What Is Carbon ? CARBON is the chemical element with symbol C and

atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is

nonmetallic and tetravalent—making

four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes,

with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive.

Carbon And Its Compounds

Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are: The number of

carbon atoms How the atoms are arranged:

1. Straight chain2. Branched chain.

3. Ring Or Cyclic

SATURATED UNSATURATEDHYDROCARBON

HYDROCARBON A Hydrocarbon is an organic compound

that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon. In a saturated hydrocarbon, all the bonds are single bonds . Alkane is another name for a

saturated hydrocarbon.

A hydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in methane or thousands of

carbon atoms, as in cellulose.

Carbon has an ability to form branches with other carbon atoms. Simple

branched alkenes often have a common name using a prefix to distinguish them

from linear alkanes, for example n-pentane, isopentane, and

neopentane.IUPAC naming conventions can be used to produce a systematic

name.

Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, known as allotropes of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the elements atoms are bonded together in a

different manner. For Example -- GRAPHITE DIAMOND FULLERENE

 This is also a form of carbon allotrope. The first one to be identified was C-60 which has carbon arranged in the shape of a

football. As it resembled to the geodesic dome designed by US architect

Buckminster Fuller ,So the molecule was named fullerene.

In diamond, each carbon atom is tetra headedly attached to four other

carbon atoms forming a rigid three dimensional structure . Thus it is the

hardest substance known. In organic chemistry, functional groups

are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the

characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional

group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s)

regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.

 Some important carbon compounds :- a) ETHANOL :- C2H5OH - Ethyl alcohol

Properties :- I ) Ethanol is a colorless liquid with a pleasant smell and burning taste. ii) It is soluble in water. iii) Ethanol

reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen. 2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 iv) Ethanol reacts with

hot conc. H2SO4 to form ethene and water. Conc. H2SO4 is a dehydrating

agent and removes water from ethanol. conc. H2SO4 C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O

Uses :- I ) Ethanol is used for making alcoholic drinks. ii) It is used as a

solvent.

b) ETHANOIC ACID :- CH3COOH – Acetic acid Properties :- I ) Ethanoic acid is a

colorless liquid with a pungent smell and sour taste. ii) It is soluble in water. iii) A

solution of 5% to 8% ethanoic acid in water is called Vinegar. iv)

Esterification :- Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form the ester ethyl

ethanoate in the presence of conc.

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