Carbon Capture Technologies:What Lies Ahead

Elaine Chan, Research Analyst

Energy and Power Systems, Technical Insights

23 July 2008

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Focus Points

• Technology snapshot

• Drivers and challenges for carbon capture technologies

• Emerging trends and key issues

• Key developments and R&D initiatives

• Technology roadmap

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Carbon Capture Technologies

• Carbon capture and storage (CCS) system – Capturing carbon

dioxide from source and permanent storage.

• Carbon capture systems

• Pre – combustion capture

• Post – combustion capture

• Oxy – combustion capture

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Major Challenges for Carbon Capture Technologies

Challenges of

Carbon Capture Technologies

Challenges of

Carbon Capture Technologies

High Costs

Carbon Transport

and Storage

Lack of Regulations

and

Government Support

Demonstration

of Technology Readiness

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Major Drivers for Carbon Capture Technologies

Drivers of

Carbon Capture Technologies

Drivers of

Carbon Capture Technologies

Economic

Returns

Concerns

over Climate Change

Policies,

Regulations and Financial Support

Efficiencies of Pulverized coal

or IGCC Technology

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Emerging Trends

• No clear winner in capture technologies yet.

• Significant reduction of CO2 emissions is dependant on the

adherence to CO2 mitigation policies by large developed and developing economies.

• European Union seems to be leading in

CCS efforts.

• Participation from the United States in

crucial.

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PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES

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• Remove carbon content in fuel and produce hydrogen.

• Gas separation methods:

• Conventional physical solvents (i.e. Selexol and Rectisol)

• Membrane separation technologies

• Adsorption

• High concentration and partial pressure of CO2 produced.

• Applications in power industry - IGCC and NGCC.

Technology Snapshot

Gasification / partial

oxidation

Water - gas -shift reactor

Syngas(CO/H2) CO2/H2 Gas

separation

CO2

H2

Steam

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Current Issues and Trends

• Challenge: Development of IGCC

• Key technical issues to overcome:

• Increase reliability

• Lower capital and operational costs

• Lower energy consumption to reduce loss of lower heating value of the synthesis gas

• U.S. Department of Energy: Restructuring of FutureGen in January

2008 delays demonstration of pre-combustion capture technologies.

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Key Developments and R&D

• Most developments in pre-combustion technologies are in research

phase.

• DYNAMIS, Hy2Seps, ENCAP, DECARBit.

• Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS) - Air Products, UK

and Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)

• Calcium Oxide and Magnesium Calcite Sorbents - Southern Illinois

University in U.S.

• Chemical Looping - Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden

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POST-COMBUSTION CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES

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Technology Snapshot

• Separation of CO2 from the flue gas produced from the

combustion process.

• Ability to retrofit onto existing pulverized coal-fired plants.

• Three methods:

• Absorption

• Adsorption

• Membrane process

• Benchmark technology: Commercial process amine absorption using monoethanolamine (MEA).

• Applications: Natural gas industry, pulverized coal power plants,cement plants, and iron and steel mills.

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Current Issues and Trends

• Challenges:

• Low concentration and partial pressure of

CO2 in flue gas

• Large volumes of flue gas

• Scaling-up

• Developments focused on:

• Lowering energy requirement for absorbent regeneration and CO2 compression;

• Robust absorbents or membranes;

• Reduce footprint of capture system.

• Amine absorption is best available technology.

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Key Developments & R&D

• CESAR project in Europe.

• Ionic liquids - University of Notre Dame, U.S.

• Zeolite imidazolate frameworks - University of California at Los Angeles.

• Converting CO2 into cyclic carbonates - University of Newcastle upon

Tyne in UK.

• High permeability CO2 membranes – Membrane Technology and

Research Inc., U.S.

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Technology Roadmap CCS

• Proof-of-concept

• R&D for optimal solutions

20202020

20152015

20082008

20302030

• Commercial plants with CCS in developed countries

• Innovative concepts

• R&D & conceptual investigations

• Planning for proof-of-concept

• Mature technologies preferred

• Power plants with CCS begins to go global

Source: Frost & Sullivan

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Key Findings & Conclusion

• CCS technologies needs to be developed now.

• Components of CCS that needs to be developed:

• Advancement in capture technologies;

• Advancement of power plant technologies (i.e. high efficiency

power plant);

• Integration of capture, transport and storage.

• Accelerated roll-out of CO2 capture technology

needs a high carbon price, carbon tax, financial

incentives, and regulatory framework.

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