CARBON COMPOUNDS:THE ESSENTIAL NOTESBiology 9 – October 2010

The next Month (or so) at a Glance: Biochemistry, The Power of Enzymes, and Digestion

We will be answering these questions: 

What’s in this Hamburger? How do we get the stuff that’s in it, out? What happens to this stuff as we get it out? Why do we need this stuff?

By the end of this unit, you should be able to… Explain why we need carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Explain how we extract these nutrients from food Explain how an enzyme’s structure fits its function Explain how structures in the digestive system fit their function Explain why enzymes are essential to digestion Exhibit basic lab safety skills in the McMush & Enzyme LabsObjectives for Class:1. Given an example of a food, identify the sources of carbohydrates, lipids,

and proteins.2. Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

CARBOHYDRATES

(simple = sugars)

(complex =starch or

fiber)

FATS/LIPIDS PROTEINS

Fruit (simple carb + fiber)Rice (complex – starch)Pasta (starch)Bread (starch)Flour (starch)CrackersCerealCookiesVegetables (fiber + starch)

ButterOilAnimal Skin/Fat (lard)

ChickenFishEggsBeefBeansSeedsNutsSoyDairy ( milk, cheese, yogurt)

Identifying the Carbon Compounds in this Hamburger

Ketchup = Mostly Carbohydrate (simple sugar from Corn Syrup) Hamburger

Meat = Lipids and Proteins

Cheese = Mostly Proteins and Lipids

Lettuce and Tomato = Carbohydrate (Fiber)

Bun = Carbohydrate (Complex Carb from Starch)

Objectives for Class:1. Given an example of a food, identify the sources of carbohydrates, lipids,

and proteins.2. Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Carbon Compounds:The Molecules of Living Things

Answer in your notebook w/ a title: Why do you think these are called CARBON

compounds? Write some reasons in your notebook.

Let’s get a sense of scale: How Do Molecules & Atoms Relate to Cells?

Zoom In

Zoom in…

A Single Organelle (chloroplast) in the CellPLANT CELLS

A Single Molecule inside the Organelle (chlorophyll)

Atoms come together to make up molecules

Zoom in a lot more…

What elements do you see in the atoms that make up this molecule?

Six Common Elements in Living Things:

Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S)

CHNOPS

Objectives for Class: Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

Carbon: The “Swiss Army Knife” Element of Life

More versatile than any other element! Can bond with itself and many other elements Forms millions of large molecules

Monomer – a single, building-block molecule based on carbon

Polymer (a.k.a. Macromolecule)– “Many monomers” a long chain of monomers bonded together to form one huge molecule

Objectives for Class: Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

4 Types of Carbon-Based Compounds:

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

All contain C, H, O and sometimes N, P, S.

Each type is made of monomers that connect to form polymers.IMPORTANT NOTE: Each type is separate – not made of each other! Lipids are not made of carbs!Objectives for Class:

Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

Carbohydrates contain C-H2OSimple sugars Monosaccharide = one sugar

Ex: glucose, fructose Disaccharide = double sugar

Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose Used as an immediate energy

source(for cell respiration to make ATP)

Foods: sugar, fruit, candy, juice, sodaObjectives for Class: Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

Carbohydrates (cont)

Complex sugars Polysaccharide = many sugars

Starch – used for long-term energy storageFoods: grains, root vegetables (bread, pasta, cereal, rice, corn, potatoes)

Fiber – can’t give energy but helps our digestive systems Found in plant cell walls

Foods: fruits, vegetables, whole grains (lettuce, celery, whole wheat)

Objectives for Class: Identify the 6 key elements found in living things Explain how monomers and polymers relate to each other Identify examples of foods that contain carbohydrates Identify two key functions of carbohydrates in food

Examples: Fats, oils, cholesterol, waxes

Characteristics: Made of fatty acids and

glycerol Do not dissolve in water (repel

water) Uses in the Body:

Long-term ENERGY storage Cell membranes Waterproofing

Foods: Oils (from nuts, seeds, fish, cheese, meat), butter, lard.

Lipids contain mostly C and H

Objectives for Class: Identify examples of foods that contain lipids Identify two key functions of lipids Describe the monomers and polymers of lipids

Mad carbons = Mad Energy

(aka – mad calories)

Have thousands of different uses!Proteins can be… Enzymes (control chemical reactions) Hormones (ex: insulin) Transporters

in cell membranes in blood cells (hemoglobin)

Body structures (hair, muscle, skin, bone) Immune system (fight diseases)

Proteins contain C, H, O, N and some S

Objectives for Class: Identify examples of foods that contain proteins Identify two key functions of proteins Describe the monomers and polymers of proteins

Proteins are made of: Amino acids

(monomers) There are 20 different

amino acids (different R’s)

Thousands of A.A.’s connect in any possible order to form long chains this makes thousands of different possible proteins

How can there be so many Different Proteins?

Objectives for Class: Identify examples of foods that contain proteins Identify two key functions of proteins Describe the monomers and polymers of proteins

Most animal products such as Meat & fish Eggs Milk, yogurt, cheese

Beans and nuts (especially when eaten in combination with complex carbs)

What Foods Contain Proteins?

Objectives for Class: Identify examples of foods that contain proteins Identify two key functions of proteins Describe the monomers and polymers of proteins