Care/Caring WordsThe cover of the International Journal for Human Caring was designed by May Troung in consultation with members of the Editorial Advisory and the Editorial Review Boards of the journal, along with other colleagues. Together we provided the words that represent care and caring in different languages. We hope that more words are submitted so that we can add such words to the cover.

Danish: omsorg and/or pleje

French: le caring

Thai: caring is EUA-AR-THORN

Persian:

German: PFLEGE

Turkish: BAKIM

Spanish: caring is cuidado

Tagalog (Philippine): PAG-AARUGA

Swedish: caring is vårdandet and omvårdnad

Finnish: caring is hoitaminen

Portuguese: caring is carinho

Hungarian: care is gondviseles

Chinese: care and caring are:

(Taiwan usage)

(China usage)

Kiswahili - (Congo, Kenya, Tanzania) - KUJALI

Ichibemba - (Zambia) - UKUTANGATA

12015, Vol. 19, No. 3

International Journal

for Human Caring

2 International Journal for Human Caring

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32015, Vol. 19, No. 3

EDITORIAL BOARD EditorZane Robinson Wolf, PhD, RN, FAANDean Emerita and Professor, School of Nursing,and Health Sciences,La Salle University,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Marian C. Turkel, PhD, RN, FAANEditor, Book Review and Continuing Education,Director Professional Practice/Research/Magnet,Holy Cross Hospital,Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA

Charlotte Barry, PhD, RNAssistant Editor, Essays,Professor,Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing,Florida Atlantic University,Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Nancey France, PhD, RNAssistant Editor, Book Review,Continuing Education and Curriculum,Associate Professor,Christine E. Lynn Center for Caring,Florida Atlantic University,Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Kathleen L. Sitzman, PhD, MS, RNAssistant Editor,Professor, Nursing Department,East Carolina University,Greenville, North Carolina, USA

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARDAnne Boykin, PhD, RNEmerita Dean, College of Nursing,Director, Christine E. Lynn Center for Caring,Florida Atlantic University,Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Chantal Cara, PhD, RNVice Dean, Professor,School of Nursing,University of Montreal,Montreal Quebec, Canada

Joanne R. Duffy, DNSc, CCRNInterim Associate Dean for Nursing Research and PhD Education,School of Nursing,Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center,West Virginia University Hospitals, Endowed Professor of Research and Evidence-based Practice,Charleston, West Virginia, USA

Katie Eriksson, PhD, RNProfessor, Department of Caring-Science,Åbo Academi University,Vasa, Finland

Dawn Freshwater, PhD, BA, RGN, RNT, FRCNHead of School, School of Healthcare Studies,University of Leeds,Leeds, United Kingdom

Sigridur Halldorsdottir, RN, PhD, Med. Dr.Professor, Director of Graduate Studies,Faculty of Health Sciences,University of Akureyri, Iceland

Naohiro Hohashi, PhD, RNDivision of Family Health Care Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences,Kobe, Japan

Jane Lee Hsieh, MSN, RNProfessor,College of Nursing, Director of Graduate Institute of Health Allied Education,National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences,Taipei, Taiwan

Patricia L. Munhall, EdD, ARNP, PsyA, FAANMiami, Florida, USA

Marilyn Parker, PhD, RN, FAANClinical Professor,Kansas University Medical Center,University of Kansas,Kansas City, Kansas, USA

Forough Rafii, PhD, RNAssociate Professor, School of Nursing & Midwifery,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran

Maj-Britt Råholm, RN, PhDProfessor/Head of Research and Development,Stord/Haugesund University College,Faculty of Health,Haugesund, Norway

Marilyn A. Ray, RN, PhD, CTN-AEmeritus Professor,Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing,Florida Atlantic University,Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Sr. M. Simone Roach, PhD, CSM, RNWriting/Research and Director,Heritage Center, Sisters of Martha,Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada

Savina O. Schoenhofer, PhD, RNProfessor,Alcorn State University,Natchez, Mississippi, USAChristine E. Lynn College of Nursing,Florida Atlantic University,Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Gwen Sherwood, PhD, RN, FAANAssociate Dean for Academic Affairs,School of Nursing, University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

Marlaine C. Smith, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAANDean and Professor,Helen Karpelenia Persson Eminent Scholar,Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing,Florida Atlantic University,Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Kristen M. Swanson, PhD, RN, FAANDean, College of Nursing,Seattle University,Seattle, Washington, USA

Kathleen Valentine, PhD, RNDean, College of Nursing,University of New Brunswick,Fredericton,New Brunswick, Canada

Jean Watson, PhD, RN, AHN, BC, FAANFounder and Director,Watson Caring-Science Institute,Boulder, Colorado, USA

EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARDSiv Bäck-Pettersson, PhD, RNT, RNDirector of Research,R&D Departments,NU Hospital Group andPrimary Health Care Fyrbodal,Trollhättan/Vänersborg, Sweden

Denise Nagle Bailey, EdD, MEd, MSN, RN, CSNAssociate Professor, School of Nursing and Health Sciences,La Salle University,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Diane M. Breckenridge, PhD, RN, ANEFChair, Professor, Department of Nursing,School of Health and Human Services,National University,San Diego, California, USA

Diane Buchanan, RN, DNScAssistant Professor, School of Nursing,Queen’s University,Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Gayle L. Casterline, PhD, RN, CNENursing Research and EBP/Coordinator for Caring Science and Integration,Carolinas Medical Center,Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

Terry Chase, ND, RNAssistant Professor,Colorado Mesa University,Grand Junction, Colorado, USA

Esther Condon, PhD, RNProfessor, School of Nursing,Hampton University,Hampton, Virginia, USA

Florence Neely Cooper, MSN, RN, CNORRN Educator, Perioperative Services,University of Mississippi Health Center,Jackson, Mississippi, USA

Sharon Ann Cumbie, PhD, RN, CS Professor, School of Nursing,University of West Georgia,Carrollton, Georgia, USA

4 International Journal for Human Caring

Lisa Davis, PhD, RNAssociate Professor, School of Nursing,West Texas Agriculture and Mining University,Canyon, Texas, USA

Patrick J. Dean, EdD, RN, OSTJClinical Assistant Professor,University of Minnesota,School of Nursing,Rochester, Minnesota, USA

Charlotte Delmar, PhD, MSc NursingResearch Director in Clinical Nursing,Aalborg Hospital,Aalborg, Denmark

Dorothy J. Dunn, PhD, APN, FNP-BC, AHN-BCAssistant Professor,School of Nursing,College of Health and Human Services,Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, Arizona, USA

Philip Esterhuizen, PhD, RNSenior Lecturer,School of Healthcare,University of Leeds,Leeds, United Kingdom

Wrennah Gabbert, PhD, RN, MSN, CPNP, FNP-CAssociate Professor,Anita Thigpen Perry School of Nursing,Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center,Lubbock, Texas, USA

Marlienne Goldin, RN, BSN, MPADirector Neuro-Surgical ICU, Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA

Iain Graham, PhD, Med, MSc, BSc, RN, FACN, MACMHNDean of Health,Director of Clinical Sciences, Head of School, Health and Human Sciences,Southern Cross University,Lismore New South Wales, Australia

Kathryn Gramling, PhD, RNCollege of Nursing,University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth,Dartmouth, Massachusetts, USA

Susan Sweat Gunby, PhD, RNProfessor,Georgia Baptist College of Nursing ofMercer University,Atlanta, Georgia, USA

Kathryn Stewart Hegedus, DNSc, RNAssociate Professor, EmeritaUniversity of Connecticut,School of Nursing,Storrs, Connecticut, USA

Rebecca A. Patronis-Jones, DNSc, RN, CNAA, BCPresident and CEO,Ed Act 4 U,Leesburg, Florida, USA

Lisa George Jordan, PhD, RNProfessor of Nursing,Prince George’s Community College,Largo, Maryland, USA

Patricia Liehr, PhD, RNSchmidt Family Foundation Distinguished Professor, Professor,Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing,Florida Atlantic University,Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Rozzano C. Locsin, PhD, RN, FAANEmeritus Professor,Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing,Florida Atlantic University,Boca Raton, Florida, USA

Sue McBean, MSc, BSc, (Jt. Hons), RGN, CPHNSDipNEd, NDNCert,University of Ulster,Derry, Northern Ireland

M. Patrice McCarthy, PhD, RN, CNSDivision Chair and Professor of Nursing,Notre Dame College,Euclid, Ohio, USA

Denise Miner-Williams, PhD, RNSan Antonio, Texas, USA

Susan Diemert Moch, PhD, RNProfessor, Family Health Nursing,University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire,Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA

Louise O’Reilly, PhD, RNAssociate Professor, School of Nursing,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,University of Sherbrook,Longueuil Campus,Longueuil, Quebec, Canada

Wongchan Petpichetchian, PhD, RNFaculty of Nursing, Department of Adult Nursing,Prince of Songkla University,Songkla, Thailand

Elizabeth Predeger, PhD, RNAssociate Professor,University of Alaska, Anchorage,Anchorage, Alaska, USA

Kirsten Pryds Jensen, Dr., OHS, RNAssociate Professor,Department of Nursing Science,University of Copenhagen,Copenhagen, Denmark

Kate Reid, MA, RNPalliative Care Course Coordinator,Health Sciences Center,College of Education,University of Canterbury,Christchurch, New Zealand

William Rosa, MS, RN, LMR, AGPCNP-BC, CCRN-CMCNew York University Langone Medical Center,New York, New York, USA

Jackie Somerville, RN, PhDSenior Vice President Patient Care Services and Chief Nursing Officer,Brigham and Womens Hospital,Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Jane Sumner, PhD, RNProfessor Emerita of Nursing,Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center,New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

Donna Taliaferro, PhD, RNProfessor and Consultant,University of Phoenix,Phoenix, Arizona, USA

Dr. deSales TurnerPrincipal Lecturer,Deakin University,School of Nursing,Burwood, Victoria, Australia

Frances R. Vlasses, PhD, RN, FAANAssociate Professor,Niehoff School of Nursing,Loyola University Chicago,Chicago, Illinois, USA

A. Lynne Wagner, EdD, RN, MSNProfessor Emerita of Nursing,Fitchburg State College,Fitchburg, Massachusetts, USA

Gail Barger Williams, PhD, RNProfessor, School of Nursing,University of Texas Health Science Centerat San Antonio,San Antonio, Texas, USA

52015, Vol. 19, No. 3

Contents

Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Zane Robinson Wolf, PhD, RN, FAAN

The Effect of Compassionate Nursing on Non-English-Speaking Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Julie Phan; Patrick Dean, BSN, EdD, RN

Maintaining Caring Relationships in Spouses Affected by Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Christine L. Williams, DNSc, RN, PMHCNS-BC

The Lived Experience of Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in a Rural Community in Northern Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chuleekorn Danyuthasilpe, DrPH, RN; Charlotte D. Barry, PhD, RN, NCSN; Rozzano C. Locsin, PhD, RN, FAAN

Sense, Connect, Facilitate: Nurse Educator Experiences of Caring Online Through Watson’s Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Kathleen Sitzman, PhD, RN, CNE

Nurses’ Caring Behaviors in Ireland and the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Elizabeth Weathers, PhD, PGCertTL, BSc RGN; Geraldine McCarthy, PhD, RGN; Margaret Landers, PhD, RGN; Carol Porter, DNP, RN, FAAN; Marisa A. Cortese, PhD, RN, FNP-BC; Joyce J. Fitzpatrick, PhD, RN, FAAN

Development of a Dignity-Enhancing Model of Caring for Older Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Zahra Rahemi, MSN; Christine L. Williams, DNSc, RN, PMHCNS-BC

Dignity, Dependence, and Relational Autonomy for Older People Living in Nursing Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Anne Kari Tolo Heggestad, RN, PhD; Bente Høy, RN, PhD; Berit Sæteren, RN, PhD; Åshild Slettebø, RN, PhD; Britt Lillestø, RN, PhD; Arne Rehnsfeldt, RN, PhD; Lillemor Lindwall, RN, PhD; Vibeke Lohne, RN, PhD; Maj-Britt Råholm, RN, PhD; Trygve Aasgaard, RN, PhD; Synnøve Caspari, RN, PhD; Dagfinn Nåden, RN, PhD

Oh! What a Journey It Has Been! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Jody S. Pon and Lailyan Khalil

The 36th International Association for Human Caring International Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49-65 Podium Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Poster Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

6 International Journal for Human Caring6

The International Association for Human Caring’s (IAHC’s) conference in New Orleans, Louisiana, welcomed over 140 nurses and other colleagues from around the world. The conference was held May 20 to May 23 at the Intercontinental New Orleans Hotel, very close to the French Quarter with its music, food, and shopping. Dr. Jane Sumner, Professor Emerita, and Dr. Demetrius J. Porche, Dean of the School of Nursing, at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center greeted attendees. The School of Nursing sponsored the conference by providing services that enabled IAHC to grant continuing education contact hours.

The conference theme, The Enduring Spirit of Caring, celebrated the caring practices of New Orleans registered nurses. A tribute to the nurses of Hurricane Katrina opened the conference proceedings with a wonderful performance by the Mardi Gras Indians.

Dr. Nancey France, President of IAHC, started the first full day of the conference by thanking the work of the Planning Committee and by applauding the number of participants in conference events. The work of Dr. Sumner and the members of the Planning Committee resulted in a delightful conference with stimulating keynotes and presentations. Keynote speeches by Drs. Rozzano Locsin, Peggy Chin, and W. Richard Cowling were exceptional. A panel with four theorists (Drs. Marlaine Smith, Savina Schoenhofer, Marilyn (Dee) Ray, and Jane Sumner), moderated by Dr. Marian Turkel, was held during a luncheon and enlivened by a question and answer period. All attendees greeted old friends and made new friends.

IAHC’s Business meeting included concerns about budgetary constraints and the need to welcome new members. The Board’s plans to launch an electronic version of the International Journal for Human Caring (IJHC) were discussed, to begin with the 20th issue in 2016. Along with the Board, I am investigating cost saving options, since the journal is a significant expense for the organization. We are working with Innovative Print & Media Group, our publisher, and Professional Administrative Services to reduce the costs associated with the journal.

I welcome IAHC members to consider joining the Editorial Review Board of IJHC. A scholarly interest in caring science, practice, education, and aesthetics is essential. Additionally, following the criteria of the peer review form and ethical publication practices, keeping to the scheduled return of reviews, and being very attentive to

American Psychological Association style are very important. Joining the Editorial Review Board demonstrates a commitment to the Mission of IAHC. Please consider this invitation and send a message to me at wolf@lasalle.edu or editor@humancaring.org.

EditorialZane Robinson Wolf, PhD, RN, FAAN

57

The 36th International Association for Human Caring Conference

2015, Vol. 19, No. 3

S

Preserving the Spirit of Caring in Service LearningMaryanne T. Sandberg, MSN, RN, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA, University of West Georgia, Carrollton, GA, USA

The objective of this presentation is to define service learning and explore the value of using Duffy’s (2003) quality-caring model as a theoretical base. Service learning is a method of pedagogy that is valued for its use in connecting academic goals with service to the community. Research findings suggest that service learning has positive effects on nursing students, promoting some of the core values of nursing; such as empathy, social justice, civic responsibility, and community commitment. However, service learning can be confused with community service and volunteerism. Students are often assigned tasks such as filing, which have little to do with nursing care or caring interactions. By grounding service learning in Duffy’s theoretical model, nurse educators have guidelines to develop meaningful service learning activities that promote the core values of nursing, enrich community partnerships, and provide opportunities for caring relationships between students and the community.

Care in Hospital Organization: The Perspective of the NursesDaniela Santos, Graduate Nurse, Postgraduate Clinical Supervision; Elisabete Pinheiro, Graduate Nurse and Postgraduate Human Resource Management, Specialist Nursing, Master in Medical-Surgical Nursing, Nurse Manager Orthopedics Service; Aida Teixeira, Graduate Nurse and Postgraduate Clinical Supervision, Specialist Nursing, Master Medical-Surgical Nursing, Hospital de Braga, Portugal; Ana Macedo, DEd, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

This project takes place at the Hospital de Braga, a university hospital in Portugal, and its end is predicted for December 2016. Some reasons motivate this project: The nursing literature emphasizes that is necessary to research the care and the way it is expressed by nurses. Also, the opportunity arises and it is encouraged by the new Portuguese Development Professional Model in Nursing. One of the required indicators is the existence of a framework which can be enhanced with the support of a philosophy of care associated with the nursing conceptualization. The main objective of this work is to understand the appropriation of care by the nursing professionals, particularly in the behaviors which reflect care, and evolving into an organizational approach to caring because it can influence the care. The guiding questions of this study are: (a) What are the perspectives of nurses about care in the

hospital organization? (b) What is the influence of the hospital organization on the nursing care? The used research method can be classified mixed because it associated techniques of the qualitative and quantitative ways. First: Collect and interpret the nurse’s perspectives about the care and how they experience it through the use of an open questions survey created by the authors. Second: Identify the dimensions of care valued by nurses through implementation of the Caring Behaviors Inventory. Third: Analyze the complexity of integrated care hospital organization by applying the instrument Relational Caring Questionnaire. So far, 88 questionnaires have been collected, answers about the meaning and livings of care that will target content analysis in order to identify the dimensions present. Like Watson (2009), we believe that caring is the main focus for nursing, and it is the essence of any therapeutic interaction which occurs between the nurse and the person who needs care. Therefore, the researchers aim to follow this research line, in order to understand the care in the hospital organization.