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Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease · 2017. 12. 13. · Use Herbs to Replace Salt in Diet...
Transcript of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disease · 2017. 12. 13. · Use Herbs to Replace Salt in Diet...
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CardiovascularDisease
Kelli Williams, PhD, RDAmy Gannon, MS, RD
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Risk Factors for CVD
Non-Modifiable Age
Gender
Heredity
Modifiable Diet
Weight Abdominal obesity
Physical Activity
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Inflammatory Disease
such as Diabetes & Rheumatoid
Arthritis
Elevated Homocysteine
Levels
Viral & BacterialInfections
Toxins from Cigarettes andOther Tobacco
Products
HTN
High LDL
Risk Factors forPlaque formation
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Homocysteine Amino acid that results from methionine metabolism
High levels are a marker for CVD
Effects of Homocysteine Leads to arterial damage by increasing clotting and
inflammation
Some evidence shows homocysteine can be reduced through: Folic acid Vitamin B12 Pyridoxine
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Atherosclerosis and Diet
Atherosclerosis Disturbs blood flow
Relationship to dietary fat and lifestyle
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Cholesterol
Food Cholesterol vs. Blood Cholesterol Soft, waxy substance found in the blood and in
your body’s cells. Forms cell membranes, hormone, Vitamin D Produced by the liver of all animals Not an essential nutrient
Liver produces sufficient amount that is needed by the body
Animal Foods Only
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LDL versus HDL Cholesterol LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) “Bad” cholesterol
Dietary Factors
HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) “Good” cholesterol
Dietary & Lifestyle Factors
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Optimal Blood Lipids LDL: Optimal is <100mg/dL
<130 if heart disease risk is low
HDL: Optimal is >60mg/dL >40 for men >50 for women
Triglycerides: <150mg/dL (optimal)
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Triglycerides Three forms:
Food fat, body fat and blood fat
Forms of fatty acids in food: Saturated, Mono-, Poly: Omega-3 & -6
Major source of energy (9 kcal/gram)
Risk Factors for High Blood Triglycerides Diabetes Dietary Influences
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Fatty Acids Various forms of lipids
Even numbered carbon chain Differ in number of
carbons (2-24) Differ in number of
double bonds Differ in degree of
saturation
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Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Monounsaturated Fatty
Acids
Metabolic Impact
Comprised of carbon chain with one double bond
Sources: Olive oil Canola oil Peanut oil Avacado
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Olive Oil Extra Virgin olive oil
(EVOO)
Virgin olive oil
Olive Oil
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PUFAs- Essential Fatty Acids Omega-3 Linolenic Acid (ALA) EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
Food sources
Marine oil supplement (fish oil)
Metabolic impact
Omega-6 Linoleic Acid ARA (arachidonic acid)
Food sources
Metabolic Impact
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Saturated Fatty Acids Saturated Fat Carbon chain fully
hydrogenated
Solid to semi-solid at room temperature
Metabolic Impact
Sources: Animal fats (solid)
Tropical oils (semi-solid)
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Trans- Fatty Acids Trans Fat Hydrogenation
Sources
Dietary Intake
Metabolic Impact
Conjugated- Linoleic Acid (CLA) Naturally occurring trans-fat
Nutrition Facts Panel
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Dietary Fats
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How to Choose Dietary FatsMost Heart Healthy Olive oil Canola oil Peanut oil Non-hydrogenated
margarines Cooking spray Liquid vegetable oil
Least Heart Healthy Shortening Bacon Fat Lard Coconut oil Butter Tallow
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Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes for CAD
Total Fat < 30% of kcals ~66 grams/ day for a 2000 kcal diet
Saturated fat < 10% of kcals w/ normal lipids < 7% of kcals w/ elevated lipids
Dietary Cholesterol < 300 mg w/ normal lipids < 200 mg/ w/ elevated lipids
Trans Fat
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Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes for CAD
Omega-3 fatty acids Supplements vs. Food
Soluble Fiber Sources
Alcohol Red Wine
Added Sugar
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Hypertension “Normal” BP
< 120/80
Borderline HTN 120/80 to 139/89
HTN 140/90
Traditional Therapy Reduce Na
2400 mg/day 1500 mg/day
1 tsp Na = 2400 mg Salt sensitive HTN:
African American Obese Middle-aged and older Diabetes Chronic kidney disease Existing HTN
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DASH Diet Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
Based on a 2000 Kcal diet Grains (Whole) - 7-8 servings per day Vegetables - 4-5 servings per day Fruits - 4-5 servings per day Low-Fat Dairy - 2-3 servings per day Meats/Poultry/Fish - 2 servings per day Nuts, seeds - 4-5 per week
& legumes Fats and Oils - 2-3 servings per day Sweets - < 5 per week
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DASH Diet Nutrient Role in the DASH Diet: Sodium Recommended intake
Calcium
Potassium
Magnesium
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DASH Diet BP Reductions: 12 point reduction in SBP When consuming fruits, vegetables and low fat dairy
Immediate and sustainable
Comparable to monotherapy (ACE inhibitor or Ca channel blocker)
High risk population more responsive
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Heart Failure In heart failure, the heart can not adequately
pump blood to tissues to meet metabolic needs.
Symptoms: fatigue shortness of breath fluid retention
Diseases of the heart lead to HF
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Nutrition Goals
Initial goal of nutrition therapy for HF is managing symptoms of fluid retention, shortness of breath, and fatigue.
Long-term goal is to reduce workload of heart, providing a longer and better quality of life.
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Nutrition Prescription
Adequate Energy to Meet Needs 2 grams Sodium/ Day or Less Fluid Restriction, Typically 1,500 mL /Day Limit Alcohol to 1 Drink/ Day Adjust Texture and Timing of Foods to Allow
Adequate Energy Intake Without Discomfort
American Dietetic Association. www.nutritioncaremanual.org
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Food & Feeding Issues Loss of Appetite D/T Early Sensation of
Satiety SOB Interferes with Adequate Nutrient
Intake Low-Sodium Foods Unfamiliar and
Unpalatable Patient may Seek High-Fluid Foods to
Compensate for Restriction
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Desired Nutrition Related Outcomes
Distinguish High and Low Sources of Sodium
Use Nutrition Labels to Limit Sodium Adapt Recipes to Reduce Sodium Manage Sodium Intake on Special
Occasions
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Desired NutritionOutcomes Continued Use Herbs to Replace Salt in Diet Explain Rationale for Sodium/
Fluid Restriction Weigh Daily to Monitor Fluid
ManagementNeily JB, Toto KH, Gardner EB, Rame JE, Yancy CW, Sheffield MA, Dries DL, DraznerMH. Potential contributing factors to noncompliance with dietary sodium restriction in patientswith heart failure. Am Heart J. 2002;143:29-33.
Kuehneman T, Saulsbury D, Splett P, Chapman DB. Demonstrating the impact of nutrition intervention in a heart failure program. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1790-1794.