Carbohydrates-sugars Made of C, H,O Carb = Carbon hydrate = water Carbohydrate = carbon + water...
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Transcript of Carbohydrates-sugars Made of C, H,O Carb = Carbon hydrate = water Carbohydrate = carbon + water...
![Page 1: Carbohydrates-sugars Made of C, H,O Carb = Carbon hydrate = water Carbohydrate = carbon + water general formula = C H 2 O 1-2-1 ratio of C to H to O ribose.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081513/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8867/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Carbohydrates-sugars Made of C, H,O Carb = Carbon hydrate = water Carbohydrate = carbon + water general formula = C H 2 O 1-2-1 ratio of C to H to O ribose.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081513/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8867/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Carbohydrates-sugarsMade of C, H,OCarb = Carbon hydrate = water Carbohydrate =
carbon + water general formula = C H2O 1-2-1 ratio of C to H to O
ribose C5H10O5
glucose C6H12O6
sucrose C12H22O11
many carbohydrate names end in -ose
![Page 3: Carbohydrates-sugars Made of C, H,O Carb = Carbon hydrate = water Carbohydrate = carbon + water general formula = C H 2 O 1-2-1 ratio of C to H to O ribose.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081513/5697bfec1a28abf838cb8867/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
More carbohydrate basicsMonomer: monosaccharide – one sugarFunctions of carbohydrates:
Energy for metabolism (glucose)Short term energy storage (glycogen/starch)Structure: plants – cell wall animals –
exoskeletonSource of carbon for other moleculesCell surface markers – cell identification
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Monosaccharide: Simple SugarsMonosaccharides like glucose are the main
source of energy in living things
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Disaccharides - 2 sugars2 monosaccharides linked together by
dehydration synthesis - form a glycosidic bond Examples: Sucrose – Table Sugar
glucose + fructose Lactose – Milk Sugar glucose + galactose
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Polysaccharides-Many SugarsPolysaccharides are polymers composed of
large numbers of monosaccharides. - the monosaccharides are joined by
dehydration synthesis Used for short term energy storage and structure
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Energy Storage PolysaccharidesStarch
polymer made up of glucose monomers
Stores glucose in plants
Chloroplast Starch
1 m
Starch: a plant polysaccharide
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GlycogenPolymer of glucose monomersIs the major storage form of glucose in animalsStored in liver and muscleMore highly branched than starch – contains more stored energy
Mitochondria Glycogen granules
0.5 m
Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
Glycogen
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Starch and Glycogen are Easily Broken Apart by HydrolysisAllows the stored glucose to be easily used
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Structural PolysaccharidesCellulose
Is a polymer of glucose – connected in a straight unbranched chain
Multiple strands of cellulose are held together by hydrogen bonds – makes a rigid structure
Is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
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Plant cells
0.5 m
Cell walls
Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall
Microfibril
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH
OH
OO
OHO
CH2OHO
OOH
OCH2OH OH
OH OHO
O
CH2OH
OO
OH
CH2OH
OO
OH
O
O
CH2OHOH
CH2OHOHOOH OH OH OH
O
OH OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
OHO
OH CH2OH
OO
OH CH2OH
OH
Glucose monomer
O
O
O
O
O
O
Parallel cellulose molecules areheld together by hydrogenbonds between hydroxyl
groups attached to carbonatoms 3 and 6.
About 80 cellulosemolecules associate
to form a microfibril, themain architectural unitof the plant cell wall.
A cellulose moleculeis an unbranched glucose polymer.
OH
OH
O
OOH
Cellulosemolecules
Figure 5.8
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Cellulose is difficult to digestAnimals can’t break the bonds between the
glucose molecules –dietary fiberAnimals that eat plants have bacteria in their
stomachs that can break the bonds of cellulose- allow their hosts to digest plants
Figure 5.9
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Chitin, another important structural polysaccharide Is a polymer of a form of glucose with
an attached functional groupIs found in the exoskeleton of
arthropods
Figure 5.10 A–C
(a) The structure of the chitin monomer.
O
CH2OH
OHHH OH
H
NH
CCH3
O
H
H
(b) Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emergingin adult form.
(c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical
thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.
OH
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Other Uses for CarbohydratesCell surface markers – carbohydrates
attached to parts on the cell membrane where they act to identify the cell
ABO blood groups are identified by carbohydrates on their surface