Cardiovascular System

Combining FormsAgglutin/o: clumping, gluingAneurysm/o: widened blood vesselAort/o: aortaArter/o, arteri/o: arteryAther/o: fatty plaqueAtri/o: atriumCoron/o: heartEmbol/o: plugHydr/o: waterImmun/o: safe, freeIs/o: equalIsch/o: to hold back

Combining FormsLymph/o: lymph fluidLymphaden/o: lymph glandLymphangi/o: lymph vesselMyel/o: bone marrow, spinal cordNecr/o: deathPhag/o: swallowing, eatingPhleb/o, ven/o: veinSplen/o: spleenThym/o: thymus glandVaric/o: dilated veinVas/o: duct, vesselVentricul/o: ventricle

Suffixes and Prefixes-cardia: heart condition-lapse: to fall or sag-oid: like, resembling-phage: eating, swallowing-philia: attraction for-phylaxis: protection-poiesis: formation, production-stasis: standing still-tension: to stretch-version: turningEcho-: repeated soundPeri-: around

Overview• Cardiologist: medical doctor specializing in heart

and circulatory disorders• Parts: heart, vessels, blood• Functions: to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells

and remove waste products

Diseases and Conditions• Aneurysm: abnormal widening of an artery as a

result of weakness in the artery wall• Angina pectoris: mild to severe pressure or pain in

the chest caused by ischemia “angina”• Arrhythmia: irregularity or loss of rhythm of the

heartbeat “dysrhythmia”• Fibrillation: arrhythmia with rapid, uncoordinated

heartbeats

Diseases and Conditions• Arteriosclerosis: thickening and hardening of

arterial walls• Atherosclerosis: fatty accumulations on artery

walls **most common**• Bruit: soft blowing sound heard in the arteries

caused by turbulent blood flow• Embolus: a blood clot that travels though the

bloodstream and becomes lodged in a vessel

Diseases and Conditions• Heart block: disease of the electrical system of the

heart• First-degree: atrioventricular (AV) block, electrical

impulses are delayed by a fraction of a second before being conducted to the ventricles• Second-degree: A block in which only some atrial

impulses are conducted to the ventricles• Third-degree: AV block in which no electrical

impulses reach the ventricles “complete heart block”

Diseases and Conditions• Heart failure (HF): the heart is unable to pump

enough blood to meet the needs of the body• Symptoms: shortness of breath, leg swelling, exercise

intolerance

• Hypertension (HTN): consistently elevated blood pressure causing damage to the blood vessels and heart• Ischemia: not enough oxygenated blood reaching a

body part • Mitral valve prolapse: the mitral valve does not close

completely so blood flows back into the left atrium

Diseases and Conditions• Murmur: abnormal sound of the heart caused by

defects in chambers or valves of the heart• Myocardial infarction (MI): “heart attack” necrosis of a

portion of heart muscle caused by a blockage to one or more coronary arteries• Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): failure of the ductus

arteriosus to close after birth resulting in an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta• Raynaud Disease: sever, sudden vasoconstriction and

spasms in the fingers and toes followed by cyanosis• Causes: emotional stress or cold temperatures

Diseases and Conditions• Stroke: damage to the brain because blood supply

was interrupted “cerebrovascular accident”• Causes: bleeding within the brain or blockage of an

artery

• Thrombus: a stationary blood clot formed within a blood vessel or the heart that causes obstruction “blood clot”• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): formation of a blood

clot in a deep vein, usually in the lower legs• Transient ischemic attack (TIA): blood supply to the

brain is briefly interrupted “mini stroke”

Diagnostic Procedures• Cardiac catheterization: insertion of a small tube

into a large vein, threaded through a blood vessel until it reaches the heart• Cardiac enzyme studies: blood tests performed to

determine cardiac damage• Doppler ultrasonography: an ultrasound that

records blood flow speed to detect obstructions • Echocardiography (ECG): an ultrasound used to

image heart to evaluate how the chamber and valves are working

Diagnostic Procedures• Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG): study of

electrical activity in heart muscle• Holter monitor: portable ECG worn by patient

while doing normal activities• Stress test: ECG performed under exercise stress

conditions• Nuclear: ECG that uses tracers to evaluate coronary

blood flow

• Troponin 1: blood test that measures proteins released into the blood by heart muscle• Indicator of a recent heart attack

Medical and Surgical Procedures• Angioplasty: opens a blocked artery by inflating a

small balloon• Cardioversion: restoration of normal heart rhythm

by applying electrical shock to the heart “defibrillation”• Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): bypass

surgery that creates new routes for blood to flow• Defibrillator: device used to administer an

electrical shock to stop the heart in hopes of restoring normal heart rhythm

Medical and Surgical Procedures• Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator:

(AICD) implanted electrical device that monitors and corrects arrhythmias using electrical shocks • Automatic external defibrillator (AED): a portable

device that analyzes heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock • Endarterectomy: removal of the lining of an artery• Carotid endarterectomy: removal of

atherosclerosis and thrombosis from a clogged carotid artery

Medical and Surgical Procedures• Sclerotherapy: chemical injection into a varicose

vein that causes inflammation and closure of the vein• Valvuloplasty: insertion of a balloon catheter in a

blood vessel in the groin, through the aorta and into the heart to widen a stiff heart valve

Pharmacology • Anticoagulants: prevent or delay coagulation of

blood• Beta blockers: slows the heart rate and lowers

blood pressure• Nitrates: relieve chest pain associated with angina• Statins: reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and

block production of an enzyme in the liver that produces cholesterol

Abbreviations • AAA: abdominal aortic aneurysm• AED: automatic external defibrillator• AICD: automated implantable cardioverter-

defibrillator• ASHD: arteriosclerotic heart disease• BP: blood pressure• CABG: coronary artery bypass graft• CAD: coronary artery disease• CV: cardiovascular• CVA: cerebrovascular accident

Abbreviations • EVLT: endovenous laser therapy• HDL: high-density lipoprotein• HF: heart failure• HTN: hypertension• ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator• MI: myocardial infarction • MBP: mitral valve prolapse• PDA: patent ductus arteriosus• TIA: transient ischemic attack