CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Give me a “C”, Give me an Give me a “C”, Give me an “H”, Give me an “N”, Give me “H”, Give me an “N”, Give me an “O”, Give me a “P”, Give an “O”, Give me a “P”, Give

me an “S”, me an “S”, What does it spell??? What does it spell???

CHNOPS!!!!CHNOPS!!!!*That was for Julie who is our *That was for Julie who is our

lovely 1lovely 1stst period period cheerleader!!!cheerleader!!!

General InfoGeneral InfoMost compounds made by Most compounds made by organisms contain the organisms contain the element carbon and are element carbon and are organic.organic.The macromolecules of The macromolecules of carbohydrates, lipids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids proteins, and nucleic acids are built from the elements of are built from the elements of CHNOPSCHNOPS. .

Monomers vs. PolymersMonomers vs. Polymers

A monomer is a molecule that is able A monomer is a molecule that is able to bond in long chains.to bond in long chains.Here is a monomer:      Here is a monomer:     

Here is a polymer:      Here is a polymer:     

                                             

•Most organic molecules are constructed of

basic units called monomers that repeat

over and over again.

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration SynthesisWhen When 2 monomers unite 2 monomers unite it it releases 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 releases 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom (Hoxygen atom (H22O)O)To dehydrate the molecule means you are To dehydrate the molecule means you are pulling waterpulling water (a.k.a. “wah wah”) (a.k.a. “wah wah”) outout of it of it

This process is called This process is called dehydrationdehydration synthesissynthesis (or (or condensation).condensation).

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis

When many monomers unite they When many monomers unite they form a larger molecule called a form a larger molecule called a polymerpolymer

www.google.comwww.google.com shows examples of shows examples of dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis

Breaking up a Polymer-HydrolysisBreaking up a Polymer-Hydrolysis

A A polymer is broken uppolymer is broken up when when waterwater is is addedadded back into the back into the process called hydrolysisprocess called hydrolysis

www.google.comwww.google.com shows examples of shows examples of hydrolysishydrolysis

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates –our second –our second organic macromoleculeorganic macromolecule

Contain elements C,H,OContain elements C,H,O Monosaccharide Monosaccharide sugars sugars ((mono mono means “one” & means “one” & saccharide saccharide means “sugar”)means “sugar”)

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesex. ex. glucose Cglucose C66HH1212OO66

Glucose is found as a straight Glucose is found as a straight chain or ring form (linked by chain or ring form (linked by covalent bonds)covalent bonds)Glucose is the sugar in human Glucose is the sugar in human bloodstream and it provides bloodstream and it provides quick energyquick energy

Monosaccharides (cont.)Monosaccharides (cont.)

other types are fructose (found in fruit) other types are fructose (found in fruit) and galactose (found in milk)and galactose (found in milk)

Glucose, fructose, & galactose are all Glucose, fructose, & galactose are all isomers and have the formula Cisomers and have the formula C66HH1212OO66

fructosegalactose

Disaccharides Disaccharides

You gonna die!!! Just joking, prefix You gonna die!!! Just joking, prefix “di” means 2.“di” means 2.

Disaccharide Disaccharide sugars-link 2 sugars-link 2 monosaccharides together by monosaccharides together by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis

fyi: types are sucrose (table sugar), fyi: types are sucrose (table sugar), maltose (found in malted milk balls), maltose (found in malted milk balls), and lactose (found in milk)and lactose (found in milk)

Formation of disaccharidesFormation of disaccharides

Formation of disaccharide Formation of disaccharide from combining 2 from combining 2 monosaccharides (do monosaccharides (do dehydration synthesis and dehydration synthesis and release water)release water)

Formation of disaccharide sucrose Formation of disaccharide sucrose by doing dehydration synthesisby doing dehydration synthesis

Sucrose

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesPolysaccharidePolysaccharide sugars-made of 100’s to sugars-made of 100’s to 1000’s of 1000’s of glucose monomerglucose monomer units linked units linked by dehydration synthesisby dehydration synthesisEx. Starch Ex. Starch i. main energy storage for i. main energy storage for

plants plants ii. found in cereals, pastas, riceii. found in cereals, pastas, ricefyi: other types are glycogen, cellulose, & fyi: other types are glycogen, cellulose, & chitinchitingeneral sources of carbohydrates-grains, general sources of carbohydrates-grains, rice, breads, fruits, rice, breads, fruits, vegetables, potatoes, sweets (60 % of vegetables, potatoes, sweets (60 % of daily calorie intake)daily calorie intake)

Formation of polysaccharidesFormation of polysaccharidesFormation of polysaccharide is made Formation of polysaccharide is made by linking together hundreds of by linking together hundreds of monosaccharides (do dehydration monosaccharides (do dehydration synthesis and release water)synthesis and release water)

Examples of polysaccharidesExamples of polysaccharidesThe polysaccharide called The polysaccharide called cellulose is formed from a chain cellulose is formed from a chain of glucose molecules (by doing of glucose molecules (by doing dehydration synthesis and dehydration synthesis and pulling out water)pulling out water)

Other polysaccharidesOther polysaccharides

Ex. Glycogen- has more branching of Ex. Glycogen- has more branching of glucose moleculesglucose molecules

More polysaccharidesMore polysaccharidesEx. Chitin- the “c” is pronounced like Ex. Chitin- the “c” is pronounced like a “k”, not like an “s” (ha! ha!)a “k”, not like an “s” (ha! ha!)

Chitin gives arthropods their hard Chitin gives arthropods their hard exoskeletonexoskeleton

ChitinChitin