Cardiovascular System Chapters 19 Blood
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Cardiovascular SystemChapters 19 Blood
Anatomy and Physiology
Liberty Senior High
Mr. Knowles
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What’s the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
Do all organisms have one?
Let’s model!
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Why we need a cardiovascular system!
• Human embryos before 3 weeks are so small, materials are transported by simple diffusion.
• At third week (few mms in length), heart begins beating- first system to function.
• Supplies nutrients to all 75 trillion cells in the body.
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What is the cardiovascular system?
Three parts:• Blood – a circulating fluid.
(Chapter 19).• Heart – a pump. (Chapter 20).• Blood vessels – the conducting
pipes (Chapter 21)
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Cardiovascular Lymphatic Systems • Fluid leaves the vessel and enters the tissues-
interstitial fluid.• Eventually returns to the vessels.• Lymphatic system has its own vessels.• Used to transport antibodies, white blood cells,
and monitor for infection and cancer.• Cardiovascular + Lymphatic = Circulatory
System.
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What is blood?
• Specialized connective tissue with cells in a fluid matrix.
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Functions of the Blood• Transport dissolved gases, nutrients,
hormones, and metabolic wastes.• Regulation of the pH and electrolytes of
interstitial fluid. Neutralizes the acids created by metabolism (lactic acid).
• Restricts fluid losses through damaged vessels or at injury sites- blood clots.
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Functions of the Blood• Defense against toxins and pathogens-
transports white blood cells that migrate into tissue to fight infection and remove debris. Also, deliver antibodies.
• Stabilize body temperature- absorbs heat from active muscles and distributes to other tissues. Also brings heat to the surface of the skin to lose heat.
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Composition of Blood• It is a fluid connective tissue with
an extracellular matrix- plasma + formed elements (cells and cell fragments) = whole blood.
• Plasma + Formed Elements = Whole Blood.
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Whole Blood After Centrifugation
Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells “Buffy Coat”
Plasma
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Whole Blood
Centrifuge and
Separate
Formed Elements
37-54%
Plasma
46-63%
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Plasma
92 % Water
7 % Plasma Proteins
1 % Electrolytes and other Solutes
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Plasma- The Fluid of Life!• Plasma = Plasma Proteins + a Ground
Substance (Serum).• Plasma Proteins:
Albumin- transport fatty acids, maintain isotonic solution.Globulin- immunoglobulin (antibodies).Fibrinogen- form blood clots; becomes fibrin- an insoluble protein.
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Plasma
Fibrinogen
Serum Albumin
Globulin
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Plasma- The Fluid of Life!• Plasma that has been
allowed to clot will lose its fibrin and other salts like Ca+2.
• Plasma without its fibrin – Serum.
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Formed Elements• Formed Elements = Blood Cells + Fragments
suspended in the plasma.• Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) – most
abundant (99.9% of all cells); transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) – body’s defense cells. (0.1% of cells).
• Thrombocytes (Platelets) – small, membrane- bound packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes for blood clot formation.
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Erythrocyte
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A Normal Blood Smear
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Collecting and Analysis of Blood• Blood usually collected at a vein-venipuncture.• Venipuncture- veins are easy to locate, walls of
vein are thinner, pressure is lower heals easier.• Peripheral capillaries- tip of finger, earlobe;
oozing small drop for blood smear.• Arterial Puncture- check for efficiency of gas
exchange.
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Properties of Blood• Temperature- 38° C or 100.4° F.
• Viscosity- has a great deal of dissolved proteins in plasma more viscous than water.
• pH – 7.35-7.45; slightly alkaline.
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Erythrocytes (RBCs)• “erythros”- red; “cyte”- cell.• RBCs are the most abundant blood cell (99.9%).
25 trillion in average adult. Takes ~ 1 min. to travel circuit.
• Hematocrit- percentage of formed elements in a sample of whole blood. # of cells / microliter of whole blood.
• Has a red pigment-hemoglobin- gives whole blood its color.
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RBCs Structure and Function• Highly specialized cell to transport
gases.
• Cell structure is a biconcave disc.
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EM of RBCs
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A Biconcave Disc
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RBCs Structure and Function• Shape provides the RBC with a large surface
area.• Exchange of O2 with the surrounding plasma
must be quick; larger surface area faster the exchange.
• Total surface of all RBCs is 3800 m2 compared to 1.9 m2 of the whole human body.
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RBCs Structure and Function• Biconcave shape allows them to form
stacks (dinner plates) – rouleaux inside narrow blood vessels.
• Rouleaux permit the cells to pass through blood vessels without bumping along the walls.
• Do not form logjams or clogs in the narrow capillary.
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Rouleaux in a Blood Smear
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Rouleaux in Bone Marrow
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A Rouleaux
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RBCs Structure and Function• Biconcave shape allows the
RBCs to bend and flex when entering capillaries.
• May pass through capillaries ½ the RBC’s diameter.
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RBC’s are Highly Specialized Cells
• Have lost all organelles- lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
• Lost these structures to allow more space for hemoglobin and oxygen transport.
• Downside: RBCs unable to divide or repair themselves. Made in bone marrow.
• Short lifespan- 120 days and then must be broken down.
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The Destiny of an RBC
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Hemoglobin (Hb)
• Accounts for 95% of proteins inside the RBC.
• 280 million Hbs in each RBC.
• Hb binds to and transports O2 and CO2.
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Hb Molecule• Each Hb molecule = four protein chains = 2
alpha chains + 2 beta chains of polypeptides.• Each chain is a globular subunit and has a
heme group.• Heme – a porphyrin which is a ring compound
with an iron in the center.• Iron has a + charge and can bind to O2
(negative).
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Hb Molecule
• When hemoglobin binds to O2 – it becomes oxyhemoglobin.
• Very weak interaction; easy to separate.• Fetus uses a fetal hemoglobin- more
readily binds to O2 for more efficient uptake from mother’s RBCs.
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Hb Molecule• Alpha and Beta chains bind to CO2
at other sites and transport to lungs. • If hematocrit is low or the amount
of Hb in RBCs is low than normal activity cannot be sustained in tissue- anemia.
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Sickle Cell Anemia• Mutations in the beta chains of the Hb
molecule.• When the blood contains abundant O2, the Hb and
RBCs are normal.• But when the defective Hb loses its O2,
neighboring Hb molecules interact and change the shape of the cell- curved and stiff.
• Cannot form rouleaux and may form clots.
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Sickle Cell Mutation
Sickle Cell Mutation
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Iron-Deficiency Anemia
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Malaria in an RBC
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Leukocytes (WBCs)• General Properties:
1. Help defend against pathogens, toxins, and damaged cells.2. They have nuclei and other organelles.3. Are made in bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and other lymphatic tissue.
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Two Major Groups of WBCs1. Granulocytes- WBCs with
darkly-staining vesicles and lysosomes inside.
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Basophils
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Two Major Groups of WBCs
2. Agranulocytes- do not stain darkly on their interior; have very small vesicles and lysosomes.
a. Monocytes
b. Lymphocytes
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Leukocytes• Most WBCs are not in the
circulatory system, but in tissues or organs of the lymphatic system.
• Circulate for only a short time in vessels.
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Characteristics of WBCs• Move along the capillaries by amoeboid
movement.• Detect chemicals from injured cells.• Leave the capillary by squeezing through
cells –diapedesis.• Are positively chemotactic in the tissue.• Can destroy things by phagocytosis.
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Ameboid Movement and Phagocytosis
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White Blood Cell Diapedesis
Infected Cell
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Neutrophils• Most abundant of WBCs.• Granules are neutral. Filled with
toxins.• Have a dense, segmented nucleus of
2 to 5 lobes- Polymorphonulear (PMNs).
• Very mobile and arrive at site of infection first.
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Neutrophils• Phagocytize “tagged” bacteria.
• Breakdown bacteria with their toxic granules.
• Also, release chemicals to call WBCs to the site- interleukins.
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Neutrophils
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Eosinophiles• Granules stain with eosin- a red dye.• Only amount 2-4 % of the WBCs.• Have a bilobed nucleus.• Phagocytize bacteria and cell debris.• Use exocytosis to release toxins onto the surface
of large parasites.• Release chemicals that cause allergic reactions.
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Eosinophil
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Neutrophil and Eosinophil
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Basophiles• Stain very darkly. Very small cells.• Very rare in circulation. Usually in tissue.• Release granules of histamine and heparin. • Histamine = permeability of capillaries.• Heparin = blood clotting.• Do not phagocytize.
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Basophil
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The Last Type of PhilHow’s that
blood working for you?
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Monocytes• Larger cells with oval nuclei.• Circulate throughout the blood stream.• Leave the vessel and become
macrophages.• Macrophages phagocytize bacteria, cell
debris, and other foreign elements.• Also, release chemical messengers.
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Monocyte
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Lymphocytes
• Larger than RBCs and lack deeply-stained granules. Single, large nucleus.
• Abundant in blood. Migrate from blood to tissue through lymph return to blood.
• Most are not found in blood at any one time.
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Lymphocyte
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3 Kinds of Lymphocytes• T Cells: cellular immunity against foreign tissue
and cells infected with viruses; have killer T cells and helper T cells (CD-4 and CD-8).
• B cells: humoral immunity, produce antibodies (globulin proteins).Also memory cells.
• NK cells: (Natural Killers) large granules of toxin that destroy cancerous cells and some virally-infected cells.
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Leukemia
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Platelets
• Thrombocytes (nonmammalian)
• Circulates for 9-12 days
• Cell fragments
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Platelet Function
• Transport of chemicals important to the clotting process.
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Show me platelet activation!
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Platelet Function
• Active contraction after clot formation has occurred–Contain actin & myosin
–After clot forms contraction shrinks clot & reduces size of break in vessel wall
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Platelet Function• Formation of a temporary patch
in the walls of damaged blood vessels–Forms a platelet plug: slows the rate of blood loss while clotting continues
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Blood Clot
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Platelet Production
• Thrombocytopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow
• Bone marrow contains: Megakaryocytes: enormous w/ large nuclei
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Platelet Production• Megakaryocytes make proteins,
enzymes, & membranes.
• Shed cytoplasm in small membrane-enclosed packets: Platelets that enter circulation
• Mature megakaryocyte produces 4000 platelets.
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Megakaryocyte
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What happens when we have an allergic reaction?
Can allergies kill?
An Application
Video: Discovery-Body Story- Allergies