekers will pay hundreds,

even thousands, of dollars for the very same services that are provided to you free of charge. The mission of the ECU Career Center is to teach skills and provide services that will facilitate the career development and job search process, ranging from assessing your abilities to negotiating employment offers. Don’t overlook this opportunity; it could mean passing up the job of a lifetime.

Develop RelationshipsGet to know The Career Center liaison assigned to your specific college. Try to meet with your Career Coach several different times throughout your time at ECU. Appointments are a great way to stay motivated and to accomplish career-related tasks. A Career Coach will listen to your concerns and provide objective advice. You can bounce ideas off him or her, which will help you think through your options. Furthermore, when unique job opportunities come in, Career Coaches often alert students who they know well and think might be a good fit with the position. Remember, the more you share about your skills and your goals with the staff, the better they will be able to assist you.

Programs and ServicesOnce you get to know your Career Coach, become familiar with all of the programs and services offered through The Career Center which include:

Job Listings and Recruiting Programs Hundreds of opportunities are posted for ECU students each year through The Career Center and Student Employ-ment Office jobs database called Career Connections. Part-time on- and off-campus, Federal Work-Study, internships, co-ops, and full-time positions are all posted in one easy-to-use system that is available to all ECU students and alumni. Employers often post positions specifically for your indi-vidual college. Career Coaches also can provide detailed advice on the most effective job search strategies.

Student EmploymentWorking a part-time job on or off campus enables students to apply knowledge being learned in the classroom and strengthens their skills for future employment. Students who work while going to school have an opportunity to help pay educational costs and gain valuable experience and skills to enhance their career goals. The ECU Student Employment Office helps students find part-time employ-ment on-campus, off-campus and through the Federal Work-Study program.

Resume and Cover Letter CritiquesDuring individual appointments or group workshops, Career Coaches provide detailed advice on writing resumes, cover letters, and other job search correspon-dence. We offer a variety of services to help you create the most effective job search correspondence you can. In addition to one-on-one resume guidance and critiques, we provide handouts, sample resumes, online resume writing software and even electronic portfolio software to help you design creative, targeted job search correspondence to help you get as many interviews and job offers as you can.

Important Note! We send important messages about programs and events via email so make sure you add us to your “safe list” so our important announcements don’t end up in your spam folder. Check our website at

www.ecu.edu/career frequently for the most up-to-date information on programs and events.

What The Career Center Can Do for You

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A Plan for Career Success

Set goals for each year to achieve your career plans!Freshman Year—Explore

•   Explore your interests and abilities through academic courses; demonstrate excellent academic performance

•   Strengthen your written communication skills in English classes and writing labs.

•   Create a first draft of your resume and have it critiqued by a Career Coach at The Career Center.

•   Discover ECU resources including The Career Center, Counseling Center, Academic Enrichment Center, and college advising centers.

•   Explore majors and careers through career assessment tools offered at The Career Center or via our website at www.ecu.edu/career; familiarize yourself with all of the resources available through the web site.

•   Register with The Career Center to obtain a logon to Career Connections and become familiar with the database.

•   Obtain an introduction to your initial field of interest through an internship, job shadow, or conversation with an Alumni Mentor.

•   Consider volunteer positions or a part-time job to help build your resume and broaden your experience

•   Attend career fairs to gather information on potential careers and employers.

Sophomore Year•   Talk to professionals in career fields you are 

considering. Review the Career Success Guide for additional information on informational interviewing.

•   Get to know faculty in a major of interest. They can talk about career options and provide a letter of reference when you apply for a job or to graduate school.

•   Develop a professional quality resume and register with The Career Center for internship opportunities.

•   Obtain a part-time job in your field during the school year or summer. Obtain a summer paid or volunteer internship in your major area of interest.

•   Attend career fairs and employer information sessions that relate to your major.

•   Enhance your technical/computer skills. Take workshops offered by ITCS.

•   Use The Career Center’s online job interviewing software to practice job interviewing.

Junior Year•   Begin to plan for an effective job search.  Set 

deadlines for required steps.•   Seek leadership positions in co-curricular 

activities (committee chairs and elected positions.) Join career-related student professional associations.

•   Update your resume in The Career Center online recruiting system, Career Connections.

•   Use the Optimal Resume software on The Career Center’s website to develop an electronic portfolio which highlights the school and employment projects you have completed.

•   Choose electives to enhance your qualifications, especially your oral and written communication skills.

•   Attend the fall and spring Career Fairs and interview with employers to obtain co-op or internship positions.

•   Participate in a Mock Job Interview through The Career Center.

•   Research graduate school options and apply according to established guidelines and deadlines.

Senior Year•   Participate in The Career Center career fairs both fall 

and spring to network with employers and obtain full-time job offers.

•   Attend The Career Center workshops on job search strategies, resume writing, and job interviewing.

•   Research companies before your job interview.•   Review the handouts on our website on salary 

negotiation.•   Participate in face-to-face Mock Job Interview 

offered by The Career Center.•   Conduct a thorough job search campaign in 

addition to on-campus interviews.•   Notify The Career Center once you have accepted 

an offer.•   Establish a reference list and/or ask for letters of 

recommendation from academic references

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Career Exploration Through Assessments

Assessments are tools that can be used to explore, evalu-ate and measure various attributes. Self-assessment tools help you gain an understanding of yourself and

your goals by defining your core interests, values, personality, and skills. Self-assessments are not designed to resolve all of your questions, rather should be used as tools as part of your career development.

The goals of self-assessment are to help you to:   •   Identify your strengths, skills, interests, and values.   •   Target occupations and fields you might not have con-

sidered before.   •   Clarify what you want to do next.   •   Find a career path that would be truly interesting and 

satisfying.

Just remember...   •   It’s perfectly normal if you feel stressed or confused 

about which career direction to take.   •   It’s okay to continually re-evaluate yourself throughout 

your college experience.   •   You can choose or change your career path at any time, 

depending on your situation.   •   There’s more than just one “right” job for you.   •   Don’t let false assumptions about yourself and the work 

place stop you from finding a fulfilling career.

You can maximum use of an assessment by discussing your results with a Career Coach once it has been completed. Once you complete an assessment, contact the Career Center to schedule a meeting with your Career Coach to discuss and interpret the results of your assessment. Your Career Coach will be able to help you figure out what to do “next” after you have completed an assessment as well as share other helpful resources.

Interest AssessmentsMnCareers Interest Assessment: www.iseek.org/sv/10210.jspThe MnCareers tool assesses personality characteristics based on the Holland Interest Inventory (RIASEC). Results can be used to search for and identify careers and work environments that are congruent with an individual’s interests.

Career Interests Game:http://career.missouri.edu/students/explore/ thecareerinterestsgame.phpThis exercise, from the University of Missouri’s Career Center, uses the RAISEC code to explore potential hobbies and job types. Participants click on personality type(s) to review a list of potential job titles and more personality traits.

Career GPS: http://www.ecu.edu/e3careers/gps/CareerGPS.htmlCareer GPS is an interactive career assessment program designed to help you identify the fields or industries that inter-est you the most. Identifying the ideal workplace setting is critical to career success.

O*NET Interest Profiler: http://onetcenter.org/IP.htmlThis instrument is a self-assessment career exploration tool that can help clients discover the type of work activities and occupations that they would like and find exciting. Clients identify and learn about broad interest areas most relevant to themselves. They can use their interest results to explore the world of work.

Personality AssessmentsThe Keirsey Temperament Sorter II:http://www.advisorteam.com/temperament_sorter/ register.aspThis assessment is designed for college-bound students and adults. The personality test produces a brief summary of the

user’s temperament and career options matching the personality. Free registration is required to take the test.

Personality Pathways:www.personalitypathways.com/type_inventory.htmlThis short online version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator gives test takers their 4-letter MBI code and descriptions of the 16 personality types.

The 9 Types:www.9types.com/rhetiSample version of the Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indica-tor allows users to explore which the nine diagrams are most prominent in their personality, helping them to decide which work environments fit best.

Skills AssessmentsO*NET Skills Search:http://online.onetcenter.org/skillsThe O*NET Skills Search helps individuals identify occupa-tions for exploration by the types of skills used. Skills are selected from six broad groups to create a customized set, including: Basic Skills, Social Skills, Complex Problem Solving Skills, Technical Skills, System Skills and Resource Manage-ment Skills.

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery:www.asvabprogram.comThe ASVAB is designed for secondary and post-secondary students to assess how an individual’s interests, abilities and personal preferences match civilian and military careers. Web site offers sample skills tests and a work values evaluator.

Career Infonet Skills Profiler:www.careerinfonet.org/skills This interactive assessment allows users of all skill levels to choose prospective occupations, see the skill sets required, rate their own skills and compare them to what’s in demand.

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iSeek Skills Assessment:www.iseek.org/sv/12398.jspThis skills assessment provides a list of potential occupations and links to corresponding occupation descriptions. Individu-als will be asked to rate skills positively or negatively accord-ing to preference.

Values AssessmentsMinnesota Importance Questionnaire:www.psych.umn.edu/psylabs/vpr/miqinf.htmThis questionnaire is designed for audiences to measure voca-tional needs and values. It measures 20 psychological needs and underlying values relevant to work adjustment and job satisfaction. (Fee for obtaining printouts of questionnaire.)

O*NET Work Importance Profiler:www.onetcenter.org/WIP.htmlThe Work Importance Profiler is an assessment to help indi-viduals learn more about their work values and what they think is important in a job. Understanding work values helps

people better decide which jobs and careers to explore. Soft-ware must be downloaded.

Life Work Transitions:www.lifeworktransitions.com/exercises/exercs.htmlScroll down to Chapter 3, “Redefining Your Self: Passions, Preferences, Purpose,” to access online worksheets corre-sponding to the book. The worksheets help users to determine what motivates them at work, their ideal job specification and what career goals will lead them to fulfillment.

OSCAR:www.ioscar.org/tx/index.aspThe Texas-based Occupation and Skills Computer-Assisted Researcher uses O*NET assessments to create an interactive card sort of values. Designed for users age 16 and older to determine the importance of 20 work values.

For more assessments or for assistance on making the most of your assessment results, contact a Career Coach at The Career Center.

F O R M U L A T I O N D E V E L O P M E N T • C L I N I C A L T R I A L M A T E R I A L S • A N A L Y T I C A L M E T H O D D E V E L O P M E N T & V A L I D A T I O N • S T A B I L I T Y S E R V I C E S • R A W M A T E R I A L T E S T I N G • T R A C E M E T A L S A N A L Y S I SM e t r i c s I n c . 1 2 4 0 S u g g P a r k w a y G r e e n v i l l e , N C 2 7 8 3 4 2 5 2 . 7 5 2 . 3 8 0 0 w w w . m e t r i c s i n c . c o m

At Metrics, we don’t just develop drugs. We also develop opportunity for the people of North Carolina. Since our founding in 1994, Metricshas generated close to 200 new jobs and we’re on track to continue double-digit growth for the foreseeable future. That’s good newsfor us and even better news for the community we call home. To learn more about career opportunities at Metrics, visit www.metrics.com.

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How to Find the Right Job

Finding the job you want takes many steps and involves just as many decisions. This checklist is designed to help you along the way and guide you to the appropriate sources. Be

sure to discuss your progress with your career advisor.

Knowing What You Want

3 Choose your ideal work environment—large corpora-tion, small business, government agency or nonprofit organization.

3 Choose your ideal location—urban, suburban or rural.

3 List your three most useful job skills and know which is your strongest.

3 Know whether you want to work with people, data or things.

3 Know whether you enjoy new projects or prefer following a regular routine.

3 List some of the main career areas that might interest you.

3 List your favorite leisure time activities.

3 Know what kind of reward is most important to you in a job—money, security, creative authority, etc.

Researching Career Options

3 Develop a list of career possibilities to research.

3 Visit your career services library and utilize the Internet to learn about various careers. The Dictionary of Occupational Titles and the Occupational Outlook Handbook are valuable resources.

3 Consider whether your desired career requires an advanced degree.

3 Keep up with current trends in your field through trade publications, news/business magazines and news papers.

3 Identify employers interested in interviewing someone with your academic background and experience; create a list of three or more employers in the field you are considering.

3 Use the Internet to learn more about potential employers and check out salary surveys and hiring trends in your anticipated career field.

3 Make at least three professional contacts through friends, rela-tives or professors to learn more about your field of interest.

3 Meet with faculty and alumni who work or who have worked in your field to talk about available jobs and the outlook for your field.

Getting Experience

3 Narrow down the career options you are considering through coursework and personal research.

3 Participate in a work experience or internship program in your chosen field to learn of the daily requirements of the careers you are considering. Such assignments can lead to permanent job offers following graduation.

3 Become an active member in one or more professional associations—consult the Encyclopedia of Associations for organizations in your field.

3 Volunteer for a community or charitable organization to gain further work experience. Volunteer positions can and should be included on your resume.

Creating a Resume

3 Form a clear job objective.

3 Know how your skills and experience support your objective.

3 Use action verbs to highlight your accomplishments.

3 Limit your resume to one page and make sure it is free of misspelled words and grammatical errors.

3 Create your resume using a word processing program and have it professionally duplicated on neutral-colored paper, preferably white, light gray or beige. If you are submitting your resume online, be sure to include relevant keywords and avoid italics, bold and underlined passages.

3 Compose a separate cover letter to accompany each resume and address the letter to a specific person. Avoid sending a letter that begins “Dear Sir/Madam.”

Preparing for the Interview

3 Arrange informational interviews with employees from companies with which you might want to interview. Use your network of acquaintances to schedule these meetings.

3 Thoroughly research each employer with whom you have an interview—be familiar with product lines, services offered and growth prospects.

3 Practice your interviewing technique with friends to help prepare for the actual interview.

3 Using the information you have gathered, formulate ques-tions to ask the employer during the interview.

3 Arrive on time in professional business attire.

3 Collect the needed information to write a thank-you letter after each interview.

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How to Stand Apart From the Crowd

Competition for jobs is at an all-time high, so it’s essential that you distinguish yourself from other job applicants. Regardless of the field that you’re entering, individu-

ality matters. Everything you’ve experience until now—in the classroom, during after-school jobs and internships, and through volunteer experiences—sets you apart from your fel-low students. These unique experiences provide knowledge and abilities that must be demonstrated to potential employers through the resume, cover letter and interview. This is your chance to prove that you’re the best candidate for the job and will make a great addition to their team. Here are some ways to make sure your true potential shines.

What Makes You Special?Your roommate may have the exact same major and GPA as you do, but those factors are only superficial. More impor-tantly: everyone has his or her own set of life experiences that influence personal growth and skill development. Maybe you’ve traveled around the world, speak several languages, or were born in another country. Or perhaps you’ve worked your way through high school and college to help support your family. Numbers only tell part of the story. When an employer is evaluating you for a job, you have to make sure your unique experiences come through on your resume and cover letter so that you have the opportunity to elaborate on the details during the interview.

Go Team!Employers want hires who can hit the ground running and work well with others in a team environment. Your academic experience has been packed with teamwork even if you don’t realize it. Just think back to all those group projects and study sessions. Many extracurricular activities from athletics and fraternities and sororities to clubs, volunteer work and student government require team participation as well. By using the language of teamwork and cooperation on your resume and cover letter, you’ve taken the first step toward proving that you’re a collaborator. During the interview you can further express what you’ve learned about yourself and others through teamwork.

Leadership 101Teamwork is key, but employers also want candidates who can step up to the plate and take charge when it’s appropriate. If you’ve never been class president, however, don’t fear; leadership can be demonstrated in many subtle ways. In addition to traditional leadership roles, leaders also take on responsibility by providing others with information and advice. If you’ve ever helped a friend with a paper, volun-teered to teach a class or given a speech that motivated others, then you’ve served as a leader. During your interview, speak confidently about your accomplishments, but don’t cross the line into arrogance. Good leaders know when to show off, as well as when to listen to others.

Art of the ResumeYour resume provides the opportunity to stand out, but don’t distinguish yourself by using bright-colored paper or an unusual font. Those tactics are distracting and leave employers remembering you negatively. Instead, it’s the content of your resume that will really get you noticed. Make sure to describe each experience in clear detail; highlight not only what you did, but also what results were gained from your actions. Don’t forget to include special skills, such as foreign languages and international travel.

Cover Letter ZingersWhile your resume chronicles your experiences, the cover letter lets your personality shine through. Here you can expand upon your past experiences and briefly discuss what you learned. Use concrete examples from your resume in order to showcase specific skills and characteristics. Be sure to tailor each letter to the specific organization and position, and state specifically why you want to work for the organization. Demonstrate that you’ve done your research; it will impress employers and set your letter apart from the rest.

Interview Expert When it comes to the interview, preparation is key. Be ready to talk about everything you’ve done in a positive light, and make sure you’re well informed about the organization and industry. Focus on what distinguishes the employer from their competition and why you are a good fit. If possible, speak to alumni or other current employees to learn more. Remember, practice makes perfect; many career centers offer mock inter-views with a counselor. And don’t be afraid to ask for help from friends and professionals as you review the answers to common interview questions.

Written by Jennifer Bobrow Burns, Assistant Dean for Career Services, Quinnipiac University.

Dos and Don’ts•   DO dress the part. Even employers with casual 

dress codes expect interviewees to be dressed in professional business attire.

•   DON’T chew gum, wear too much cologne/perfume or smoke before the interview.

•   DO look your interviewer in the eye and offer a firm handshake.

•   DON’T try too hard to please and appear loud or cocky.

•   DO emphasize your skills and accomplishments.

•   DON’T make excuses for failures or lack of experi-ence. Instead, take responsibility for your mistakes and change the subject to something positive.

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Job Search Strategies: Pros and ConsIn addition to the many job search options offered through the ECU Career Center (Career Connections, Hire A Pirate, Career Fairs, Alumni Mentors, etc.), there are many other ways to look for a job —some better than others. Presented below are some of the most popular ways as well as helpful hints and pros and cons of each.

wANT AdS Scan want ads. Mail resume with cover letter tailored to specific job qualifications.

• Newspapers• Journals• Newsletters• Trade magazines• Cover letters• Resumes

Involves minimal invest-ment of time in identifying companies. Resume and cover letter are sent for actual job opening.

Resume and cover letter will compete with large number of others. Ads follow job market; least effective in times of economic down-turn.

•  Use as a meter on the  job market in a certain career field.

•  Try to get your materials in as early as possible.

EMPLOyMENT AgENCIES Respond to employment agency ads in newspapers; check phone book for names of agencies to contact.

• Resumes• Business attire

Fee-paid jobs for graduates in technical fields or those with marketable experience.

May be less help to non-technical/inexperienced graduates. Be wary if you, instead of the employer, have to pay a fee.

•  Identify agencies that  specialize in your field.

•  Make frequent contact with your counselor to obtain better service.

wORLd wIdE wEb Search online job banks and company Web sites. Submit resume online/post on job boards.

• Access to the Web• Electronic resume

Actual job openings. Many employers use a wide variety of job listing services. Many listings have free to low-cost access. Worldwide geo-graphic reach.

Competition is growing as use of the Web increases. Many jobs listed are tech-nical in nature, though the visibility of nontechnical fields is growing.

•  Use the Web frequently as information and sites change quickly.

•  May need to conduct your search at off-peak times (early morning or late at night).

TARgETEd MAILINg Develop a good cover letter tailored to a specific type of job and the needs of the company. Send letter with resume to selected companies.

•  List of well-researched companies

• Tailored cover letters• Resumes

Better approach than the mass-mailing method. Investment of time and effort should merit stronger response from employers.

Requires a significant investment of time in researching companies and writing cover letters as well as following up with contacts.

•  Try to find out who is in charge of the area in which you want to work; send your materials to that person. Great method when used in conjunction with networking.

IN-PERSON VISIT Visit many companies. Ask to see person in specific department. Submit resume and application, if possible.

• Business attire• Company address list• Resumes

Resume and applica-tion are on file with the company.

Requires a great deal of time to make a relatively small number of contacts.

•  Research the companies prior to your visit. Ask for a specific person or ask about a specific type of job.

NETwORkINg Talk to everyone you know to develop a list of possible contacts; ask for information on job/companies and to circulate your resume.

• List of contacts• Resumes• Business attire

May learn of unadvertised openings. May result in a courtesy interview. Often results in a closer match of your interests to a job.

A contact in itself is not enough to get you a job. You may exhaust all leads without landing a job. Quite time-consuming.

•  Follow through on all leads.

•  Keep broadening your network of contacts.

ON-CAMPuS RECRuITINg Follow specific pro cedures to secure on-campus interviews.

• Scheduling interviews• Employer literature• Resumes• Business attire

One of the primary ways in which companies recruit for technical and business positions.

May be less effective for nontechnical/nonbusiness candidates.

•  Use the interview sched-ule as a way to identify possible employers, even if you don’t get to interview on campus with those employers.

RESuME REFERRAL Register with one of the many national referral services. As jobs are listed by employers, the data bank of registrants is searched for matches. If your materials match, they are sent to the employers.

•  Registration form  supplied by service

Another way to monitor the job market and get your qualifications to the attention of employers.

May involve a fee. Often more helpful to those in technical or specialized fields. May not learn of the status of your materials.

•  Use only in conjunction with other job search strategies.

STRATEGY TOOLS PROS CONS HELPFuL HINTS

Adapted and reprinted with permission from Career Services, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.

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Develop Your Power Greeting

Throughout your job search and especially when you are in a job interview, you need to be able to introduce your-self in a powerful way to people who don’t know you.

What you say at that moment will set the tone for the rest of your interaction. To do this most effectively, you need a Power Greeting. A Power Greeting is like a “30-second commercial.” It pro-vides just enough information to make the listener want to know more about you and sets a professional tone for the rest of your interaction. It is clearly in your best interest to control this introduction and advance preparation is the key. A Power Greeting is com-posed of three distinct parts and a follow-up question: 1) Your education and credentials (what you have studied). 2) Your experience in the field (employment, internship/

co-op, volunteer positions).

3) Your strengths (what you do best). 4) An open-ended probing question about their needs, prob-

lems, and challenges.

Here’s an example, “Let me tell you about myself, I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Industrial Technology from East Carolina University with a minor in Business Administration. I have a year an a half experience in the field through a Summer Intern-ship with NACCO Material Handling Group in Greenville, NC, and a two-semester co-op position with National Water-works in Charlotte, NC. I have discovered that I enjoy supply chain management and Just-in-Time delivery challenges. I chose this field because I enjoy finding new ways of solving problems, I am a hands-on person, and I like getting into the thick of things and dealing with tangible, concrete problems. What role does logistics play in your business?

Your Turn:Let me tell you about myself, I hold a ________________ degree in _____________________________________

from East Carolina University (is your minor in ______________________________ related?). I have ________

semesters/years/months/etc. experience in the field of __________________________through _____________

___________________________________________________________________________.

I have discovered that I enjoy _____________________________________________________________________.

I chose this field because _________________________________________________________________________.

Tapping the Hidden Job Market

Your off-campus job search should neither begin nor end with the help wanted ads. Studies have shown that only 15 percent of available jobs are ever advertised.

It takes much more than merely perusing the classifieds. By employing a number of methods, you constantly increase your chances of landing a job. Some techniques you might use:

Networking. Probably the most effective way to meet potential employers and learn about possible jobs is to tap into your personal network of contacts. You might think it’s early to have professional contacts, but think about everyone you know—family members and their friends/co-workers, professors, past employers, neighbors and even your dentist. Don’t be afraid to inform them of your career interests and let them know that you are looking for work. They will likely be happy to help you and refer you to any professionals they think can be of assistance.

Informational interviewing. This approach allows you to learn more about your field by setting up interviews with professionals. The purpose of these interviews is to meet pro-fessionals, gather career information and investigate career options, get advice on job search techniques and get referrals to other professionals. When setting up these interviews, either by phone or letter, make it clear to the employer that you have no

job expectations and are seeking information only. Interviewing also familiarizes you to employers, and you may be remem-bered when a company has a vacant position. Temporary work. As more companies employ the services of temporary or contract workers, new graduates are discover-ing that such work is a good opportunity to gain experience in their fields. Temporary workers can explore various jobs and get an inside look at different companies without the commit-ment of a permanent job. Also, if a company decides to make a position permanent, these “temps” already have made good impressions and often are given first consideration. Electronic job search. One source of jobs may be as close as a personal computer. Various online resume services let you input your resume into a database, which then can be accessed by companies searching for applicants who meet their criteria. Companies also post job listings on Web sites to which students can directly respond by sending their resumes and cover letters. Persistence is the key to cracking the hidden job market. Attend meetings of professional associations and become an active member. After you begin the above processes, and your network base expands, your search will be made easier. Employers will appreciate your resourcefulness—and view you as a viable candidate.

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You will be surprised to find how many individuals enjoy speaking about their experiences and career development.

Informational Interviews

An informational interview is not an interview for a job, but rather, a way of getting valuable informa-tion about your field(s) of interest. Of course, savvy

job hunters have always used informational interviewing as a way of networking with potential employers. Informational interviewing can help you choose a major or industry, and make connections with people in your field. This type of inter-viewing may be done in person, by phone, or even by email.

Steps for a successful networking contact:

1. Be clear about your objective before you call your con-tact. Decide what you want to know and rehearse what you will say.

2. Explain why you are calling; be polite, positive, and businesslike.

3. Be flexible: Prepare to conduct the interview when you call, understanding that whomever you call may be busy and may want to schedule a time to talk with you. Remember to keep your interview to 30 minutes as a courtesy.

4. Try to schedule a face-to-face meeting whenever pos-sible to gain exposure to the work environment and culture.

5. Ask your contact to recommend others you might speak to in your specific field or industry.

6. Ask your contact to keep you in mind should they hear of any positions or prospects.

7. Send a thank you note after your call or visit. If appro-priate, include your phone number and/or email address. Ask them to contact you if more information becomes available or if new opportunities arise.

8. After you obtain employment or an internship, notify all networking contacts. Tell them briefly about your new position and thank them again.

you will be surprised to find how many individuals enjoy speaking about their experiences and career development. If you aren’t finding any success in contacting professionals in your field of interest, stop by The Career Center for further assistance and resources.

Suggested Informational Interview Questions

About the Career Field   •   How did you get into this career?   •   What do you do at work on a typical day? What 

are your responsibilities?   •   What advice do you have for someone preparing 

for a career in this field?   •   What majors and/or minors do you recommend 

for someone interested in this field?   •   What courses and/or advanced degree(s) would 

be helpful for me?   •   What experience is necessary to enter this field?   •   What do you like most/least about your job? 

About the Organization/Industry   •   How did you get into this organization/

industry? What other organizations have you worked for?

  •   What is unique to your industry, organization, or office?

  •   What do you like most/least about the work you do? What is your work environment like?

  •   How does your organization fill job openings? Is that typical of other organizations in your field?

About Future Growth/Salary Information   •   What are the employment prospects for someone 

entering this field?   •   What is the growth and promotional potential in 

your field?   •   What areas are growing/changing in this field?   •   What is a typical starting salary in this field?   •   How do salaries in your field compare with those 

of other fields?

Follow-up Questions   •   Can you recommend other professionals in this 

field with whom I should speak? May I use your name when I contact them?

  •   May I contact you again if I have further questions?

  •   Which professional publications/organizations and other resources do you consider relevant?

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Network Your Way to a Job

Many people use the classified ads as their sole job search technique. Unfortunately, statistics show that only 10% to 20% of jobs are ever published—which

means that 80% to 90% of jobs remain hidden in the job market. For this reason, networking remains the number one job search strategy.

Networking Defined A network is an interconnected group of supporters who serve as resources for your job search and ultimately for your career. Some great network contacts might include people you meet at business and social meetings who provide you with career information and advice. Students often hesitate to net-work because they feel awkward asking for help, but it should be an integral part of any job search. Though you might feel ner-vous when approaching a potential contact, networking is a skill that develops with practice, so don’t give up. Most people love to talk about themselves and their jobs and are willing to give realistic—and free—advice.

Eight Keys to Networking 1. be Prepared. First, define what information you need

and what you are trying to accomplish by networking. Remember, your purpose in networking is to get to know people who can provide information regarding careers and leads. Some of the many benefits of networking include increased visibility within your field, propelling your professional development, finding suitable mentors, increasing your chances of promotion and perhaps finding your next job.

Second, know yourself—your education, experience and skills. Practice a concise, one-minute presentation of yourself so that people will know the kinds of areas in which you are interested. Your networking meeting should include the following elements: introduction, self-overview, Q&A, obtaining referrals and closing.

2. be Targeted. Identify your network. For some, “I don’t have a network. I don’t know anyone,” may be your first reaction. You can start by listing everyone you know who are potential prospects: family members, friends, faculty, neighbors, classmates, alumni, bosses, co-workers and community associates. Attend meetings of organizations

in your field of interest and get involved. You never know where you are going to meet someone who could lead you to your next job.

3. be Professional. Ask your networking prospects for advice—not for a job. Your networking meetings should be a source of career information, advice and contacts. Start off the encounter with a firm handshake, eye contact and a warm smile. Focus on asking for one thing at a time. Your contacts expect you to represent yourself with your best foot forward.

4. be Patient. Heena Noorani, research analyst with New York-based Thomson Financial, recommends avoiding the feeling of discouragement if networking does not provide immediate results or instant answers. She advises, “Be prepared for a slow down after you get started. Stay politely persistent with your leads and build momentum. Networking is like gardening: You do not plant the seed, then quickly harvest. Networking requires cultivation that takes time and effort for the process to pay off.”

5. be Focused on Quality—Not Quantity. In a large group setting, circulate and meet people, but don’t try to talk to everyone. It’s better to have a few meaningful con-versations than 50 hasty introductions. Don’t cling to people you already know; you’re unlikely to build new contacts that way. If you are at a reception, be sure to wear a nametag and collect or exchange business cards so you can later contact the people you meet.

6. be Referral-Centered. The person you are network-ing with may not have a job opening, but he or she may know someone who is hiring. The key is to exchange information and then expand your network by obtaining additional referrals each time you meet someone new. Be sure to mention the person who referred you.

7. be Proactive. Stay organized and track your network-ing meetings. Keep a list of your contacts and update it frequently with the names of any leads given to you. Send a thank-you note or email if appropriate. Ask if you can follow-up the conversation with a phone call, or even better, with a more in-depth meeting in the near future.

8. be dedicated to Networking. Most importantly, networking should be ongoing. You will want to stay in touch with contacts over the long haul—not just when you need something. Make networking part of your long-term career plan.

Written by Thomas J. Denham, managing partner and career counselor of Careers in Transition LLC.

Dos & Don’ts of Networking•  Do keep one hand free from a briefcase or purse so 

you can shake hands when necessary.•  Do bring copies of your resume.•  Don’t tell them your life story; you are dealing with 

busy people, so get right to the point. •  Don’t be shy or afraid to ask for what you need.•  Don’t pass up opportunities to network.

Questions to Ask During Networking Meetings•  What do you like most (least) about your work?•  Can you describe a typical workday or week?•  What type of education and experience do you 

need to remain successful in this field?•  What are the future career opportunities in this field?•  What are the challenges in balancing work and 

personal life?•  Why do people enter/leave this field or company?•  Which companies have the best track record for pro-

moting minorities?•  What advice would you give to someone trying to 

break into this field?•  With whom would you recommend I speak? 

When I call, may I use your name?

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Getting the Most Out of a Career Fair

Many employers use career fairs—both on and off campus—to promote their opportunities and to pre-screen applicants. Career fairs come in all

shapes and sizes, from small community-sponsored events to giant regional career expositions held at major convention centers. Most career fairs consist of booths and/or tables manned by recruiters and other representatives from each organization. For on-campus events, some employers also send alumni representatives. Large corporations and some government agencies have staffs who work the career fair “circuit” nationwide. An employer’s display area is also subject to wide variance. It could be a simple table with a stack of brochures and business cards and a lone representative or an elaborate multi media extravaganza with interactive displays, videos, posters and a team of recruiters.

Fashions and AccessoriesThe appropriate attire for career fair attendees is what you’d wear to an actual job interview. In most cases, “business professional” is the norm. If you’re unsure of the dress code (particularly for off-campus events), it would be wise to err on the overdressed side—you’ll make a better impression if you appear professional. Think of it as a dress rehearsal for your real interviews! Remember to bring copies of your resume (or resumes, if you have several versions tailored to different career choices), a few pens and pencils (have backups—they have a way of disappearing), a folder or portfolio and some sort of note-taking device (a paper or electronic pad). Keep track of the recruiters with whom you speak and send follow-up notes to the ones who interest you. Don’t bring your backpack; it’s cumbersome for you, it gets in the way of others and it screams “student!” instead of “candidate!”

Stop, Look and ListenKeep your eyes and ears open—there’s nothing wrong with subtly eavesdropping on the questions asked and answers received by your fellow career fair attendees. You might pick up some valuable information, in addition to witnessing some real-life career search “dos and don’ts.” In order to maximize your career fair experience, you must be an active participant and not just a browser. If all you do is stroll around, take company literature and load up on the ubiquitous freebies, you really haven’t accomplished anything worthwhile (unless you’re a collector of key chains, mouse-pads and pocket flashlights). It is essential to chat with the company representatives and ask meaningful questions. Here’s a great bit of career fair advice from Stanford University’s Career Fair ’99 guide: “Create a one-minute ‘commercial’ as a way to sell yourself

to an employer. This is a great way to introduce yourself. The goal is to connect your background to the organiza-tion’s need. In one minute or less, you need to introduce yourself, demonstrate your knowledge of the company, express enthusiasm and interest and relate your back-ground to the company’s need.”

You’re a Prospector—Start DiggingThe questions you ask at a career fair depend upon your goals. Are you interested in finding out about a particular career field? Then ask generalized questions about working within the industry. If you’re seeking career opportunities with a specific employer, focus your questions on the application and interview process, and ask for specific information about that employer.

Fair Thee WellBy all means, try to attend at least one career fair before beginning your formal job interviewing process. For new entrants into the professional career marketplace, this is a good way to make the transition into “self-marketing mode” without the formality and possible intimidation of a one-on-one job interview. It’s an opportunity that’s too valuable to miss.

A Few Words AboutCareer Fair Etiquette

1. Don’t interrupt the employer reps or your fellow job-seekers. If someone else is monopolizing the employer’s time, try to make eye contact with the rep to let him or her know that you’re interested in speaking. You may be doing a favor by giving the recruiter an out. If all else fails, move to the next exhibit and plan to come back later.

2. If you have a real interest in an employer, find out the procedures required to secure an interview. At some career fairs, initial screening interviews may be done on the spot. Other times, the career fair is used to pre-screen applicants for interviews to be conducted later (either on campus or at the employer’s site).

3. Sincerity always wins. Don’t lay it on too thick, but don’t be too blasé either. Virtually all employers are looking for candidates with good communication skills.

4. Don’t just drop your resume on employers’ dis-play tables. Try to get it into a person’s hands and at least say a few words. If the scene is too busy and you can’t get a word in edgewise, jot a note on your resume to the effect of, “You were so busy that we didn’t get a chance to meet. I’m very interested in talking to you.” Look around the display for the recruiter’s business card (or at the very least, write down his or her name and get some literature with the company’s address) and send a follow-up note and another copy of your resume.

5. If you know ahead of time that one of your “dream companies” is a career fair participant, do some prior research (at minimum, visit their Web site and, if available, view their company videotape). A little advance preparation goes a long way and can make you stand out among the masses of other attendees.

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The Art of Writing ResumesPurposeGetting a job is a sales process. You are both the product and the salesperson, and the resume is your advertisement. The end result may be a job, but no one gets hired from a resume. As advertising, the purpose of the resume is to cause the employer to want to talk with you enough to invite you for an interview. There is no “right way” to put together a resume; many different styles can be effective. A sure way to know if your resume is working is whether or not it is getting you interviews. Jobs exist because employers have a need, a problem, or challenge that they want to resolve by hiring an employee. In other words, they need someone to do something for them. Your resume should let the employer know that you can help solve his/her problems. Simply listing your education and work experience will probably not convey this information. You must also tell the employer what you could do in your area of expertise to help them solve their problems. As adver-tising, your resume does just that: it advertises how you can help employers solve their problems and why they might want to pay you a living wage to get that problem solved. A good resume accomplishes three goals. It tells the employer: 1) what you can do in their field, 2) what you have done that relates to the job, and 3) your qualifications for the job. A resume is like a map. You have to lead the reader through each aspect of your resume. It should describe your objective, capabilities, education, experience, and qualifications. Ideally in each part of your resume, you will present information that will make the reader want to read more! Students are often afraid they cannot land a good job because they do not have significant work experience. Realize that what you are selling is potential. You have as much poten-tial as the next person. Your resume is a tool to communicate that potential. Your first task is to learn your prospective employer’s needs. Go to http://online.onetcenter.org to find the occupation(s) you are pursuing. Review the tasks typical of that position. Decide which tasks are your strongest.

Condense the phrases down into resume suitable tasks and list them in a Capabilities Profile section. If you are pursuing jobs in several different fields, you may end up with several differ-ent resumes. Prepare one for each type of job you are pursing, each emphasizing the different capabilities required by that field. As you describe the work you have done in the differ-ent positions you have held, use action verbs to communicate effectiveness. If you are having difficulty identifying what the needs, problems and challenges of the employer are, come to The Career Center, and we will be happy to show you how you can obtain that information.

StylesResumes typically fit one of four styles: chronological, func-tional, accomplishment, or Curriculum Vita (CV). You may also run into employers who request a scanable resume. A scanable resume is not an additional style; rather, it is a spe-cific format that allows any resume to be read by a scanning device. If you need a scanable resume, create a resume using one of these styles and bring it into The Career Center on a floppy disk. If you need a scannable resume, contact a Career Coach at The Career Center for specific guidance. The Chronological style presents information in chronologi-cal (oldest listed first to most recent) or reverse chronological order (most recent listed first and then going backwards in time) your job-related volunteer and work experiences. Functional resumes group your skills and experiences together based on job-related functional areas regardless of when they occurred. Accomplishment resumes emphasize your accomplish-ments and what you have done well that relates to the needs of the employer. The Curriculum Vita is used exclusively for teaching in higher education. Come to our office for help if you decide you need to write a CV.

dO:   • use good quality paper (at least 20 lb.) in

white or off-white   • type your resume and use a readable

font and print on a laser printer   • be specific in your objective   • quantify duties when possible   • use short phrases that convey a

positive, concise description of your accomplishments

  • limit your resume to one page if you have limited work experience

  • check the spelling of every word; make sure grammar and punctuation are correct

  • have your resume proofread by a Career Coach before sending it to potential employers

dON’T:   • include personal information such as

weight, height, marital status, social security number, age, race, religion, or political affiliation

  • use graphics (unless you are applying for a graphic arts/design position)

  • list detailed descriptions of unrelated job duties

  • use words such as I, me, or my on your resume

  • exaggerate your experience   • start phrases in experience section with

“Responsible for”   • state salary   • use abbreviations without spelling out

what they stand for   • be dishonest about your qualifications

or experience

Resume Do’s & Don’ts:

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Resume Content GuidelinesSections:

Contact information:

Job objectives:

Education:

Honors:

Experience:

Skills:

Activities & Interests:

Community service/ volunteer activities:

References:

Basics:

•   Name, address, phone number, and email address should be at the top of the page.

•   Always include area and zip codes. For current students, list both a college and home address and phone numbers.

•   Include an objective to demonstrate to an employer that you are directed in your internship/job search. An objective that is too general will almost certainly not help you and could in fact work against you.

•   Begin with your most recent educational experience. Include the degree you expect to earn or have earned, your major/minor, university, date of graduation, and GPA.

•   Add course highlights as an option. 

•   Include academic honors such as the Dean’s List, scholarships, and honor societies.

•   Include any employment, internships,  significant campus leadership offices, volunteer work, and relevant class/research projects.

•   Include title, name of organization,  location, and dates for each position.

•   Emphasize duties, responsibilities,  skills, abilities, and accomplishments appropriate to the position for which you are applying.

•   Foreign languages, computer skills, and other relevant skills should be included.

•   List college-related activities including student government, fraternities/ sororities, student clubs, sports activities, etc. not mentioned elsewhere.

•   List organizations and the skills and  abilities utilized.

•   There is no need to indicate on your resume that references are available upon request. This is assumed and understood.

Suggestions:

•   An answering machine can be instrumen-tal in your job search. Be sure your mes-sage is business appropriate.

•   If you have roommates or if someone else could be answering your calls, make sure they use proper etiquette and relay the message to you.

•   The job objective category should follow your name, address, and telephone num-ber at the top of your resume.

•   List GPA if it is a 3.0 or above. You may include the GPA in your major if it is higher than your cumulative GPA.

•   List any study abroad or other colleges attended for a significant period of time.

•   These may be listed under a separate head-ing or as a subsection under Education.

•   Use phrases beginning with action verbs rather than sentences.

•   Do not use pronouns in your job  descriptions.

•   You do not need to restrict this category to paid experience.

•   You may wish to separate this section into “Relevant Experience” and “Other Experience.”

•   List level of fluency/proficiency with  languages/computer skills. (Do not over-state your competence.)

•   Be sure to note offices held and committee involvement.

•   If the setting is religious or political, you may want to use generic descriptions.

•   Create a separate page with the words “References for Your Name” at the top.

•   List names, titles, names of employers, addresses, and telephone numbers.

•   Always ask permission before using any-one’s name as a reference. Former employers, internship or volunteer supervisors, and faculty members are good choices.

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5 Keys to Creating a Targeted Resume

Resume Evaluation Form

A resume is a document that summarizes and highlights your job-related skills, experiences, and activities. The purpose of most resumes is to obtain an interview for an internship or job. College and graduate admissions offices, scholar-ship programs, etc., may also request a resume dur-ing the application process.

An employer spends an average of 15 to 20 seconds reviewing a

resume. Make your first impression a good one.

Analyze the job descriptionReview job descriptions for the skills, abilities, and qualifications employers are looking for. It is recommended that you have a specific job in mind when creating a targeted resume.

Organize your thoughtsMake a list of the categories you wish to include on your resume. This list can include education/training, volunteer opportunities, jobs, academic research, travel, and extracurricular activities. If possible, quantify results and use commonly understood terms. Learn and use terminology on your resume that is common to the field you are pursuing. List strengths and skills used to achieve your accomplishments. Always write out or explain technical terms and abbreviations on your resume.

Create descriptive phrasesCreate short phrases to describe your job duties. Avoid using diluted phrases such as “responsible for” or “in charge of.” Arrange the descriptive phrases in order of importance to the position.

Ensure resume is letter perfect Misspelled words, grammatical, or punctuation errors will generally disqualify you from any position for which you apply.

Have your resume critiqued by a Career Coach You may have The Career Center liaison assigned to your specific college critique your resume.

1

2

345

Objective❑ Yes ❑ No Does the objective explain what job you want

(entry level, Marketing Assistant, etc.)?❑ Yes ❑ No Does the objective say where you want to do it

(healthcare, banking, construction, etc.)?❑ Yes ❑ No Does the objective contain 3 major skills or task

areas you want to use that are relevant to this position?

Qualifications❑ Yes ❑ No Does the resume prove you have the necessary

qualifications?❑ Yes ❑ No Do your qualifications clearly summarize your

value to an employer?❑ Yes ❑ No Does it present the key strengths required to be

successful on the job?❑ Yes ❑ No Does it demonstrate that you have the appropri-

ate technical skills?❑ Yes ❑ No Have you listed relevant professional affiliations? ❑ Yes ❑ No Is the language of the resume future-oriented

and focused on what you can do to benefit an employer?

Accomplishments❑ Yes ❑ No Are there separate accomplishments for your

key work experiences?❑ Yes ❑ No Do all of the accomplishments listed clearly sup-

port your job objective and qualifications claims?❑ Yes ❑ No Are they presented through the use of powerful

and action verbs? ❑ Yes ❑ No Are there clear, quantifiable results?

Education & Certification❑ Yes ❑ No Do you have the appropriate educational

degrees that support your objective?❑ Yes ❑ No If not, have you used other training workshops and

seminars to further enhance your qualifications?❑ Yes ❑ No Does the information include type of degree,

major, school, and year graduated?❑ Yes ❑ No Does it provide key aspects like certification or

licensure?

Experience❑ Yes ❑ No For each experience, do you list a job title,

company name, location, and years (but not months) worked?

❑ Yes ❑ No Are the experiences listed important to the employer?

Extracurricular Activities❑ Yes ❑ No Do your extra curricular activities demonstrate

your ability to juggles many activities at once?

Marketing/Advertising❑ Yes ❑ No Does the resume clearly address the employer’s

needs?

Visual Impact❑ Yes ❑ No Is everything on the resume important to the

employer?❑ Yes ❑ No Have you been honest, but not overly detailed?❑ Yes ❑ No Do you use italics, bolding and underlining to

indicate importance?

Page 17: Career Success Guide

www.ecu.edu/career  •  East Carolina University    17

Resume Power VerbsFundraising Public Accounting Leadership writing Craft/ Innovating Languageresearch Relations record create conceive Artisan create translateanalyze assess assess lead construct design modify interpretstrategize prepare audit encourage craft create change lectureprogram coordinate prepare manage integrate build upgrade conversedevelop present maintain organize interpret entertain improve negotiatecontact negotiate forecast compare capture perform design compareinquire publicize calculate inspire abstract draw activate understandinform strengthen estimate represent express render restructure comprehendmotivate promote figure govern inform illustrate establish proficiencydirect handle appraise direct summarize compose stimulate fluencypersuade participate examine advise conclude construct implement teachmonitor facilitate measure conceive transform tutorcoordinate troubleshoot verify choreograph

Research & Human Finance Analysis Editing Consulting Teaching Performingdevelopment Resources analyze assess review troubleshoot educate createidentify assess invest observe analyze problem solve tutor presentevaluate analyze budget review check assess stimulate playreview recruit inventory dissect compare assist inform interpretassess survey evaluate interpret comment arrange instruct actcompare screen appraise discern correct guide facilitate singanalyze interview construct conceptualize rewrite counsel awaken dancecritique select develop discover revise survey explore performexplain train acquire infer rework serve advise modelprepare mediate deploy illuminate amend contribute counsel readrecommend appraise manage clarify improve motivate entertain inspireconclude coordinate project quantify initiate train amusedetermine align qualify investigate conclude advise read

Program Information Management/ design Technical Selling Organizing/ development appraise Supervision organize conceptualize inform Logisticsanalyze analyze coordinate explore design educate classifydesign inventory facilitate formulate troubleshoot persuade organizeconstruct structure plan sketch inspect provide assistdevelop design schedule draw locate assist maintainprepare categorize delegate draft edit serve liaisonstrategize document mediate layout analyze trade assistcoordinate process evaluate create implement vend supportformulate manage strategize plan construct handle arrangerecommend program develop style modify present systematizepersuade link listen pattern operate sell scheduleimplement coordinate consult build convince coordinatemonitor organize monitor display streamline simplify

Marketing Administration Service/ Persuading Mechanical Investigating Counseling/review monitor Hospitality present analyze pursue Healingassess track serve articulate design interrogate listensurvey assess assist clarify construct question senseanalyze coordinate troubleshoot challenge craft analyze intuitquantify organize present negotiate troubleshoot intuit assessidentify requisition maintain inquire create seek analyzeannounce access help reason engineer search assistpromote receive coordinate influence repair probe alignadvertise process prepare convince manipulate examine coordinateadvance serve welcome arbitrate align explore understandboost furnish enhance mediate coordinate informimprove anticipate reconcile balance facilitate help

Reprinted from Virginia Tech’s 2007-2008 Career Planning Guide.

Page 18: Career Success Guide

18    East Carolina University  •  www.ecu.edu/career

Sample ResumesRe

vers

e Chr

onol

ogic

al R

esum

eFu

nctio

nal R

esum

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ate

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C 2

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13(2

52) 5

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19) 5

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563

OB

JEC

TIV

EA

n en

try-

leve

l pos

ition

in H

ealth

care

Mar

ketin

g an

d C

omm

unic

atio

n ut

ilizi

ng m

y sk

ills

in d

eskt

op

publ

ishi

ng, g

raph

ic a

rts,

adv

ertis

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and

prod

uct p

rom

otio

ns.

SUM

MA

RY

Hav

ing

just

com

plet

ed a

bac

helo

r’s

degr

ee in

Com

mun

icat

ion

with

a c

once

ntra

tion

in P

rint

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urna

lism

, I o

ffer

you

cur

rent

kno

wle

dge

in th

e ar

eas

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once

pt d

evel

opm

ent,

layo

ut d

esig

n,

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ity c

ontr

ol, p

ublic

atio

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rds,

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pre

sent

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proa

ches

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-pic

ture

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d an

d go

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at lo

ng-r

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pla

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enjo

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rate

gic

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coor

dina

tion,

pro

ject

man

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prov

idin

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celle

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usto

mer

ser

vice

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ED

UC

AT

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helo

r of A

rts,

Com

mun

icat

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May

200

7E

ast C

arol

ina

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vers

ity, G

reen

ville

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Min

or, A

llied

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lthG

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cted

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mpl

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lic R

elat

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edia

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ideo

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omm

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dvan

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ting

for T

V,

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ublis

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ia S

ales

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mot

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and

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ign.

EX

PE

RIE

NC

ED

SM P

harm

aceu

tical

s, G

reen

ville

, NC

, A

ugus

t - P

rese

nt

P

rom

otio

nal A

ssis

tant

(Jan

uary

- Pr

esen

t)

St

uden

t Int

ern

(Aug

ust -

Dec

embe

r, 2

004)

DSM

is a

lead

ing

prov

ider

of c

ontr

act m

anuf

actu

ring

to th

e ph

arm

aceu

tical

and

bio

tech

nolo

gy

indu

stri

es s

peci

aliz

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in o

ral a

nd to

pica

l ser

vice

s.

 • 

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iste

d in

 the 

deve

lopm

ent o

f mar

ketin

g an

d pr

oduc

t pro

mot

ion 

mat

eria

ls w

hen 

the 

com

pany

 pu

rcha

sed

Roc

he V

itam

ins,

Car

otin

oids

, and

Fin

e C

hem

ical

s.

INT

ER

IM H

EA

LT

HC

AR

E, G

reen

ville

, NC

Ju

ne -

Aug

ust,

2003

Rec

epti

onis

t/F

ront

Off

ice

Inte

rim

Hea

lthca

re is

a h

ome

heal

th c

are

serv

ice

prov

ider

.  

•  R

espo

nsib

le fo

r pat

ient

 sch

edul

ing,

 pro

vidi

ng a

dmin

istr

ativ

e as

sist

ance

, col

lect

ing 

mon

ies 

due,

sw

itchb

oard

, and

pos

ting

fina

ncia

l rec

ords

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CO

MP

UT

ER

SK

ILL

SPr

ofic

ient

in a

var

iety

of c

ompu

ter s

yste

ms

and

soft

war

e, in

clud

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acin

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Fi

lem

aker

Pro

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embe

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lpha

Eps

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ta -

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cien

ce H

onor

Soc

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Secr

etar

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mer

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side

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AC

TIV

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cret

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Mac

into

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sers

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CU

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ESS

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th S

tree

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201

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te D

rive

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envi

lle, N

C 2

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ip

4578

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Ral

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13(2

52) 5

55-0

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19) 5

55-4

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OB

JEC

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EA

n en

try-

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in S

port

s M

arke

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and

Com

mun

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utili

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my

stre

ngth

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m

anag

emen

t, m

arke

ting

prom

otio

n, a

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esk-

top

publ

ishi

ng.

ED

UC

AT

ION

Bac

helo

r of A

rts,

Com

mun

icat

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Eas

t Car

olin

a U

nive

rsity

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ay 2

007

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or, A

llied

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rsew

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lic R

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ctro

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s M

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oduc

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ines

s C

omm

unic

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nter

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omm

unic

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dvan

ced

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for T

V,

Cop

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ditin

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EX

PE

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arke

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ista

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hair

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prov

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deve

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trai

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cent

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prog

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envi

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Aw

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Page 19: Career Success Guide

www.ecu.edu/career  •  East Carolina University    19

Sample Resume & Cover Letter OutlineA

ccom

plish

men

t Sty

le R

esum

eG

ener

al O

utlin

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r a

Cov

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276

13(2

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20    East Carolina University  •  www.ecu.edu/career

The Top Ten Pitfalls in Resume Writing 1. Too long. Most new graduates should restrict their

resumes to one page. If you have trouble condensing, get help from a technical or business writer or a career center professional.

2. Typographical, grammatical or spelling errors. These errors suggest carelessness, poor education and/or lack of intelligence. Have at least two people proofread your resume. Don’t rely on your computer’s spell-checkers or grammar- checkers.

3. Hard to read. A poorly typed or copied resume looks unprofessional. Use a plain typeface, no smaller than a 12-point font. Asterisks, bullets, under lining, boldface type and italics should be used only to make the docu-ment easier to read, not fancier. Again, ask a profession-al’s opinion.

4. Too verbose. Do not use complete sentences or para-graphs. Say as much as possible with as few words as possible. A, an and the can almost always be left out. Be careful in your use of jargon and avoid slang.

5. Too sparse. Give more than the bare essentials, especially when describing related work experience, skills, accom-plishments, activities, interests and club memberships that will give employers important information. Including membership in the Society of Women Engineers, for example, would be helpful to employers who wish to hire more women, yet cannot ask for that information.

6. Irrelevant information. Customize each resume to each position you seek (when possible). Of course, include all education and work experience, but emphasize only relevant experience, skills, accomplishments, activities and hobbies. Do not include marital status, age, sex, children, height, weight, health, church membership, etc.

7. Obviously generic. Too many resumes scream, “I need a job—any job!” The employer needs to feel that you are interested in that particular position with his or her particular company.

8. Too snazzy. Of course, use good quality bond paper, but avoid exotic types, colored paper, photographs, binders and graphics. Electronic resumes should include appropriate industry keywords and use a font size between 10 and 14 points. Avoid underlining, italics or graphics.

9. boring. Make your resume as dynamic as possible. Begin every statement with an action verb. Use active verbs to describe what you have accomplished in past jobs. Take advantage of your rich vocabulary and avoid repeating words, especially the first word in a section.

10. Too modest. The resume showcases your qualifications in competition with the other applicants. Put your best foot forward without misrepresentation, falsification or arrogance.

The three R’s of resume writing are Research, Research, Research. You must know what the prospective company does, what the position involves and whether you will be a fit, before submitting your resume. And that means doing research—about the company, about the position and about the type of employee the company typically hires.

Research the company. Read whatever literature the company has placed in the career library. For additional information, call the company. Ask for any literature it may have, find out how the company is structured and ask what qualities the company generally looks for in its employees. Ask if there are openings in your area, and find out the name of the department head and give him or her a call. Explain that you are considering applying to their company, and ask for their recommendation for next steps. Thank that person for the information, and ask to whom your resume should be directed. The Internet is another key tool to utilize in your research. Most companies have Web sites that include information regarding company background, community involvement, special events, executive bios or even past annual reports. Be sure to take advantage of the World Wide Web during your job search.

Research the position. The more you know about the position, the better able you will be to sell yourself and to

target your resume to that position. If possible, interview someone who does that same job. In addition to finding out the duties, ask if there is on-the-job training, whether they value education over experience (or vice versa) and what kind of turnover the department experiences. Ask what they like about the position and the company; more important, ask what they don’t like about it.

Finally, research yourself. Your goal is not just to get a job. Your goal is to get a job that you will enjoy. After you find out all you can about the company and the position, ask yourself honestly whether this is what you really want to do and where you really want to be. The odds are overwhelming that you will not hold this position for more than two or three years, so it’s not a lifetime com-mitment; however, this first job will be the base of your lifetime career. You must start successfully so that future recommendations will always be positive. Furthermore, three years is a long time to spend doing something you don’t like, working in a position that isn’t challenging or living somewhere you don’t want to live.

One last word of advice: Before you go to the interview, review the version of your resume that you submitted to this employer. The resume can only get you the interview; the interview gets you the job.

The Three Rs

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www.ecu.edu/career  •  East Carolina University    21

Transferable Skills

I f you’re wondering what skills you have that would interest a potential employer, you are not alone. Many college seniors feel that four (or more) years of college haven’t sufficiently

prepared them to begin work after graduation. And like these students, you may have carefully reviewed your work history (along with your campus and civic involvement) and you may still have a difficult time seeing how the skills you learned in col-lege will transfer to the workplace. But keep in mind that you’ve been acquiring skills since childhood. Whether learning the value of teamwork by play-ing sports, developing editing skills working on your high school newspaper or developing countless skills while com-pleting your coursework, each of your experiences has laid the groundwork for building additional skills.

What Are Transferable Skills? A transferable skill is a “portable skill” that you deliberately (or inadvertently, if you haven’t identified them yet) take with you to other life experiences. Your transferable skills are often:  •  Acquired through a class (e.g., an English major who is 

taught technical writing)   •  Acquired through experience (e.g., the student govern-

ment representative who develops strong motivation and consensus building skills)

Transferable skills supplement your degree. They provide an employer concrete evidence of your readiness and quali-fications for a position. Identifying your transferable skills and communicating them to potential employers will greatly increase your success during the job search. Remember that it is impossible to complete college without acquiring transferable skills. Campus and community activities, class projects and assignments, athletic activities, internships and summer/part-time jobs have provided you with countless experiences where you’ve acquired a range of skills—many that you may take for granted.

Identifying Transferable Skills While very closely related (and with some overlap), trans-ferable skills can be divided into three subsets:  • working with people • working with things  • working with information and data For example, some transferable skills can be used in every workplace setting (e.g., organizing or public speaking) while some are more applicable to specific settings (e.g., drafting or accounting). The following are examples of skills often acquired through the classroom, jobs, athletics and other activities. Use these examples to help you develop your own list of the transferable skills you’ve acquired.

working with People• Selling • Training •Teaching • Supervising

  • Organizing • Soliciting • Motivating • Mediating  • Advising • Delegating • Entertaining  • Representing • Negotiating • Translating

working with Things  • Repairing • Assembling parts • Designing  • Operating machinery • Driving  • Maintaining equipment • Constructing • Building  • Sketching • Working with CAD • Keyboarding  • Drafting • Surveying • Troubleshooting

working with data/Information • Calculating • Developing databases   • Working with spreadsheets  • Accounting • Writing  • Researching • Computing  • Testing • Filing • Sorting  • Editing • Gathering data  • Analyzing • Budgeting

Easy Steps to Identify Your Transferable Skills Now that you know what transferable skills are, let’s put together a list of your transferable skills. You may want to work with someone in The Career Center to help you identify as many transferable skills as possible. Step 1. Make a list of every job title you’ve ever held (part-

time, full-time and internships), along with volunteer, sports and other affiliations since starting college. (Be sure to record officer positions and other leadership roles.)

Step 2. Using your transcript, list the classes in your major field of study along with foundation courses. Include electives that may be related to your employment interests.

Step 3. For each job title, campus activity and class you’ve just recorded, write a sentence and then underline the action taken. (Avoid stating that you learned or gained experience in any skill. Instead, present your skill more directly as a verifiable qualification.)

“While working for Jones Engineering, I performed 3D model-ing and drafting.”

NOT “While working for Jones Engineering, I gained experi-ence in 3D modeling and drafting.”

“As a member of the Caribbean Students Association, I devel-oped and coordinated the marketing of club events.”

NOT “As a member of the Caribbean Students Association, I learned how to market events.”

Step 4. Make a list of the skills/experiences you’ve identi-fied for future reference during your job search.

using Transferable Skills in the Job Search Your success in finding the position right for you will depend on your ability to showcase your innate talents and skills. You will also need to demonstrate how you can apply these skills at an employer’s place of business. Consult the staff at your career services office to help you further identify relevant transferable skills and incorporate them on your resume and during your interviews. During each interview, be sure to emphasize only those skills that would be of particu-lar interest to a specific employer. Transferable skills are the foundation upon which you will build additional, more complex skills as your career unfolds. Start making your list of skills and you’ll discover that you have more to offer than you realized!

Written by Rosita Smith.Written by Rosita Smith.

Additional Tips to Help Identify Your Transferable Skills 1. Review your list of transferable skills with someone

in your field(s) of interest to help you identify any additional skills that you may want to include.

2. Using a major job posting Web site, print out descrip-tions of jobs that interest you to help you identify skills being sought. (Also use these postings as guides for terminology on your resume.)

3. Attend career fairs and company information sessions to learn about the skills valued by specific companies and industries.

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22    East Carolina University  •  www.ecu.edu/career

I. Preparation

A. Identify the tasks you would perform on the job.

B. Research the needs, problems, and challenges the company is facing that might cause them to hire you.

C. Create at least ten open-ended questions probing into the issues you’ve identified to ask the interviewer.

D. Identify what you have to offer the employer and how this position is a good fit for you.

E. Create stories using Situation, Action, Consequence (SAC) format to demonstrate your ability to assist in solving the problems identified. Pick up a handout on this format from The Career Center.

F. Obtain a list of common interview questions and write out your answers (pick one up at The Career Center)

G. Practice answering these questions paying particular attention to your non-verbal body language.

H. Review the common illegal questions and decide how you will respond.

I. Review your resume and identify the questions it creates.

J. Prepare a list of possible situations you might face on the job and how you would handle each one.

K. Print off extra copies of what you submitted for the job (e.g., resume, application, etc.).

L. What type of interview will you be having? How might that affect your preparation?

M. Call the day before to confirm your appointment and find out with whom you will be meeting.

N. Identify how employees in your area of the company dress to aid in your outfit decisions.

O. Outline what you plan to do and say to create a great first and last impression.

II. Selling Yourself in the Interview

A. Turn off your cell phone and leave it in the car.

B. Your goal is to avoid being screened out.

C. Visualize yourself being successful in the interview.

D. Enter the office no more than ten minutes beforehand.

E. Start the interview off right with a great first impression and a power greeting (see page 10).

F. Expect the Interviewer to take notes during the meeting, but resist the urge to do so yourself.

G. Create a discussion environment instead of a cross-examination environment by how you position yourself, your non-verbals, the questions you ask, and your efforts to put the interviewer at ease.

H. Look for opportunities to give SACs followed by probing questions.

I. When you don’t know how to answer a question, give them a SAC.

J. Use their last question as an opportunity to summarize their needs, why they should hire you, and ASK for the job.

K. Do not negotiate anything until they make you an offer—dodge salary questions until then.

L. End the interview with a strong last impression.

III. Interview Follow-up

A. Complete an After-Interview Questionnaire (from The Career Center) before you leave the parking lot.

B. Write down what new things you learned about their needs, problems and challenges.

C. Write down what you need to do differently at the next interview.

D. Prepare an after-interview thank-you letter for every-one who interviewed you.

E. Be prepared to follow up with the interviewer using various forms—letter, email, phone call—over time until a hiring decision is made but not to the extent that it will be seen as harassment.

F. When calling the decision-maker, don’t leave a message—keep control of the process by asking when would be a better time to reach him/her.

Job Interviewing in Brief

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www.ecu.edu/career  •  East Carolina University    23

While fashion trends on the street change, many prin-ciples of dressing for interviews have stayed the same. Keep these points in mind when preparing for

an interview. You want to present a professional image to the employer and nonverbally communicate that you want the position more than other candidates. These tips will help you dress for success.

Males  •   Dark suits (black or navy) in natural fabrics (wool or 

cotton) are safe bets  •   Wear polished dress shoes (solid heels, complete soles, 

and no scuffs)  •   Socks should complement your pant color and have 

strong elastic so they stay up  •   Ties should be conservative, limited to small patterns or 

solid colors  •   Pockets should be free from bulging wallets, tobacco 

products, or jingling coins  •   Remove earrings and other piercings; cover up visible 

tattoos  •   Facial hair and nails should be clean and cut short

1. dress appropriately and use good manners. Your appearance should be neat and clean, pressed and pol-ished. Always remember to say please and thank you.

2. be on time. If you are late for the interview, the employer may decide that you are not really interested in the job or that you would show up late for work.

3. Show that you are knowledgeable about the company. Interviewers are inclined to look more favorably on a candidate who has made the effort to research the Company and the position.

4. Think —tropical breezes. Self-doubts and fear of failure can damage a job interview. Be calm and aware of any nervous behavior (nail-biting, hair twirling, etc.). Do some deep, slow breathing exercises before entering the meeting room.

5. unfreeze your face...SMILE! Smiling exudes a positive attitude, confidence, and can make the interview more rewarding for both parties. Show your enthusiasm for the opportunity to meet with the potential employer.

Females  •   Wear neutral colors (black, navy, and gray are still best)  •   Consider the suit as the primary mode of dress for most 

interviews  •   Skirt lengths that are not revealing (no higher than 2 

inches above knee)  •   Makeup should be minimal and hair neatly styled and 

away from your face  •   Avoid flashy, excessive jewelry, remove body piercings, 

and cover visible tattoos  •   Wear polished pumps or dress flats  •   Non-textured, neutral hose or socks that complement 

your attire  •   Clear or conservative nail polish on an appropriate nail 

length  •   Keep purse size small and hands-free

Consider the cliché, “You never get a second chance tomake a first impression.”You do not have to spend a thou-sand dollars for a suit. A well-groomed appearance goes a long way. Like it or not, some employers will form an opinion about you before you even speak!

6. Practice good communication skills. It is important that you exhibit professional communication skills during the interview. Speak clearly and effectively, listen attentively, maintain eye contact, and resist distractions that may steal your attention.

7. Practice answering questions. Anticipate questions that may be asked during the interview and prepare answers beforehand to some of the more difficult or sensitive questions.

8. Follow the interviewer’s lead and stick to the point. Listen carefully; sometimes an interviewer will rephrase a question to check for alertness and consistency. The inter-viewer is also interested in experience and attitudes that might affect your performance on the job. Avoid discuss-ing details of your personal life.

9. Express your interest in the job. Ask if you can call back at a certain time to find out about the decision.

10. Send a thank-you letter. Thank the interviewer for his or her time, and stress your desire for the job. Restate your qualifica-tions and mention a couple things you learned during the interview.

Dress to Impress!

10 Tips for a Successful Interview

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24    East Carolina University  •  www.ecu.edu/career

Are You Ready for a Behavioral Interview?

“Tell me about a time when you were on a team, and one of the members wasn’t carrying his or her weight.” If this is one of the leading questions in

your job interview, you could be in for a behavioral inter-view. Based on the premise that the best way to predict future behavior is to determine past behavior, this style of interviewing is gaining popularity among recruiters. Today, more than ever, each hiring decision is critical. Behavioral interviewing is designed to minimize personal impressions that might cloud the hiring decision. By focusing on the applicant’s actions and behaviors, rather than subjec-tive impressions that can sometimes be misleading, inter-viewers can make more accurate hiring decisions. A manager of staff planning and college rela tions for a major chemical company believes, “Although we have not conducted any formal studies to de ter mine whether retention or success on the job has been affected, I feel our move to behavioral interviewing has been successful. It helps concentrate recruiters’ questions on areas important to our candidates’ success within [our company].” The company introduced behavioral interviewing in the mid-1980s at several sites and has since implemented it companywide.

Behavioral vs. Traditional Interviews If you have training or experience with traditional inter-viewing techniques, you may find the behavioral interview quite different in several ways: 4 Instead of asking how you would behave in a particular

situation, the interviewer will ask you to describe how you did behave.

4 Expect the interviewer to question and probe (think of “peeling the layers from an onion”).

4 The interviewer will ask you to provide details and will not allow you to theorize or generalize about events.

4 The interview will be a more structured process that will concentrate on areas that are important to the interviewer, rather than allowing you to concentrate on areas that you may feel are important.

4 You may not get a chance to deliver any prepared stories.4 Most interviewers will be taking notes throughout the inter-

view. The behavioral interviewer has been trained to objectively collect and evaluate information and works from a profile of desired behaviors that are needed for success on the job. Because the behaviors a candidate has demonstrated in previ-ous positions are likely to be repeated, you will be asked to share situations in which you may or may not have exhibited these behaviors. Your answers will be tested for accuracy and consistency. If you are an entry-level candidate with no previous related experience, the interviewer will look for behaviors in situa-tions similar to those of the target position: “Describe a major problem you have faced and how you dealt

with it.” “Give an example of when you had to work with your hands to

accomplish a task or project.” “What class did you like the most? What did you like about it?” Follow-up questions will test for consistency and determine if you exhibited the desired behavior in that situation: “Can you give me an example?”

“What did you do?” “What did you say?” “What were you thinking?” “How did you feel?” “What was your role?” “What was the result?” You will notice an absence of such questions as, “Tell me about your strengths and weaknesses.”

How to Prepare for a Behavioral Interview4 Recall recent situations that show favorable behaviors or

actions, especially those involving coursework, work expe-rience, leadership, teamwork, initiative, planning and cus-tomer service.

4 Prepare short descriptions of each situation; be ready to give details if asked.

4 Be sure each story has a beginning, a middle and an end; i.e., be ready to describe the situation, your action and the out-come or result.

4 Be sure the outcome or result reflects positively on you (even if the result itself was not favorable).

4 Be honest. Don’t embellish or omit any part of the story. The interviewer will find out if your story is built on a weak foundation.

4 Be specific. Don’t generalize about several events; give a detailed accounting of one event.

A possible response to the question, “Tell me about a time when you were on a team and a member wasn’t pulling his or her weight” might go as follows: “I had been assigned to a team to build a canoe out of concrete. One of our team members wasn’t showing up for our lab sessions or doing his assignments. I finally met with him in private, explained the frustration of the rest of the team and asked if there was any-thing I could do to help. He told me he was preoccupied with another class that he wasn’t passing, so I found someone to help him with the other course. He not only was able to spend more time on our project, but he was also grateful to me for helping him out. We finished our project on time and got a ‘B’ on it.” The interviewer might then probe: “How did you feel when you confronted this person?” “Exactly what was the nature of the project?” “What was his responsibility as a team member?” “What was your role?” “At what point did you take it upon yourself to confront him?” You can see it is important that you not make up or “shade” information and why you should have a clear memory of the entire incident.

Don’t Forget the Basics Instead of feeling anxious or threatened by the prospect of a behavioral interview, remember the essential difference between the traditional interview and the behavioral inter-view: The traditional interviewer may allow you to project what you might or should do in a given situation, whereas the behavioral interviewer is looking for past actions only. It will always be important to put your best foot forward and make a good impression on the interviewer with appropriate attire, good grooming, a firm handshake and direct eye contact. There is no substitute for promptness, courtesy, preparation, enthusiasm and a positive attitude.

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Employment References 1. who should serve as your references?•   Ask people who have a positive opinion of you and who 

can describe your work-related qualities and personal char-acteristics.

•   Past and present employers usually know about your reliability, initiative and ability to work with others. This information is valuable, even if your employment was not career-related.

•   Faculty members know about your academic ability, productivity, and timeliness, and perhaps have observed how you work with others.

•   Advisors and coaches may be aware of information about you that could be relevant to a potential employer—such as maturity, initiative, interpersonal skills or leadership qualities.

•   Don’t list references who only know you in a social capacity or are simply friends of your family.

2. getting permission•   Never give someone’s name as a reference without securing 

that person’s permission in advance.•   Verify spelling of names, titles, and all contact information 

for your references.•   Give each person who agrees to serve as a reference for 

you a copy of your resume (or vita). This lets your refer-ences know about your interests, abilities and experiences. A faculty member may know your academic skills and an employer may know your on-the-job characteristics, but each may not be aware of the other facets of your back-ground. Keeping your references well informed will help them serve as better references for you.

•   Keep your references posted on your activities and progress. Tell your references the names of persons and organizations to whom you’ve given their names.

•   When possible, give them a copy of the job description for the positions for which you are applying. This helps your refer-ences be prepared for phone calls and letters they may receive.

•   Thank each reference in writing for his/her assistance.

3. when to give your reference list to a prospective employer:

•   Provide reference information when you are asked to pro-vide it. If you reach the interview stage and have not been asked for reference information, you may want to offer it.

•   Generally do not send reference information with your resume unless it has been requested.

•   Contacting references is time-consuming, and most employers will do some initial screening of candidates—by reviewing the resume and perhaps conducting inter-views—before contacting references.

•   For most undergraduates, employers will not be contacting references prior to interviewing you.

4. where to list references:•   On a resume dON’T. It is unnecessary to state “References

available upon request”—and is often a waste of valuable space—because most employers assume you can supply references. They expect them on a separate page when requested.

•   On a curriculum vitae dO list references. It is customary practice to include your reference list on this document.

5. what should references say?: Encourage them to mention:    •   Capacity in which they know/knew you (i.e., summer 

intern and she was the supervisor),     •   Time frame of the relationship (i.e., summer of 2006 or 

has known the candidate for four years), and     •   Positive qualities demonstrated in the position (i.e., 

visited work sites, designed floor plans on CAD, and presented proposals to clients).

•   If your references are not sure what to say, refer them to www.ecu.edu/e3careers/pdf/facultytools/writingReferences.pdf.

Sample Reference List

Ima Pirate

Current Address Permanent Address1234 Fifth Street 201 Pirate DriveGreenville, NC 27858 [email protected] Raleigh, NC 27613(252) 555-0987 (919) 555-4563

References:

Dr. Jane DoeProfessorEast Carolina UniversityCollege of Human EcologyEast Fifth StreetGreenville, NC 27858(252) [email protected]

Mr. Walter RandolphAssistant Store ManagerWalmart210 Greenville Blvd., SWGreenville, NC 27834(252) [email protected]

Ms. Jane WilsonDepartment Manager, CosmeticsSaks Fifth Avenue7700 Old Wake Forest RoadRaleigh, NC 27616(919) [email protected]

Make sure the address header matches your resume address header.

Adapted from Virginia Tech’s 2007-2008 Career Planning Guide.

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26    East Carolina University  •  www.ecu.edu/career

1. For All Business Correspondence, Keep in Mind the Following

    •    Individualize. While there are specific components to types of letters, each letter should be individually tailored and tar-geted to the recipient. There is no such thing as an effective “form letter” in a job search. (You know when you get a form letter in the mail; a prospective employer knows too.)

    •    Edit. Grammar, spelling and punctuation should be error-free; wording should be clear, concise and business-like; avoid gimmicky language and slang terms.

    •    Be yourself. Be your formal, business-like self, but express yourself in a manner which is natural to you. Avoid too much “borrowing” of language from sample letters and friends’ letters. Use good examples as inspira-tion, but don’t copy.

    •    Paper. Use 81/2 x 11 inch, good-quality paper; preferably the same paper as used for your resume. (Particularly for your resume, make sure you choose paper which pro-duces clean photocopies. Some papers with flecks make hazy copies.)

    •    Print quality for hard copies. Produce laser-quality print; choose a proportionally spaced font (like this), rather than an evenly spaced font (like this). You may choose either serif type (like this) or sans serif type (like this).

    •    Email issues. Email is written correspondence. Apply the same rules as in hard copy correspondence: use correct spelling, punctuation, and grammar, and correctly use upper and lower case.

    •    Record-keeping. Retain a copy of every letter and  email you send and receive; mark your calendar for any appropriate follow-up.

2. Personalizing Your CorrespondenceIn addition to the items listed previously, there are generally accepted guidelines for types of business letters. Guidelines and samples of specific types follow. In determining exactly how to word your own letter, think about the purpose of your letter and details of your individual circumstances. For exam-ple, if you make a telephone call to an employer prior to send-ing a cover letter, it makes sense for your letter to refer to the telephone call. If you must respond to an employer’s letter to you, read the letter carefully to draft an appropriate response.

3. Cover Letters: Letters of Application and InquiryCover letters generally fall into one of two categories: 1. Letter of application: applying for a specific, advertised

opening; and 2. Letter of inquiry: expressing interest in an organization,

but you are not certain if there are current openings.Purpose:     •     Explains why you are sending a resume. Don’t send a 

resume without a cover letter; it’s discourteous and naïve to do so. Don’t make the reader guess what you are ask-ing for; be specific: Do you want a summer internship opportunity, or a permanent position at graduation; are you inquiring about future employment possibilities?

    •    Tells specifically how you learned about the position or the organization—a flyer posted in your department, a web site, a family friend who works at the organization. It

is appropriate to mention the name of someone who sug-gested that you write. The employer wants to know how and where you learned about the company and the job.

    •    Convinces the reader to look at your resume. The cover letter will be seen first; therefore, it must be very well written and targeted to that employer and the job. Pay attention to the qualifications listed in the job descrip-tions. Market yourself accordingly!

    •    Calls attention to elements of your background (education, leadership, experience) that are relevant to a position you are seeking. Be as specific as possible, using examples.

    •    Reflects your attitude, personality, motivation, enthusi-asm, and communication skills.

    •    Provides or refers to any information which is specifi-cally requested in a job advertisement which might not be covered in your resume (such as availability date, or reference to an attached writing sample).

    •    Indicates what you will do to follow up.     •    In a letter of application (applying for an advertised open-

ing), applicants often say something like “I look forward to hearing from you.” However, it is advisable to take the initiative to follow up, saying something like, “I will con-tact you in the next two weeks to see if you require any additional information regarding my qualifications.”

    •     In a letter of inquiry (asking about the possibility of an opening) don’t assume the employer will contact you. You should say something like, “I will contact you in two weeks to learn more about upcoming employment opportunities with (name of organization).” Then mark your calendar to make the call.

4. Information-Seeking LettersTo draft an effective cover letter, you need to indicate that you know something about the employing organization. Sometimes, even with research efforts, you don’t have enough information to do this. In such a case it is appropriate to write requesting information. After you receive the desired information you can then draft a follow-up letter which:     •    thanks the sender for the information;    •    explains why you would be a good job candidate for that 

organization based on the information; and     •    explains why you are sending your resume. 

5. Thank-You / Follow-up Letters A thank-you letter should be written after:    •    An interview    •    A contact is helpful to you in a telephone conversation    •     Someone mails/emails information to you at your 

request    •    A contact was helpful to you at a career fair    •    You visit a contact at their work site and    •     Any other contact for which you want to express thanks 

and develop a good relationship.

6. Acknowledging a Job OfferCourtesy dictates that you acknowledge a written job offer, even if you are not ready to accept or decline it. Take note of the details of the offer and respond appropriately. Items to remember:

Correspondence Principles for Hard Copy and Email

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    •    Thank the employer for the opportunity presented.    •     Indicate that you understand the terms of the offer, or if 

you don’t, ask for clarification.    •    A smart employer will know that you need to consider 

various employment options in order to make a wise decision; you may need to compare the offer to another pending offer.

    •     However, you may need to make a decision before you know whether or not you will receive another offer.

    •     Consult your Career Coach if you need assistance  handling offers or making a decision.

7. Requesting an Extension of Deadline to Respond to a Job Offer

    •     You may ask for an extension; the employer does not have to grant it.

    •    Make sure you have a good reason for asking for an extension. Are you waiting to hear from another employer about an offer, or are you just hoping to get more interviews?

    •    Don’t wait until the last minute to ask for an extension; this looks like you don’t think ahead and may indicate that you might behave the same way on the job.

    •     Be tactful and diplomatic in your wording.

8. Declining a Job Offer    •     If you choose to decline a job offer, do so courteously, in 

writing, after making a phone call.    •    Never say anything negative in writing about the 

employer, even if you had a negative experience.    •    If you had a very negative experience, discuss it with 

your Career Coach.    •     A decision to decline an offer is usually based on the fact 

that another offer is a better fit for your interests and goals. It is fine to state this, without giving details about why the declined offer is not a fit.

    •     It is not necessary to state whose offer you accepted, but you may do so if you wish.

    •    Remember that this employer may be a contact for you in the future. Maintain professional, courteous relations.

9. Accepting an Offer and Withdrawing From Search for Other Jobs

Accepting a job offer ethically obligates you to cease job search efforts and to notify other prospective employers that you must withdraw your name from their consideration.

10. Email or Hard Copy?For most business correspondence, you can use hard copy or email. When you’re unsure which to use, consider the following:    •    Hard copy is more formal than email. If the employer 

does not have a website that invites email, or you haven’t been otherwise invited to correspond to the employer via email, you may wish to begin with hard copy correspon-dence. If the employer replies to you by email, you can use email for subsequent contacts.

    •    When a job ad invites you to apply online, do it, and follow instructions precisely. Email and employers’ websites often make the process easier for both you and the employer.

    •    If you’ve found access to use email (job ad or website invites this), but there are no instructions on how to sub-mit your resume, do this:

- Write your email as a cover letter. - Also include your resume text in the email. - In addition, state in your email that you are attaching your

cover letter and your resume as MS Word® documents (and do so).

- You’ve thus given the employer the option to view your documents as s/he chooses.

    •    When you have the opportunity, as in meeting an employer at a career fair, ASK the employer’s preference for e-mail or hard copy. When you’re given the employer’s business card, or she tells you to visit the company web site and follow up, you can say, “Would it be appropriate for me to e-mail you (or whomever she’s told you to contact)?”

    •    When speed is necessary, use email.

Email guidelinesAll the principles of written correspondence apply to both hard copy and email, with some additional guidelines for email:     •    DO use a subject line that would be logical to the recipi-

ent, like “Application for business analyst position.” Meaningless subject lines include “Can you help me?,” or “Read this.” If you leave the subject line blank and the recipient does not recognize your email address, s/he may simply delete your email without reading it.

    •    DON’T use an inappropriate email address or nickname. Sending email from [email protected] is a good way to have your email deleted without being read.

    •    DON’T start off, “Hi, my name is….”  Just as in a business letter, your name is at the conclusion of the letter. DO start, just as in a business letter, by explaining why you are writing. Be brief and clear, and cordial.

    •     DO use a business-like writing style, just as with hard copy correspondence. With friends, for social purposes, you can treat email like verbal conversation. Business emails should be more formal than verbal conversation.

    •    DO include a clear signature block at the close of your mail content. It should include your name, mailing address, phone and return email address. After your name you could include your major and year in school, as in “Sophomore, Communication, East Carolina University.”

    •    DON’T include a URL for a website that is not strictly professional in content or relevant to your career inter-ests. Employers are busy and are not interested in spend-ing time looking at pictures of students’ pets; or worse, their friends wearing lampshades. And if they do see this, they’re likely to decide you lack the judgment and matu-rity to be considered as a job candidate.

You make a better impression by including a cover letter. The cover letter will introduce your resume to the employer and, if well written, will prompt the employer to read the resume for more details.

Even if you just spoke to an employer on the phone, at a career fair, or otherwise, and put your resume in the mail that same day, a cover letter is essential for several reasons:    •   Don’t assume you are the only person to whom the 

employer has spoken. Busy people need a reminder of why your resume is arriving in the mail.

    •   Don’t assume the person you spoke to is the one who will open your envelope. A cover letter explains why your resume is showing up in the mail.

    •   A cover letter is a basic professional courtesy. You are try-ing to present yourself as a person who is ready to enter the professional world.

    •   A cover letter is an opportunity to call attention to your strengths, interests and qualifications in a different man-ner than you do in your resume.

    •   A cover letter is personalized to the individual to whom you are writing, while your resume is not.

    •   NEVER mail a resume without a cover letter.

Adapted from Virginia Tech’s 2007-2008 Career Planning Guide.

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The Art of Negotiating

An area of the job search that often receives little attention is the art of negotiating. Once you have been offered a job, you have the opportunity to discuss with the

employer the terms of your employment. Negotiations may be uncomfortable or unsatisfying because we tend to approach them with a winner-take-all attitude that is counterproductive to the concept of negotiations. Negotiating with your potential employer can make your job one that best meets your own needs as well as those of your employer. To ensure successful negotiations, it is important to understand the basic components. The definition of negotia-tion as it relates to employment is: a series of communications (either oral or in writing) that reach a satisfying conclusion for all concerned parties, most often between the new employee and the hiring organization. Negotiation is a planned series of events that requires strat-egy, presentation and patience. Preparation is probably the single most important part of successful negotiations. Any good trial attorney will tell you the key to presenting a good case in the courtroom is the hours of preparation that happen beforehand. The same is true for negotiating. A good case will literally present itself. What follows are some suggestions that will help you prepare for successful negotiating.

ResearchGather as much factual information as you can to back up the case you want to make. For example, if most entering employ-ees cannot negotiate salary, you may be jeopardiz ing the offer by focusing on that aspect of the package. Turn your attention to other parts of the offer such as their health plan, dental plan, retirement package, the type of schedule you prefer, etc.

Psychological Preparation Chances are that you will not know the person with whom you will be negotiating. If you are lucky enough to be acquainted, spend some time reviewing what you know about this per-son’s communication style and decision-making behavior. In most cases, however, this person will be a stranger. Since most people find the unknown a bit scary, you’ll want to ask yourself what approach to negotiating you find most comfortable. How will you psyche yourself up to feel confident enough to ask for what you want? How will you respond to counteroffers? What are your alternatives? What’s your bottom line? In short, plan your strategy. Be sure you know exactly what you want. This does not mean you will get exactly that, but having the information clear in your head will help you determine what you are willing to con-cede. Unless you know what you want, you won’t be able to tell somebody else. Clarity improves communication, which is the conduit for effective negotiations.

Practice Rehearse the presentation in advance using another person as the employer. If you make mistakes in rehearsal, chances are that you will not repeat them during the actual negotiations. A friend can critique your reasoning and help you prepare for questions. If this all seems like a lot of work, remember that if something is worth negotiating for, it is worth preparing for.

Dollars and SenseAlways begin by expressing genuine interest in the position and the organization, emphasizing the areas of agreement but allowing “wiggle room” to compromise on other areas. Be prepared to support your points of disagree ment, outlining the parts you would like to alter, your suggestions on how this can be done and why it would serve the company’s best interests to accommodate your request. Be prepared to defend your proposal. Back up your reasons for wanting to change the offer with meaningful, work-related skills and positive benefits to the employer. Request ing a salary increase because you are a fast learner or have a high GPA are usually not justifiable reasons in the eyes of the employer. Meaningful work experience or internships that have demonstrated or tested your professional skills are things that will make an employer stop and take notice. It is sometimes more comfortable for job-seekers to make this initial request in writing and plan to meet later to hash out the differences. You will need to be fairly direct and assertive at this point even though you may feel extremely vulnerable. Keep in mind that the employer has chosen you from a pool of qualified applicants, so you are not as powerless as you think. Sometimes the employer will bristle at the suggestion that there is room to negotiate. Stand firm, but encourage the employer to think about it for a day or two at which time you will discuss the details of your proposal with him/her. Do not rush the process because you are uncomfortable. The employer may be counting on this discomfort and use it to derail the negotiations. Remember, this is a series of volleys and lobs, trade-offs and compromises that occur over a period of time. It is a process—not a singular event! Once you have reached a conclusion with which you are both relatively comfortable, present in writing your interpretation of the agreement so that if there is any question, it will be addressed immediately. Negotiation, by definition, implies that each side will give. Do not perceive it as an ultimatum. If the employer chooses not to grant any of your requests—and realistically, he or she can do that—you will still have the option of accepting the original offer provided you have main-tained a positive, productive and friendly atmosphere during your exchanges. You can always re-enter negotiations after you have demonstrated your worth to the organization.

Money Isn’t EverythingThere are many things you can negotiate besides salary. For example, benefits can add thousands of dollars to the com-pensation package. Benefits can range from paid personal leave to discounts on the company’s products and services. They constitute more than just icing on the cake; they may be better than the cake itself. Traditional benefits packages include health insurance, paid vacation and personal/sick days. Companies may offer such benefits as child care, elder care or use of the company jet for family emergencies. Other lucrative benefits could include disability and life insurance and a variety of retirement plans. Some organizations offer investment and stock options as well as relocation reim-bursement and tuition credits for continued education.

Written by Lily Maestas, Counseling and Career Services, University of California, Santa Barbara.

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Choosing Between Job Offers

The first question many of your friends will ask when you receive a job offer is “What does it pay?” For many col-lege graduates this consideration is near the top of the list,

which is not surprising. Most students have invested thousands of dollars in their education, often racking up high student loan balances. Most graduates are looking forward to paying off debt instead of accruing it. Also, the value of a salary is easy to under-stand; the more zeroes after the first digit, the better. In order to evaluate a salary offer you need to know what the average pay scale is for your degree and industry. The National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) is a good source of salary information for entry-level college graduates. Their annual Salary Survey should be available in your campus career center. Make sure you factor cost-of-living differences when considering salary offers. For example, after taking cost-of-living into consider-ation, you would need an offer of $76,000 in San Francisco to equal an offer of $40,000 in Huntsville, Ala. Bonuses and commissions are considered part of your salary, so take them into consideration when evaluating a salary offer. It’s also important to have a good understanding of an employer’s policies concerning raises. Be sure to never make your decision on salary alone. Students tend to overemphasize salary when considering job offers. Money is important, but it’s more important that you like your job. If you like your job, chances are you’ll be good at it. And if you’re good at your job, eventually you will be financially rewarded.

Factor in BenefitsOf course, salary is only one way in which employers financially compensate their employees. Ask anybody with a long work his-tory and they’ll tell you how important benefits are. When most people think of employer benefits, they think of things like health insurance, vacation time and retirement savings. But employers are continually coming up with more and more creative ways to compensate their workers, from health club memberships to flextime. The value of a benefits plan depends on your own plans and needs. A company gym or membership at a health club won’t be of much value to you if you don’t like to sweat. And if you don’t have or plan on having children, free childcare won’t be worth much to you either.

Who’s the Boss?Who you work for can have as much bearing on your overall job sat-isfaction as how much you earn and what you do. First, analyze how stable the potential employer is. If the company is for-profit, what were its earnings last year? What are its projections for growth? If the job is with a government agency or a non-profit, what type of funding does it have? How long has the employer been around? You could receive the best job offer in the world, but if the job is cut in six months, it won’t do you much good. Also, consider the purpose and mission of the employer. Are they compatible with your own? Is this an organization you can feel good working for? It’s easy to work for an employer that you believe in, but if you don’t agree with many its policies, mission or central purpose, no amount of compensation will make you look forward to going to work.

Corporate CultureThere are three aspects to a work environment: 1) the physical workspace, 2) the “corporate culture” of the employer, and 3) fellow co-workers. Don’t underestimate the importance of a good workspace. If you are a private person, you probably will not be able to do your best working in a cluster of cubicles. If you are an extrovert, you won’t be happy shut in an office for hours on end.

Corporate culture comprises the attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values of an organization. What’s the hierarchy of the orga-nization? Is there a dress code? Is overtime expected? Do they value creativity or is it more important that you follow protocol? Whenever possible, you should talk to current or previous employees to get a sense of the corporate culture. You may also be able to get a sense of the environment during the interview or by meeting your potential boss and co-workers during the inter-view process. Ask yourself if the corporate culture is compatible with your own attitudes, beliefs and values. Your boss and follow co-workers make up the last part of the work environment. Hopefully, you will like the people you work with. But even if you don’t like them personally, you need to be able to work well with them professionally. You may not be able to get a good sense of your potential co-workers or boss during the interview process. But if you do develop strong feelings one way or the other, be sure to take them into consideration when making your final decision.

Like What You DoOf course, a great work environment and a compatible boss won’t mean much if you don’t like the job. Recent college graduates are seldom able to land their dream jobs right out of school, but it’s still important that you at least like what you do. Before accepting a job offer, make sure you have a very good sense of what your day-to-day duties will be. What are your responsibili-ties? Will you be primarily working in teams or working alone? Will your job tasks be repetitive or varied? Will your work be challeng-ing? What level of stress can you expect with the position?

Location, Location, LocationClimate, proximity to friends and family and local population (i.e., urban vs. rural) should all be evaluated against your desires and preferences. If you are considering a job far away from your cur-rent address, will the employer pay for part or all of your moving expenses? Even if you are looking at a local job, location can be important—especially as it relates to travel time. A long commute will cost you time, money and probably more than a little frustra-tion. Even a one-way twenty-minute commute will take more than three hours of your time in a given week. Make sure the tradeoff is worth it.

Time Is on Your SideIt’s acceptable to request two or three days to consider a job offer. And depending on the employer and the position, even a week of consideration time can be acceptable. If you’ve already received another offer or expect to hear back from anther employer soon, make sure you have time to consider both offers. But don’t ask for too much time to consider. Like all of us, employers don’t like uncer-tainty. Make sure you give them an answer one way or another as soon as you can.

It’s Your CallOnce you make a decision, act quickly. If you are accepting a position, notify the hiring manager by phone followed by a confirmation letter or an email. Keep the letter short and state the agreed upon salary and the start date. When rejecting an offer, make sure to thank the employer for their time and interest. It always pays to be polite in your correspondence. You never know where your career path will take you and it might just take you back to an employer you initially rejected.

Written by Chris Enstrom, a free-lance writer from Nashville, Ind.

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Cost of Living Index

The following is a selection of cities where many graduating students accept offers. The cost of living index is based on the composite price of groceries, housing, utilities, trans-

portation, health care, clothing and entertainment in each city listed. Use the calculation to compare salaries in different cities. For further information about the data below, please refer to http://www.bestplaces.net/html/col1.asp. To compare information from other sources, refer to these Web sites: http://www.salary.com http://verticals.yahoo.com/cities/ and http://www.homefair.com/homefair/calc/salcalc.html?type=to.

Average City, uSA 100

AlabamaBirmingham 80Montgomery 77

AlaskaAnchorage 114

ArizonaFlagstaff 122Phoenix 104Tucson 95

ArkansasLittle Rock 80

CaliforniaFresno 104Irvine 169Los Angeles 156Sacramento 111San Diego 147San Francisco 187San Jose 162

ColoradoBoulder 140Colorado Springs 91Denver 105

ConnecticutHartford 95New Haven 99Stamford 181

delawareWilmington 87

FloridaMiami 137Orlando 94

georgiaAtlanta 112

HawaiiHonolulu 178

IdahoBoise 94

IllinoisChicago 126Springfield 75

IndianaBloomington 88Indianapolis 75South Bend 71

IowaDes Moines 81Iowa City 91

kansasKansas City 76

kentuckyLexington 80Louisville 78

LouisianaBaton Rouge 89New Orleans 91

MainePortland 103

MarylandBaltimore 92

MassachusettsBoston 128

MichiganAnn Arbor 99Detroit 73Lansing 72

MinnesotaMinneapolis 102St. Paul 96

MissouriKansas City 80St. Louis 80

MontanaBillings 87

NebraskaLincoln 81Omaha 81

NevadaLas Vegas 104

New JerseyAtlantic City 103Princeton 148Newark 105

New MexicoAlbuquerque 96 Santa Fe 122

New yorkAlbany 105Buffalo 78New York City 165Syracuse 80

North CarolinaChapel Hill 127Charlotte 91Raleigh 106

North dakotaFargo 80

OhioCincinnati 80Cleveland 78Columbus 86Dayton 73

OklahomaOklahoma City 79Tulsa 78

OregonPortland 109

PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia 92Pittsburgh 84

South CarolinaCharleston 107Columbia 82

South dakotaSioux Falls 84

TennesseeChattanooga 82Memphis 72Nashville 89

TexasAustin 96Dallas 93Houston 86San Antonio 75

utah Salt Lake City 98

Vermont Burlington 109

Virginia Richmond 87 Virginia Beach 109

washington Seattle 132

washington, dC 166

west Virginia Charleston 75

wisconsin Madison 93 Milwaukee 83

wyoming Cheyenne 86

Salary Comparison EquationCity #1 x Salary = $_______City #2

What is the Chicago equivalent of a $45,000 salary in Houston?

Chicago 126 x $45,000 = $65,970Houston 86

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Ten Steps to the Federal Job SearchDo you know what to expect when applying for federal jobs? Navigating the federal job search can be very time-consuming and confusing; however, with the right tools and steps the pro-cess can run very smoothly. Here are ten steps worth taking in order to land a federal job, which often results in good pay, benefits, stability, and career growth. Any student can apply for a federal job or internship, you just need to be prepared! [Tips from: Troutman, K , & Troutman E. (2004). The student’s federal career guide: 10 steps to find and win top government jobs and internships.1. Network: Think about this statement, “They can’t hire

you if they don’t know who you are. They can’t hire you if you don’t know who they are.” Start talking to friends and family who may have contacts in the federal government. Furthermore, contact individuals who hold federal jobs and ask to conduct an informational interview.

2. Find your agency and job title: Know what job titles are correct for you. There are approximately 75 majors matching 450 job titles and agencies.

3. Internships: A federal internship can be your ticket to a federal career. More than 100 different intern programs are identified in the following web site: www.student jobs.gov/d_internship.asp. Many of these positions are paid. Also be aware that there are Fellowship Programs as well.

4. understanding Federal Jobs—Target your Salary and grade: The federal civil service has different grading and pay structures for its professional and trade workforces. It is important for you to know what categories you fall into when applying for jobs.

5. Find Vacancy Announcements: Locating a vacancy announcement for which you are qualified can be like find-ing gold! Find an agency and office whose mission is right for you. A great place to start researching is www.usajobs.gov.

6. write your Federal Resume: Your federal resume is your federal application. This is the most important document you will write and submit for a federal job. Also, beware that a federal resume is not the same as a private industry resume. Related information and samples can be found at www.tenstepsforstudents.org.

7. write kSAs and Cover Letters: KSA is an acronym for “Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities.” They are narrative statements written by the applicant that reflect successful performance in their background. Cover letters should be limited to one page, and should be well written and express your appreciation for a review of your resume.

8. Apply for Federal Jobs: There are more than 50 ways to apply for federal jobs; therefore, it is imperative that you fol-low the directions of each individual vacancy announcement.

9. Track and Follow up: Asking questions, gaining informa-tion, developing relationships, and becoming known are a helpful part of the application process.

10. Interview for a Federal Job: The federal government uses many different approaches to interviewing. Please use The Career Center to assist you in understanding these approaches and preparing for your interviews.

Adapted from Virginia Tech’s 2007-2008 Career Planning Guide.

So you want to work for the federal government? You are not alone. Uncle Sam employs approximately 1.8 million civilian workers worldwide. Federal employees receive

a generous benefits package, and as of 2006 they earned an average salary of $63,125. As the largest employer in the U.S., the federal government offers a variety of career opportunities unparalleled in the private sector. No matter what your degree or level of experience, there is a job for you with the feds. Fed-eral employees work with (and create) cutting-edge technol-ogy. They create policy, programs and services that impact the health, safety and welfare of millions of people in the U.S. and abroad. But with these benefits come bureaucracy. If you do not like working within a system and following a defined chain of command, a federal job might not be for you. This bureau-cracy is evident in the hiring process as well. Federal agencies follow strict hiring procedures, and applicants who do not conform to these procedures are left by the wayside. Typically, the federal hiring process can stretch on for months. In fact, many career professionals recommend that students applying for federal jobs begin the process at least two semesters before their graduation date.

Types of Federal Jobs Federal jobs are separated into two classes: competitive ser-vice and excepted service positions. Competitive service jobs, which include the majority of federal positions, are subject to civil service laws passed by Congress. Job applications for competitive service positions are rated on a numerical system in which applications are awarded points based on education, experience and other predetermined job qualification stan-dards. Hiring managers then fill the position from a pool of candidates with the highest point totals. Hiring managers for excepted service agencies are not required to follow civil service hiring procedures or pick from a pool of candidates who have been rated on a points system. Instead, these agencies set their own qualifications require-ments, as occurs in private industry. However, both competi-tive service and excepted service positions must give prefer-ence to veterans who were either disabled or who served in combat areas during certain periods of time. The Federal Reserve, the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Agency are examples of some excepted service agen-cies. (For a complete list, visit www.usajobs.opm.gov/EI6.asp.) It’s important to note that even agencies that are not strictly excepted service agencies can have excepted service positions available within them.

OPM and uSAJOBS The U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) acts as the federal government’s human resources agency. OPM’s Web site (www.opm.gov) is expansive and contains a wealth of information for anyone interested in federal jobs, including federal employment trends, salary ranges, benefits, retirement statistics and enough links to publications and resources to keep a research librarian busy for days. Linked to the OPM site is the recently launched USAJOBS site (www.usajobs.opm.gov), which has its own set of tools and resources. Of particu-lar interest to job applicants is “The Career Interest Center” page, which contains tools to help applicants find jobs that match their education, skills and interests. More importantly, USAJOBS acts as a portal for federal employment with thou-sands of job listings at any one time.

Federal Jobs: Working for uncle Sam

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3. graduate Assistantships (gAs)—Are awarded through most, but not all, graduate programs at ECU. GAs usually require the student be enrolled full-time (at least 9 s.h. of graduate level coursework) and that the student provides up to 30 hours per week (international students may not exceed 20 hours per week) during the academic year. Some graduate programs offer 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-hour assistantships. Since the terms and requirements of GAs vary by program, students should contact their respective graduate program director for more information. Salary amounts vary with each program but the minimum is $3,750 (for 20 hours) per semester and is provided through the department’s budget. GAs are paid twice a month and do not submit timesheets.

4. undergraduate Assistantships (ugAs)—Are awarded by some departments typically to upperclassman who have a strong academic background to aid faculty with research, teaching, and community engagement. An undergradu-ate assistant must be in good academic standing (minimum 2.0 cumulative GPA) and be enrolled in an on-campus ECU undergraduate degree program (minimum 12 credit hours). These positions are typically paid through stipends or a semester salary (amounts will vary). The number of hours worked each week may vary by department, but can not exceed 30 hours per week (international students may not exceed 20 hours per week) during the academic year. UGAs are paid twice a month and do not submit timesheets.

5. Part-Time Jobs (Off-Campus)—There are numerous off-campus part-time job opportunities available. Many local employers post their job opportunities via Career Con-nections. Some may not. Utilize all of your resources when searching for a part-time job. Career Connections is a great place to start, but you will also want to speak with your friends, parents, and professors to see if they have any job leads as well. Be sure to check out the local classified section in The Daily Reflector and The East Carolinian newspapers.

Working a part-time job on or off campus enables students to apply knowledge being learned in the classroom and strengthens their skills for future

employment. Students who work while going to school have an opportunity to help pay educational costs and gain valu-able experience and skills to enhance their career goals. The networking and contacts gained during this time will prove helpful when professional references are needed upon gradu-ation. FACT: 75% of all U.S. college undergraduate students work part-time.

On-campus jobs: There are four types of campus positions available to registered ECU students; Federal Work Study, Self-Help, Graduate Assistantships, and Undergraduate Assistantships. The majority of hourly student worker posi-tions are hired as Office Assistants, Computer Lab Assistants, or Library Assistants. Duties, responsibilities, and require-ments may vary with each type of position. Certain positions may require specific levels of experience, training, class stand-ing and/or certification.

Off-campus jobs: We are fortunate to have the support of our local business community. Many local employers advertise their part-time and seasonal jobs with our office via Career Connections. In addition, several non-profit agencies partici-pate in our Federal Work Study Community Service program.

Description of Part-Time Positions1. Federal work Study (FwS)—A federally funded program based on student’s financial need. ONLy students qualified by Financial Aid office are eligible to participate in the work study program. Qualified students receive a hiring authori-zation form from Financial Aid. Can not work more than 20 hours per week during the academic year (38 hours per week during summer). Positions are available with campus depart-ments and with approved off-campus community service agencies (mostly non-profit organizations). Hourly pay rates are based on the students experience level and range from $8.00-$10.00 per hour. FWS students are paid twice a month and submit timesheets.

2. Self-Help—Any student currently registered at ECU in good academic standing (minimum 2.0 cumulative GPA) is eligible to apply for Self-Help campus jobs. Self-Help positions are part-time campus positions that are paid directly out of the hiring department’s budget. Hourly pay rates vary (minimum wage on up) depending on the departments budget, students experience level, and the required duties and responsibilities of the position. Students may not work more than 30 hours per week (international students may not exceed 20 hours per week) during the academic year. Self-Help students are paid twice a month and must submit timesheets.

Student Employment at ECu

Student Employment Office (SEO) East Carolina university - The Career Center

100-C Fletcher Hall • Greenville, NC 27858-4353252-737-4473 • 252-328-5599 fax

www.ecu.edu/hireapirate

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5. Some campus departments and local businesses do not post their positions in Career Connections. Because of this, students are encouraged to use as many resources as possible in conducting their job search. Here are a few tips—make contact directly with employers you feel are a good match with your skills and abilities; search depart-ment/company websites to see if they post job opportuni-ties; talk with friends and family to see if they know any potential contacts you can utilize; search the classified sections of The Daily Reflector and The East Carolinian news-papers. Students who need assistance with the job search process should schedule an appointment with the Student Employment Office (SEO) by calling 252.737.HIRE (4473).

6. Prior to beginning work ECU hiring department supervisors will assist students in completing required paperwork (tax forms, I-9 forms, and direct deposit autho-rization). IMPORTANT: ECU students hired to work on-campus MuST provide proof of identity and employment eligibility on or before their first day of employment. Most commonly used documents to satisfy this requirement are social security card and driver license or a passport. A complete list of acceptable documents is available online at www.uscis.gov/files/form/I-9.pdf#page=4. Failure to provide these documents in a timely manner may delay your start date and/or payroll process.

East Carolina University is a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina. An Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

1. All current ECU students and alumni are eligible to use Career Connections.

2. Campus departments and local employers are encouraged to post their job opportunities online via Career Connections. To access these postings, go to www.ecu.edu/hireapirate, click on “Career Connec-tions”. If you are already registered with are office you can enter your pirate id and password. If not go to “click here to register” under the student login area and follow the prompts. Note: You must have an ECU/Banner ID to register.

3. Once your account has been created, you can begin your search by selecting “Job Search” on the menu bar. Under “Position Type” in the job search screen, select the spe-cific type of position(s) you are looking for (Federal Work Study, Self-Help, Part-time Off-campus, Graduate Assis-tant, etc...) and then click “Search”. Descriptions of each position type are available on the back of this document

4. Application procedures may vary with each position. Some jobs will allow you to apply through this system as long as you have a resume or student employment appli-cation loaded in Career Connections. Check out “Student Employment Resources” and the “Student guide” located in the “Resource Library” on your Career Con-nections homepage for instructions on creating/loading a resume and/or application in the system.

Job Search Procedures—Career Connections

Student Employment Office (SEO) East Carolina university - The Career Center

100-C Fletcher Hall • Greenville, NC 27858-4353252-737-4473 • 252-328-5599 fax

www.ecu.edu/hireapirate

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tinguishes a short-term job from an internship. It is up to you to establish a correlation between your learning goals and the daily work you are asked to perform. Maintain a journal of your activities and accomplishments in order to monitor your progress. Begin creating a portfolio of your projects that you can use later to highlight your skills, talents, and accom-plishments. In addition, seek regular reviews from your supervisor to assess your performance and reinforce the fact that you mean business.

6. Find a Mentor.A mentor who can provide you with additional guidance will contribute to your effectiveness as an intern. Identify at least one individual to serve as your mentor or professional guard-ian. It should be someone who is willing to take a personal interest in your career development and success. Once you know your way around, begin to network wisely and get “plugged in” by associating with other seasoned employees who may share their knowledge, perspectives, and insights. Get noticed because more people will have a role in determin-ing your future than you might at first realize.

7. Communicate Respectfully.Assume that everyone else knows more than you do, but don’t be afraid to present useful ideas that solve problems or save time or money. Mentors and supervisors can be great sound-ing boards. Don’t hesitate to check in with them ahead of time if you’re uncertain or want additional guidance. Make sure, however, that your style does not come across as arrogant. Employers value assertiveness but not aggressiveness. Find out the proper way to address individuals including custom-ers. Maintain a pleasant and respectful demeanor with every person regardless of his or her rank.

8. Be Flexible.Accept a wide variety of tasks, even those that may not relate directly to your assignments or those that may seem like menial work. your willingness to go the extra mile, especially during “crunch time,” will help open up the way to assuming greater responsibilities. This demonstrates the increased value you bring to the organization.

9. Be a Team Player.Learn how your assignment fits into the grand scheme of things and keep a keen eye on getting the job done. In today’s work environment, success is often defined as your ability to get along with and interact with others. you’re a winner only if your team wins.

10. Have Fun!Last but not least, enjoy learning, sharpening your skills, and developing professionally and personally. Participate in work-related social functions, committees, and become an active member of your work community.

Reprinted from San José State University’s 2007-2008 Job & Internship Guide.

One of the best benefits of an internship experience is that it can serve as your passport to future employ-ment opportunities. Getting your foot in the door by

landing the internship is only half of the challenge in turning your career dreams into reality. During this career experience, the more important half is to build a reputation that will cul-minate in a full-time job offer! A growing number of employers are using internships as a way to gain a first in-depth look at prospective employees. In this way, both you and your employer have a common goal—namely, to determine if there is a good fit between you and the position/company. Here are 10 tips to becoming a savvy intern and making powerful career moves:

1. Exhibit a Can-Do Attitude.Pass the attitude test and you will be well on your way to success. Attitude speaks loud and clear and makes a lasting impression, so make sure that yours is one of your greatest assets. Take on any task assigned—no matter how small—with enthusiasm. Take the initiative to acquire new skills. Accept criticism graciously and maintain a sense of humor.

2. Learn the unwritten Rules.Get to know your co-workers early in your internship. They will help you figure out quickly the culture in which you will be working. you will need to adapt, observe, learn, and process a large volume of information. Watch closely how things get done. Ask questions and pay attention to how people interact with each other and what the organization’s “unwritten rules” are.

3. Take Your Assignments Seriously.Build a reputation for being dependable. Be diligent and accurate in your work. You may encounter a great deal of ambiguity in the work environment, so seek direction when in doubt and do whatever it takes to get the job done. As an intern, you will generally start out by performing small tasks, asking a lot of questions, and learning the systems. Your internship supervisor knows that there will be an initial learning curve and will make allowances for mistakes. Learn from your errors and move on to your next task. From there, your responsibilities and the expectations of others are likely to grow.

4. Meet Deadlines.Always assume the responsibility to ask when an assignment is due. This will help you to understand your supervisor’s priorities and to manage your time accordingly. Alert your boss in advance if you will be unable to meet expectations. This shows respect and professional maturity.

5. Set Realistic Goals and Expectations.Invest actively in the most critical element of your internship—the learning agenda that you set up with your supervisor at the beginning of the assignment. Your learning agenda should target specific skills and competencies that you wish to acquire and demonstrate. After all, the learning agenda is what dis-

Succeeding in Your Internship or Co-op

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  •   Place napkin in lap before eating or drinking anything.  •   When ordering, keep in mind that this is a talking

business lunch. Order something easy to eat, such as boneless chicken or fish.

  •   Do not hold the order up because you cannot make a  decision. Feel free to ask for suggestions from others at the table.

  •   Wait to eat until everyone has been served.  •   Keep hands in lap unless you are using them to eat.  •   Practice proper posture; sit up straight with your arms 

close to your body.  •   Bring food to your mouth—not your head to the plate.  •   Try to eat at the same pace as everyone else.  •   Take responsibility for keeping up the conversation.  •   Place napkin on chair seat if excusing yourself for any 

reason.  •   Place napkin beside plate at the end of the meal.  •   Push chair under table when excusing yourself.

EatingFollow these simple rules for eating and drinking:  •   Start eating with the implement that is farthest away from 

your plate. You may have two spoons and two forks. The spoon farthest away from your plate is a soup spoon. The fork farthest away is a salad fork unless you have three forks, one being much smaller, which would be a seafood fork for an appetizer. The dessert fork/spoon is usually above the plate. Remember to work from the outside in.

  •   Dip soup away from you; sip from the side of the spoon.   •   Season food only after you have tasted it.   •   Pass salt and pepper together—even if asked for only one.  •   Pass all items to the right. If the item has a handle, 

such as a pitcher, pass with the handle toward the next person. For bowls with spoons, pass with the spoon ready for the next person. If you are the one to reach to the center of the table for an item, pass it before serving yourself.

  •   While you are speaking during a meal, utensils should be resting on plate (fork and knife crossed on the plate with tines down).

  •   Don’t chew with your mouth open or blow on your food. The interviewer will usually take care of the bill and the tip. Be prepared, however, if this doesn’t happen and have small bills ready to take care of your part, including the tip. Never make an issue of the check. Social skills can make or break your career. Kenitra Matheson, human resource director with Dellinger and Deese in Charlotte, N.C., emphasizes, “Etiquette and social skills are a must! Our employees have to exhibit a cer-tain level of professionalism and etiquette, given that we constantly interact with our clients.” Be one step ahead—practice the social skills necessary to help you make a great first impression and stand out in a competitive job market.

Written by Jennie Hunter, a professor at Western Carolina University.

Your academic knowledge and skills may be spectacular, but do you have the social skills needed to be successful in the workplace? Good professional etiquette indicates

to potential employers that you are a mature, responsible adult who can aptly represent their company. Not knowing proper etiquette could damage your image, prevent you from getting a job and jeopardize personal and business relationships.

Meeting and GreetingEtiquette begins with meeting and greeting. Terry Cobb, human resource director at Wachovia Corporation in South Carolina’s Palmetto region, emphasizes the importance of making a good first impression—beginning with the hand-shake. A firm shake, he says, indicates to employers that you’re confident and assertive. A limp handshake, on the other hand, sends the message that you’re not interested or qualified for the job. Dave Owenby, human resources manager for North and South Carolina at Sherwin Williams, believes, “Good social skills include having a firm hand-shake, smiling, making eye contact and closing the meeting with a handshake.” The following basic rules will help you get ahead in the workplace:   •   Always rise when introducing or being introduced to 

someone.  •    Provide information in making introductions—you are 

responsible for keeping the conversation going. “Joe, please meet Ms. Crawford, CEO at American Enterprise, Inc., in Cleveland.” “Mr. Jones, this is Kate Smith, a senior majoring in computer information systems at Northwestern University.”

  •   Unless given permission, always address someone by his or her title and last name.

  •   Practice a firm handshake. Make eye contact while shak-ing hands.

DiningShirley Willey, owner of Etiquette & Company in Carmichael, Calif., reports that roughly 80% of second interviews involve a business meal. Cobb remembers one candidate who had passed his initial interview with flying colors. Because the second interview was scheduled close to noon, Cobb decided to conduct the interview over lunch. Initially, the candidate was still in the “interview” mode and maintained his professionalism. After a while, however, he became more relaxed—and that’s when the candidate’s real personality began to show. He had terrible table manners, made several off-color remarks and spoke negatively about previous employers. Needless to say, Cobb was unimpressed, and the candidate did not get the job. Remember that an interview is always an interview, regard-less of how relaxed or informal the setting. Anything that is said or done will be considered by the interviewer, cautions Cobb. In order to make a good impression during a lunch or dinner interview, make sure you:  •   Arrive on time.  •   Wait to sit until the host/hostess indicates the seating 

arrangement.

Professional Etiquette

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36    East Carolina University  •  www.ecu.edu/career

Dining Out

Silverware 8. Salad fork—to the

left of the dinner fork when the salad is served first or with the rest of the main course.

9. Dinner fork—left of the dinner plate.

10. Seafood fork—right of the spoon (or served with the seafood cocktail).

11. Dessert fork—above the dinner plate with the prongs to the right.

12. Knife—right of the dinner plate.

dinnerware 1. Dinner plate 2. Salad plate—placed

on dinner plate if salad is the first course.

Placed to the left of the forks if the salad accompanies or follows the main course.

3. Bread and butter plate—above the fork.

glassware 4. Water goblet 5. White wine glass 6. Red wine glass

Napkin 7. Napkin—left or beneath the fork(s).Source: Corporate Protocol, by Valarie Grant-Sokolosky.

Silverware 8. Salad fork—to the

9. Dinner fork—left of

10. Seafood fork—right of

11. Dessert fork—above

12. Knife—right of the

13. Butter spread—rests on the bread and butter plate horizontally, vertically or diagonally.

14. Soup spoon—right of the dinner knife. 15. Dessert spoon—above the dessert fork.

I. Arrangements    • When making dining arrangements find out: 1) Time—be prompt 2) Location to be picked up 3) Type of restaurant; casual or dressy II. Entering    •  Allow host to make arrangements with the restaurant    • Follow host’s cue on where to sit    • Allow women to be seated first III. After you Are Seated    •  Unfold large napkin in half, place in lap    •  During meal, place napkin on chair if you leave the table, 

and on either side of your plate when meal is finished    • Do not use napkin as a handkerchief IV. Ordering    •  Follow the host’s cue for ordering drinks and food. 

Remember, drinking alcohol hinders decision mak-ing. Don’t order the most expensive item on the menu. Avoid messy food, ordering instead food that is eaten with a fork.

dining Terminology a la carte - off the menu and items priced

separately au jus - in its own juice aux fines herbes - with parsley, herbs and butter bearnaise - brown sauce with butter bordelaise - sauce made with wine, bone marrow,

herbs, and beef stock brochette - a skewer, or anything cooked on one consomme - enriched, concentrated meat stock en croute - baked in pastry crust hollandaise - heavy sauce with egg, butter and

lemon maison - in style of the restaurant maitre d’hotel - head waiter who greets you at the table mousse - whipped dessert made with cream,

gelatin and/or egg whites tarte - pie tempura - prepared in batter and fried soup du jour - soup of the day V. Serving    •  Expect the waiter to serve from the left and remove 

empty dishes from the right. Do not move empty dishes to the side or hand them to the waiter.

    •  The utensils are arranged in the order that they will be used—use them from the outside in. The spoon and fork above the dinner plate are for dessert.

    •  Take your cue from the host to begin eating; otherwise, it is polite to wait until everyone has been served before proceeding. However, in large groups (six or more), the host may suggest that the first served begin eating.

V. Serving    •  Expect the waiter to serve from the left and remove 

    •  The utensils are arranged in the order that they will be 

    •  Take your cue from the host to begin eating; otherwise, 

Do’s and Don’ts for Dining OutdO:• remember that your actions are

being observed.• use your best manners and choice

vocabulary.• cut only one bite of food at a time.• break a whole slice of bread at

least in half after putting it on the plate.

• pass salt and pepper together.

dON’T:• reach—ask for items to be passed.• talk or drink with your mouth full

of food.• sprinkle salt and pepper all over

your food without tasting it first.• use the salad plate for bread and

butter. Use the bread plate on your left.

• request catsup for anything other than a hamburger.

Place Setting

Reprinted with permission from Louisiana State University and A&M College’s 2003-04 Career Services manual. Copyright © 2003 by Career Recruitment Media/Alloy Education.

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www.ecu.edu/career  •  East Carolina University    37

credentials are widely circulated. Notify as many people as possible in your field about your job search.

Strong Communication SkillsYou can help the employer make an informed hiring decision if you:   •  Provide a well-prepared resume that includes desirable 

skills and relevant employment experiences.  •  Clearly convey your interests and ability to do the job in 

an interview.  •  Understand English when spoken to you and can effec-

tively express your thoughts in English. It’s important to be able to positively promote yourself and talk with confidence about your education, relevant skills and related experiences. Self-promotion is rarely easy for anyone. But, it can be especially difficult for individuals from cultures where talking about yourself is considered inappro-priate. When interviewing in the United States, however, you are expected to be able to explain your credentials and why you are suitable for the position. Be sensitive to the interviewer’s verbal and nonverbal cues. Some international students may not realize when their accent is causing them to be misunderstood. Interviewers are sometimes too embarrassed or impatient to ask for clarifica-tion, so be on the lookout for nonverbal clues, such as follow-up questions that don’t match your responses or sudden disinterest on the part of the interviewer. Also, make sure you express proper nonverbal communication; always look directly at the employer in order to portray confidence and honesty. If your English language skills need some work, get involved with campus and community activities. These events will allow you to practice speaking English. The more you use the language, the more proficient you will become. These activities are also a great way to make networking contacts.

The Career CenterThe Career Center can be a valuable resource in your job search. Be aware, however, that some employers using The Career Center won’t interview students who are not U.S. citizens. Though this may limit your ability to participate in some campus interviews, there are numerous ways to benefit from The Career Center:  •  Attend sessions on job search strategies and related  topics.  •  Work with The Career Center staff to develop your job 

search strategy.  •  Attend campus career fairs and company information 

sessions to inquire about employment opportunities and to practice your networking skills.

It’s a good idea to get advice from other international students who have successfully found employment in this country and to start your job search early. Create and follow a detailed plan of action that will lead you to a great job you can write home about.

Written by Rosita Smith.

Looking for a job is seldom easy for any student. For you, the international student, the job search process can be especially confusing. You may lack an understanding of

U.S. employment regulations, or perhaps you are unaware of the impact your career choice has on your job search. You may also be unsure about your role as the job-seeker and the resources used by American employers to find candidates. The following is an overview of the issues most relevant to international students in developing a job search strategy. Additional information about the employment process and related topics can be found through your career center and on the Internet.

Bureau of u.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services RegulationsAs an international student, you should only obtain employ-ment-related information from an experienced immigration attorney or your campus USCIS representative. Advice from any other resource may be inaccurate. Once you have decided to remain in the United States to work, contact the international student services office or the office of human resources on your campus and make an appointment with your USCIS representative. In addition to helping you fill out necessary forms, the USCIS representative will inform you of the costs associated with working in the United States.

Importance of Skills and Career Field Find out if your degree and skills-set are currently in demand in the U.S. job market. An advanced degree, highly market-able skills or extensive experience will all make your job search easier. Find out what region of the United States holds the majority of the jobs in your field; you may need to relo-cate in order to find the job you want. Learn all you can about your targeted career field by talking to professors, reading industry publications and attending professional meetings and regional conferences.

Role of EmployersIt is the employer’s responsibility to find the right people for his or her company—not to help you find a job. The interview is successful when both of you see a match between the employer’s needs and your interest and ability to do the job. The employer (through hiring managers, human resources staff or employment agencies) will most likely use several resources to find workers, including:  • College recruiting  • Campus or community career fairs   •  Posting jobs on the company website or on national job 

posting sites on the Internet  • Posting jobs in major newspapers or trade publications  • Posting jobs with professional associations  • Resume searches on national online services   • Employee referrals  • Regional and national conferences  • Employment agencies (“headhunters”) Are you accessible to employers through at least some of the above strategies? If not, develop a plan to make sure your

International Students and the Job Search

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    •  Fellowships/Scholarships: A free education is always the best option. The catch is you need a high GPA, good GRE/GMAT/LSAT/MCAT scores and the commitment to search out every possible source of funding.

    •  Teaching/Research Assistantships: Many assistantships include tuition waivers plus a monthly stipend. It’s a great way to get paid for earning an education.

    •  Employer Sponsorship: Did you know that some companies actually pay for you to continue your education? The catch is they usually expect you to continue working for them after you complete your degree so they can recoup their investment.

4. what are the pros and cons of going to graduate school full-time vs. part-time?

Benefits of attending graduate school full-time:    •  you’ll be able to complete your degree sooner.    •  you can totally commit your intellectual, physical and emo-

tional energy to your education.    • ideal  if you want to make a dramatic career change. Benefits of attending graduate school part-time:    •  work income helps pay for your education.    • you can take a very manageable course load.    •  you can juggle family responsibilities while completing 

your degree.    • allows you to work in the function/industry/career of   your choice while continuing your education.    •  employer will often pay for part (or all) of your graduate

degree.

5. Assuming I want to go to graduate school in the near future, what should I do now?

a. Identify your true strengths, interests and values to help you discover what is right for YOU—not your friends or parents.

b. Keep your grades up and sign up (and prepare) to take the required standardized tests.

c. Talk to faculty, friends and family who have gone to graduate school to get their perspective about the differences between being an undergraduate and a grad-uate student.

d. Talk to faculty, friends and family who are in your targeted profession to get a realistic sense of the career path and the challenges associated with the work they do.

e. Investigate creative ways to finance your education—by planning ahead you may reduce your debt.

f. Research graduate schools to help you find a good match. g. Investigate the admissions process and the current stu-

dent body profile of your targeted schools to evaluate your probability for admission.

h. Have faith and APPLY! Remember, you can’t get in unless you apply.

Written by Roslyn J. Bradford.

At some point in your college career, you must decide what you would like to do after graduation—and that includes whether or not to attend graduate school. If

you’re trying to determine whether graduate school is right for you, here are some pointers to help you make an enlight-ened decision.

1. Should I consider going to graduate school? Going to graduate school might be a good idea if you…    •  want to be a professor, lawyer, doctor, investment banker

or work in any profession that requires a post- secondary education.

    •  wish to develop additional expertise in a particular subject or field to maximize your future earning potential and opportunities for career advancement.

    •  are deeply interested in a particular subject and wish to study it in-depth—AND have the time and financial resources to devote to further education.

Going to graduate school might not be a good idea if you…    •   are trying to delay your entry into the “real world” with

real responsibilities and real bills.    •  are clueless about your career goals.    •  aren’t prepared to devote the time and hard work needed 

to succeed.    •  want to stay in school longer to avoid a poor job market. 

2. Is it better to work first or attend graduate school immediately after I complete my undergraduate degree?

Work first if…    •  you would like to get some real-world work experence

before investing thousands of dollars in a graduate degree.    •  the graduate school of your choice prefers work experience 

(most MBA and some Ph.D. programs require this).    •  you cannot afford to go to graduate school now, and you 

haven’t applied for any scholarships, grants, fellowships and assistantships, which could pay for a great deal of your education.

Go to graduate school now if…    •  you are absolutely sure you want to be a college professor, 

doctor, lawyer, etc., and need a graduate degree to pursue your dream job.

    •  you have been awarded grants, fellowships, scholarships or assistantships that will help pay for your education.

    •  you’re concerned that once you start earning real money, you won’t be able to return to the lifestyle of a “poor” stu-dent.

    •  your study habits and mental abilities are at their peak, and you worry whether you’ll have the discipline (or motiva-tion) to write papers and study for exams in a few years.

3. I am broke. How will I pay for tuition, books, fees and living expenses?

    •  Family: You’ve likely borrowed from them in the past; maybe you’re lucky enough for it to still be a viable

option.     •  Student Loans: Even if you’ve taken out loans in the past,

another $50,000 - $75,000 may be a sound “investment” in your future.

Is Graduate School Right for You?

Page 39: Career Success Guide

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Page 40: Career Success Guide