Cardiovascular Diseases Eric Huang Engineering World Health.
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Transcript of Cardiovascular Diseases Eric Huang Engineering World Health.
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Cardiovascular Diseases
Eric Huang
Engineering World Health
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Overview of CVD• Leading cause of
death worldwide.• More than a third of
deaths from CVD.• $400 billion in annual
medical costs.• 1 in 3 Americans have
some form of CVD.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/news/spotlight/success/conquering-cardiovascular-disease.html
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Prevalence by Age
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:18-209.
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Prevalence by Ethnic Group
Mensah GA, Brown DW. An overview of cardiovascular disease burden in the United States. HealthAffairs. 2007;26(1):38-48.
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CVD Breakdown
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:18-209.
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Heart• Four chambers, two
atria and two ventricles.
• Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium, oxygenated blood leaves left ventricle.
• Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/anatomy.html
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Blood Vessels
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
• Veins carry blood towards the heart.
• Capillaries allow exchange of substances between blood and tissue cells.
http://www.niagaracc.suny.edu/academics/shm/val/arteryvn.html
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Arrhythmia
• Irregular heartbeats due to abnormal electrical impulses.
http://physionet.org/tutorials/cv/
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Atherosclerosis
• Artery narrowing reduces blood flow.
• Plaque can break off and result in an embolism.
• Associated with high LDL cholesterol levels.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/
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Coronary Artery Disease
• Most common type of heart disease.
• Atherosclerosis of the heart deprives heart muscle of oxygen.
• Precursor to angina and heart attacks.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/
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Congestive Heart Failure
• Heart unable to pump blood efficiently.– Insufficient cardiac output.
• Causes fluid buildup in other parts of the body.
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Hypertension
• Blood pressure consistently above 140/90 mmHg.
• Weakens blood vessels and accelerates atherosclerosis.
• Contributes to aneurysm formation.
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Stroke
• Interrupted blood flow to the brain.• Ischemic strokes arise from embolisms or
thrombi blocking blood vessels.• Hemorrhagic strokes result from rupturing
of blood vessels.
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Angioplasty
• Widens blocked artery to restore blood flow.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health//dci/Diseases/Angioplasty/Angioplasty_All.html
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Heart Bypass Surgery
• Reroutes blood flow around blocked blood vessel using vascular grafts.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cabg/
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Pacemakers
• Normalizes heart rhythm by delivering electrical impulses to the heart.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/pace/printall-index.html