Cardiovascular System

CardiovascuCardiovascularlar

SystemSystem

Evolution Of Evolution Of The Human HeartThe Human Heart

Muscular Tube Muscular Tube HeartHeart


2 Chambered 2 Chambered HeartHeart


3+ or 4- 3+ or 4- Chambered HeartChambered Heart

Cardiovascular Cardiovascular System:System:

The HeartThe Heart

• ““Cardio’ refers Cardio’ refers to heart.to heart.

• ‘‘Vascular” Vascular” refers to blood refers to blood vessels.vessels.

TortoraTortoraPages 342 - Pages 342 -

344344


The HeartThe Heart

• Heart pumps 30X Heart pumps 30X it weight in it weight in blood each blood each minute.minute.

• 1800 gallons of 1800 gallons of blood per dayblood per day

• 50,000 miles of 50,000 miles of blood vessels.blood vessels.

Thursday Thursday 3/6/033/6/03

Pages 342 - Pages 342 - 344344


The HeartThe Heart

Cardiology is Cardiology is study of heart study of heart and disease.and disease.

Tortora Tortora Pages 342 - Pages 342 -

344344

Congestive Heart Failure

Location of the Location of the HeartHeart

The HeartThe Heart

• Lies between Lies between the two lungs.the two lungs.

• 2/3 of heart 2/3 of heart lies to left of lies to left of mid-line.mid-line.

• Apex is bottom Apex is bottom of left of left ventricle.ventricle.


344344

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA0Wb3gc4mE&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NF68qhyfcoM&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnpLm9fzYxU&feature=related

PericardiPericardiumum

• Heart is Heart is enclosed by enclosed by pericardium.pericardium.

• Composed of:Composed of:– Outer fibrous Outer fibrous pericardiumpericardium

– Inner serous Inner serous pericardium.pericardium.

Thursday Thursday 3/6/033/6/03

Pages 342 - Pages 342 - 344344

PericardiPericardiumum

• Inner layer Inner layer creates creates pericardial pericardial fluid.fluid.

• Fluid lies in Fluid lies in the pericardial the pericardial cavity.cavity.

• Fluid prevents Fluid prevents friction.friction.


344344

Heart Heart WallWall

• Composed of Composed of three layers:three layers:– Epicardium Epicardium (outer)(outer)

– Myocardium Myocardium (Muscle)(Muscle)

– Endocardium Endocardium (Inner)(Inner)


344344

Video:Coronary

Circulation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBQa8IBzP6I&feature=related


• Heart has two Heart has two different different networks of networks of muscle fibers.muscle fibers.– AtrialAtrial– VentricularVentricular


344344


• Each muscle Each muscle fiber connects fiber connects with other with other muscle fibers.muscle fibers.– Intercalated Intercalated discs connect discs connect fibers.fibers.

– They aid in They aid in conducting conducting impulses.impulses.


344344

Heart WallHeart Wall

• Endocarium Endocarium lines the inner lines the inner surface of the surface of the heart.heart.

• Inflammation of Inflammation of the lining can the lining can occur.occur.– EpicarditisEpicarditis– MyocarditisMyocarditis– EndocarditisEndocarditis


344344

Chambers of Chambers of the Heartthe Heart

• Right and left Right and left atriaatria– Separated by Separated by interatrial septum.interatrial septum.

– Receives blood from Receives blood from body.body.

– Pumps blood to the Pumps blood to the ventricles.ventricles.

– Separated from Separated from ventricles by ventricles by sulcus.sulcus.


347347

Great Great Vessels of Vessels of the Heartthe Heart


347347

• Superior and Superior and inferior vena inferior vena cava.cava.– Returns blood Returns blood from body back to from body back to heartheart

• Pulmonary Pulmonary trunktrunk– Branches into rt. Branches into rt. and lt. pulmonary and lt. pulmonary arteries.arteries.

– Takes blood to Takes blood to the lungs.the lungs.

Great Great Vessels of Vessels of the Heartthe Heart


347347

• Pulmonary veinsPulmonary veins– 4 in humans.4 in humans.– Carry oxygenated Carry oxygenated blood from lungs blood from lungs to heart.to heart.

• AortaAorta– Carries Carries oxygenated blood oxygenated blood to all of the to all of the body.body.

– Exits from left Exits from left ventricle.ventricle.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYZm5rEBfB4

AtrioventriclAtrioventriclular Valvesular Valves

Monday 3/10/03Monday 3/10/03Pages 343 - Pages 343 -

347347

• TricuspidTricuspid– Three flapsThree flaps– Prevents blood Prevents blood from moving back from moving back into the right into the right atria.atria.

• BicuspidBicuspid– Two flapsTwo flaps– Prevents blood Prevents blood from moving back from moving back into the left into the left atria.atria.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Wj5j55oO_g&feature=related

Semilunar Semilunar ValvesValves


347347

• Pulmonary Pulmonary semilunar valve.semilunar valve.– Prevents blood Prevents blood from moving back from moving back into the right into the right ventricle.ventricle.

• Aortic semilunar Aortic semilunar valve.valve.– Prevents blood Prevents blood from moving back from moving back into the left into the left ventricle.ventricle.

– Valve replacement Valve replacement surgerysurgery

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZY11g3VZGVI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0RD6-foBKQ&feature=mfu_in_order&list=UL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyJhvC4oCHQ&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vr-DAhgq75w&feature=related

EKGEKGTortoraTortora

Pages 343 - Pages 343 - 347347

• Parts of EKG.Parts of EKG.– P waveP wave– QRS ComplexQRS Complex– T waveT wave

Cardiac CycleCardiac Cycle

• Three PhasesThree Phases• First PhaseFirst Phase

– Relaxation periodRelaxation period• All chambers in All chambers in diastole.diastole.

• Blood fills SL Blood fills SL valvesvalves

• Blood flows into Blood flows into atria & atria & ventricles from ventricles from pulmonary veins pulmonary veins and vena cava.and vena cava.


353353

Cardiac CycleCardiac Cycle

• Second PhaseSecond Phase– Ventricular Ventricular fillingfilling• SA node SA node stimulatedstimulated

• P wave occursP wave occurs• Atria contract Atria contract (systole)(systole)

• Additional 25% Additional 25% blood enters blood enters the the ventricles.ventricles.


344344

Cardiac CycleCardiac Cycle• Third PhaseThird Phase

– Ventricular Ventricular SystoleSystole• AV node AV node stimulatedstimulated

• Ventricles in Ventricles in systole.systole.

• QRS wave QRS wave occursoccurs


344344

EKGEKGTortoraTortora

Pages 343 - Pages 343 - 347347

• Parts of EKG.Parts of EKG.– P waveP wave– QRS ComplexQRS Complex– T waveT wave

Cardiac Cardiac OutputOutput

• Definition:Definition:– Amount of blood Amount of blood pumped by either pumped by either the Rt or Lt the Rt or Lt ventricle per ventricle per minute.minute.

– Stroke volume X Stroke volume X beats per minute.beats per minute.

– 70ml X 75 /min = 70ml X 75 /min = 5.25 Liters/min.5.25 Liters/min.


344344

Control of Control of Heart RateHeart Rate

• Cardiovascular Cardiovascular center.center.– Cardiac accelerator Cardiac accelerator nerves. nerves. (sympathetic )(sympathetic )

– Vagus nerve Vagus nerve (parasympathetic)(parasympathetic)

– Autonomic control Autonomic control results from results from opposing opposing sympathetic and sympathetic and parasympathetic parasympathetic systems.systems.


344344

Factors That Factors That Effect Heart Effect Heart

RateRate• ChemicalsChemicals

– Epinephrine increases heart rate.

– Increased levels of K+ & Na+ slow heart rate.

– Excess Ca++ increases heart rate.

– Low oxygen demands increase heart rate.

• Temperature – Increased heat accelerates

heart– Decreased temperature

decreases heaert rate.


344344

Risk Factors Risk Factors For Heart For Heart Disease.Disease.

• High Blood High Blood CholesterolCholesterol

• High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure• SmokingSmoking• ObesityObesity• Lack of exerciseLack of exercise• DiabetesDiabetes• GeneticsGenetics• Being Male until age Being Male until age 7070


344344

Conduction Conduction System System ReviewReview

• Name structure Name structure A,B,C,D.A,B,C,D.

• Where does the delay Where does the delay occur.occur.

• Describe the rhythm Describe the rhythm that must be created.that must be created.

• Why is this rhythm Why is this rhythm needed?needed?

• How does each cell f How does each cell f the heart receive the the heart receive the impulse?impulse?

• What is the name of What is the name of the nerve that leads the nerve that leads to the SA node?to the SA node?


344344

AA BB

CC

DD

Vascular Vascular SystemSystem

• System of blood System of blood vessels.vessels.

• 50,000 miles in 50,000 miles in length.length.

• Blood vessel types:Blood vessel types:– Artery Artery (carries (carries blood away from the blood away from the heart)heart)

– Vein Vein (Carries blood (Carries blood to the heart)to the heart)

– Capillary Capillary (all gas (all gas exchange occurs exchange occurs here)here)


365365

• Hollow center is Hollow center is referred to as a lumen.referred to as a lumen.

• Wall is contructed of Wall is contructed of three layers. three layers.

• Inner layer (Tunic Inner layer (Tunic Interna)Interna)– EndotheliumEndothelium– Elastic tissueElastic tissue

• Middle layer (Tunic Middle layer (Tunic Media)Media)– Smooth muscleSmooth muscle– Elastic fibersElastic fibers

• Outer layer (Tunic Outer layer (Tunic Externa)Externa)– Elastic fibers– Callagen


365365ArterieArterie

ss

• Arteries are Arteries are capable of capable of elasticity.elasticity.– Expand under the Expand under the pressure of the pressure of the ventricles ventricles contracting.contracting.

– Constrict when the Constrict when the ventricles are ventricles are relaxing.relaxing.

• Constriction is due Constriction is due to smooth muscle.to smooth muscle.• Constrict when Constrict when

injured.injured.



ss

• Vasodialation Vasodialation – Lumen increased in Lumen increased in size due to smooth size due to smooth muscle relaxation.muscle relaxation.

– Decreased Decreased stimulation from stimulation from sympathetic sympathetic system.system.

• VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction– Lumen decreased in Lumen decreased in size due to smooth size due to smooth muscle muscle constriction.constriction.

– Increased Increased stimulation from stimulation from sympathetic sympathetic system.system.



ss

• Smaller Smaller branches from branches from arteries.arteries.

• Arterioles take Arterioles take blood to blood to capillaries.capillaries.

• Small Small arterioles have arterioles have mostlymostly– EndotheliumEndothelium– Smooth muscleSmooth muscle

TortoraTortoraPages 362 - 365Pages 362 - 365

ArterioleArterioless

• Connect Connect arterioles to arterioles to veins.veins.

• Gas, waste, and Gas, waste, and nutrient nutrient exchange takes exchange takes place here place here between blood between blood and cells.and cells.


365365CapillariCapillari

eses

CapillarCapillariesies

• Composed of a Composed of a single layer of single layer of endothelium and a endothelium and a basement membrane.basement membrane.

• All cells must be All cells must be close to a close to a capillary.capillary.

• Tissues using a lot Tissues using a lot of energy must have of energy must have more capillaries.more capillaries.

• Capillaries form Capillaries form networks to networks to increase surface increase surface area.area.

• Pre-capillary Pre-capillary sphincter.sphincter.


365365

• Blood is returned Blood is returned to veinules from to veinules from capillaries.capillaries.

• Blood is on way Blood is on way back to heart.back to heart.

• Same in structure Same in structure as arterioles.as arterioles.

• Veinules get Veinules get larger as they larger as they move towards move towards heart.heart.


365365VeinuleVeinule

ss

• Similar in structure Similar in structure to arteries except;to arteries except;

• Middle layer is Middle layer is reduced.reduced.

• Inner layer folds Inner layer folds inward to form inward to form valves.valves.

• Varicose veins.Varicose veins.• Veins act as blood Veins act as blood reservoirsreservoirs

• Contain Contain approximately 60% of approximately 60% of blood.blood.


365365VeinsVeins

• Blood Pressure Blood Pressure caused by heart caused by heart approx. 5 mmhg approx. 5 mmhg after after capillaries.capillaries.

• Blood is moved Blood is moved due to skeletal due to skeletal muscle muscle contraction.contraction.

• Backwards Backwards movement is movement is prevented by prevented by valves.valves.


365365

How Blood Is How Blood Is Pumped Back To Pumped Back To

The HeartThe Heart

• Circulation that Circulation that serves the heart serves the heart muscle.muscle.– leads from the leads from the aorta.aorta.

– Carries oxygen Carries oxygen to heart muscle.to heart muscle.

– Returns to the Returns to the coronary sinuscoronary sinus

• Effects of Effects of atherosclerosisatherosclerosis

• TreatmentTreatment


365365

Coronary Coronary CirculationCirculation

Cardiovascular System

Documents

Transcript of Cardiovascular System