Carbon Compounds. Functional Groups -CH 3 -OH -NH 2 -PO 3.
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Transcript of Carbon Compounds. Functional Groups -CH 3 -OH -NH 2 -PO 3.
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Carbon Compounds
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Carbon Compounds
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Functional Groups
• -CH3
• -OH
• -NH2
• -PO3
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Carbon Compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
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Building Larger Molecules
• Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis)
OH-C-C-C-OH OH-C-C-C-OH
Monomers
OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH
+
H2O
Polymer
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Breaking Down Large Molecules
• Hydrolysis
OH-C-C-C-OH OH-C-C-C-OHMonomers
OH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-OH+
H2O
Polymer
(ENZYMES)
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Monomers & Polymers
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Carbohydrates• Short-term energy-storage
• Some structural
• Bigger molecules = more energy!– (energy is stored in bonds)
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Carbohydrates• Sugars – saccharides.• Monosaccharides (monomers)
– Simple sugars– Glucose, Fructose
• Disaccharides (simple polymers)– Two monomers combined– Sucrose, Lactose
• Polysaccharides (complex polymers)– Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
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Lipids
• Long-term energy-storage (reserves).– Bigger molecules = more energy!
• Membrane structure
• Hormones
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Lipids
• With Fatty Acids• Glycerides• Phospholipids• Waxes
• Without Fatty Acids• Steroids
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Lipids with Fatty Acids
1. Glycerides = Fats & Oils
Glycerol + 1, 2, or 3 fatty acid chains.– Monoglycerides– Diglycerides– Triglycerides
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Lipids with Fatty Acids
1. Glycerides– Saturated vs Unsaturated
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Lipids with Fatty Acids
2. Phospholipids– Membranes – “phospholipid bilayer”
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Lipids with Fatty Acids3. Waxes
– VERY hydrophobic molecules– Water repellent
• Protection from water gain and loss
Bees Wax
Ear Wax (Squalene)
Plant wax (Ursolic acid)
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Lipids without Fatty Acids
1. Steroids – 4 carbon rings• Hormones, Vitamin D
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Proteins• Structural
• Membrane Function
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Antibodies/Antigens
• Energy (as a last resort)
Proteins get things done!
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Amino Acids
(Acid group)
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Peptide Bond
• Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Acid group Amino group
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“Polypeptide” formation
• Primary (1o) Structure
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PolypeptideChain
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Polypeptide Folding & Spiraling
• Secondary (2o) Structure
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Polypeptide 3-D Shape
• Tertiary (3o) Structure– Covalent Bonds– Ionic Bonds– Disulfide Bonds– Hydrogen Bonds– Van der Waals
Interactions
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Polypeptide 3-D Shape
• Conformation
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Multiple Polypeptides
• Quaternary (4o) Structure
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Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides = monomers– 5-carbon sugar– N-base– Phosphate
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Nucleic Acids• DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
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Nucleic Acids
• ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate