Carbon footprint and biosolids treatment
Transcript of Carbon footprint and biosolids treatment
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Carbon footprint and biosolids treatment
Dr Bill Barber
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process generated
vs. supply chain
fossil fuel use vs.
process emissions
manufacture construction
vs. operating
Carbon footprint
Embodied
Operating
+
Indirect
Direct
+
Owned
Influenced
+
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Power (kWhr) Fuel
N2O, CH4
CO2e / kWhr
Emissions
Processing
Indirect Carbon Footprint
Depends on power source
Wind 0.05 Solar 0.02 – 0.04 Nuclear 0.05 Biomass 0.02 – 0.08 Gas 0.20 Coal 0.80 – 1.20
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4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
UK
Po
we
r G
HG
em
issi
on
fac
tor
[kgC
O2
e/k
Wh
r]
Power Emission Factors depend on energy mix
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Power Emission Factors depend on energy mix
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
NSW + ACT VIC QLD SA WA TAS NT UK
Car
bo
n f
oo
tpri
nt
[kg
CO
2/k
Wh
r]
Coal
Gas
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Manufacture Transport
N2O, CH4
Fuel
CO2e CO2e CO2e
Emissions Power
Quantity
Design
Embodied Carbon Footprint
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Aggre
gate
Sand
Soil
Asp
halt
Sto
ne
Pla
ster
Concre
te
Road
Soil-
cem
ent
Hig
h s
trength
Pre
-cast
Bricks
Cla
y
Mort
ar
Pla
sterb
oard
Cla
y p
ipe
Cla
y ti
le
Tim
ber
Bitum
en
Cem
ent
Gla
ss
Hard
board
Port
land …
Paper
Carb
on S
teel
Insu
latio
n
Pla
stic
s
Copper
Pain
t
Sta
inle
ss S
teel
Alu
min
ium
Em
bo
die
d C
arb
on
Fo
otp
rin
t
Embodied Carbon Footprint
Metals complex materials fertilizers
Natural materials
Processed Natural Materials
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Sustainability – Carbon Footprint
Electricity, 77%
Process Emissions,
17%
Transport, 5%
Other, 1%
Pumping +
Aeration
• Biosolids influences all of these parameters
• UK Water industry > 5 million tonnes CO2e
• Only the power industry emits more carbon footprint
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WwTW Transport
N2O, CH4
Biogas
-CO2e
Fuel
CO2e CO2e CO2e CO2e
Emissions Chemicals Power
Carbon Impacts in Biosolids Carbon Footprint of Biosolids
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Land Application
Emissions
N2O, CH4
CO2e
Fertilizer Disp
-CO2e
(Sequestration)
-CO2e
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Landfill
Emissions
CH4
CO2e
Biogas
-CO2e
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+16 CO2e -532 kg CO2e
157 kg CH4
1000 kg
39
1 k
g
609 kg 589 kg
CHP
+168 kg CO2e
+380 kg CO2e
8 kg CH4
138.9
kg C
H4
18.1
kg C
H4
20
kg
8 k
g C
H4
Primary Digestion Open secondary Digestion
Dir
ect a
tmo
sp
he
ric
em
issio
n
Dir
ect a
tmo
sp
he
ric
em
issio
n 649 kWhr
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-704 CO2e -893 kg CO2e
202 kg CH4
1000 kg
50
4 k
g
496 kg
CHP
+189 kg CO2e
193 k
g C
H4
9 k
g C
H4
Primary Digestion Secondary Digestion
Dir
ect a
tmo
sp
he
ric
em
issio
n 1089 kWhr
Pre-treatment
Para
sitic
Dem
and
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Carb
on
Fo
otp
rin
t
Cla
ss A
lim
ing
Raw
Dry
ing
Lim
e +
su
pp
he
at
Ra
w I
ncin
era
tion
No digestion
Th
erm
al h
yd
roly
sis
+ M
AD
Se
rie
s a
cid
ph
ase
+ M
AD
TA
D-M
AD
ATA
D
Pre
-MA
D p
aste
uri
sa
tio
n
Dig
este
d D
ryin
g
Dig
este
d In
cin
era
tio
n
Ad
va
nce
d D
ige
ste
d In
c
With digestion
Carbon Footprint of Class A Biosolids treatment
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Carbon footprint breakdown
Liming Composting TH + MAD
BH + MAD TAD + MAD ATAD
Key: ( Biosolids Transport); ( Land Emissions); ( Chemicals); ( Dewatering); ( Transport Other); ( Power); ( Gas); ( Process Emissions); ( Down Time)
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Carbon footprint breakdown
Liq Past + MAD Raw Drying MAD + Drying
Lime + S H Raw Incineration
MAD + Incineration
Key: ( Biosolids Transport); ( Land Emissions); ( Chemicals); ( Dewatering); ( Transport Other); ( Power); ( Gas); ( Process Emissions); ( Down Time)
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- Australian government reduction target of 5% of 2000 levels by 2020
• 357 million t/CO2 e year
- Currently being measured and reported
- Carbon tax will come in force 1 July 2012
• Will cover 500 worst polluters (approx 60% of the emissions)
• This will include all large water companies
• $ 23 AUD/t carbon dioxide
Rising 2.5% per year
- Will become trade scheme 1 July 2015
Australia
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0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
Hunter Water
Melbourne Water
SA Water SunWater Sydney Water
Water Corp.
Car
bo
n f
oo
tpri
nt
[t C
O2
/yr]
SCOPE 2
SCOPE 1
Carbon Footprint of Australian Water Industry
Data plot using Australian Government NGER 2009/10 data
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0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
Hunter Water
Melbourne Water
SA Water SunWater Sydney Water
Water Corp.
Car
bo
n f
oo
tpri
nt
[t C
O2
/yr]
SCOPE 2
SCOPE 1
Carbon Footprint of Australian Water Industry
Data plot using Australian Government NGER 2009/10 data
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Carbon Footprint of Australian Water Industry
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Normalised (to UK) Carbon Footprint of Australian
Water Industry
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Tightening Legislation
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Tightening Legislation
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Tightening Legislation
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Case Study – New advanced digestion facility
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Option 1 – New raw sludge incineration plant
Main Inputs/Outputs impacting Carbon
Contributing
Sites Dewatering Conveying
Sludge Transport
Power Chemicals
Power Chemicals Start-up Gas Combustion Air
Pre-drying Air provision Waste Heat Recovery Dust Removal Acid gas clean-up Scrubber Effluent Treatment
Power Generation
Waste Sludge Flue gas Ash Transport
Incinerator Plant
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Option 2 – Advanced Digestion with existing incineration
Contributing Sites
Digestion Centre
Dewatering Conveying
Sludge Transport
Power Chemicals
Re-liquification Thickening Thermal Hydrolysis Anaerobic Digestion Liquor Treatment Dewatering Conveying CHP Plant
Power Chemicals Natural Gas
Renewable Energy Generation
Liquid Sludge Pumping
Power Chemicals Start-up Gas Combustion Air
Pre-drying Air provision Waste Heat Recovery Dust Removal Acid gas clean-up Scrubber Effluent Treatment
Power Generation
Waste Sludge
Sludge cake Export
Flue gas Ash Transport
Existing Incinerator Plant
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Weight of Construction Materials
Raw Incinerator Advanced
Digestion
Weig
ht of
Co
nstr
uction
mate
rial
Steel
Concrete
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Embodied Carbon
Raw Incinerator Advanced
Digestion
Em
bo
die
d C
arb
on
(C
O2e
)
Total Concrete (CO2e)
Total Steel (CO2e)
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Factors Contributing to Increasing Operating Carbon
Raw
Incinerator
Advanced
Digestion
Bre
akdow
n o
f carb
on f
ootp
rint
Dewatering at DH
Land Application
Additional pumping to SG
Incinerator chemicals
Incinerator power demand
Ash transport
Downtime
Incinerator emissions
Sludge transport
Dewatering (inc liquor treatment)
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Impacts and benefits on operating carbon
Raw Incinerator Advanced
Digestion
Opera
ting C
arb
on f
ootp
rint
Total
Total Benefits
Biogas production
Energy generation at
incinerator
Fertilizer displacement
Carbon sequestration
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Whole Life Carbon Impact
0 10 20 30 40 50
Cu
mu
lative C
arb
on
Fo
otp
rint
Years in operation
Liming
Raw Incineration
AD
AD delay 5
AD Delay 10
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Summary
- Everything we do has a carbon impact and that also includes biosolids production and processing
- Carbon footprint is made up of:
• embodied and operating
• Indirect and Direct
• Owned and influenced emissions
- Choice of technology has large impact on carbon footprint of biosolids options
- Anaerobic digestion is very influential
• Renewable energy generation
• Reduces biosolids for further processing
• Can improve dewatering so reducing transport
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44,8
70 (
Raw
Incin
era
tion)
52,230
Transport
8,640
Fuel
CO2e
Incineration
37,370
CO2e
Pow
er
Chem
icals
M
anufa
ctu
re
Em
issio
ns
N2O
Dow
ntim
e
CH
4 +
N2O
Ash
T
ransport
Gas
Dewatering
CO2e
Poly
mer
Pow
er
Manufa
ctu
re
6,220
Power Generation
CO2e
Avoided Power
7,360
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29,3
00 (
Option 1
– E
xis
ting)
Dewatering
CO2e
Poly
mer
Po
we
r
Manufa
ctu
re
6,500
Lime Addition
Lime Manufacture
CO2e
CO
2
Pow
er
5,600
Transport
Fuel
CO2e
11,300
Field Application
GHG Emissions
CO2e
N2O
CH
4
16,800
Fertiliser Manufacture
CO2e
Avoided Power
10,850
40,200 29,3
00 (
Option 1
– E
xis
ting)
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Advanced Digestion Carbon Footprint
1. Impact on existing digestion plant
2. Impact at existing incineration facility processing additional sludge
3. Recycling of additional Class A biosolids
4. Additional transport (double-handling)
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652 (Existing Digestion)
–26,282 (New Digestion) –
26,934 (Reduction at Existing Digestion) =
SBAP – Impact at Davyhulme Impact on existing digestion plant
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10,778 (Contributory land application)
1,969 (Beneficial land application) –
8,809 (Additional land application) =
Additional land application emissions
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10,778 (Contributory incineration)
1,969 (Beneficial incineration) –
8,809 (Additional Incineration) =
Impact on existing incineration plant
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-26,934 (Reduction at existing digestion)
3,829 (Additional land application) +
8,809 (Additional Incineration) +
–2,888 (Advanced Digestion Total) =
11,408 (Additional Transport) +
Total for Advanced Digestion Option