CAPTURE AND CULTURE OF BLUE SWIMMING CRAB …policy formulation to further develop the blue swimming...
Transcript of CAPTURE AND CULTURE OF BLUE SWIMMING CRAB …policy formulation to further develop the blue swimming...
114 วารสารชมชนวจย ปท 11 ฉบบท 2 (พฤษภาคม - สงหาคม 2560)
บทคดยอ งานวจยครงนมวตถประสงคเพอศกษาการเปลยนแปลงการผลตและการตลาดของการท�าประมงปมา
ทผานมาและการพฒนาอตสาหกรรมในการเลยงปมาประชาการและกลมตวอยางไดแกเกษตรกรผเลยงปมา
ในจงหวดสมทรสาครและจงหวดสราษฎรธานจ�านวน5ฟารมเกบขอมลแบบเฉพาะเจาะจงใชการสมภาษณ
เชงลกเปนขอมลระหวางป 2545-2555 เครองมอทใชคอการวเคราะหตนทนและผลตอบแทน (Cost and
benefits)และขอมลทตยภมระหวางป2533-2555เพอใชในการวเคราะหเชงพรรณนาพบวาปรมาณการจบ
ปมาในประเทศไทยประมาณ 14% เปนผผลตรายใหญล�าดบท 3 ในอาวไทยปรมาณปมาทจบไดลดลงจาก
30,402ตนในปพ.ศ.2533เปน24,741ตนในปพ.ศ.2555เนองจากไมมการควบคมเครองมอการท�าประมง
ปมาเชนขนาดตาของอวนและลอบปซงเปนเครองมอหลกในการท�าประมงปมาอาจจะน�าไปสการใชประโยชน
เกนขนาดของการท�าประมงปมา ดานการเลยงปมาในพนท 5 ไรตอรอบการผลต ปรมาณการผลตทงหมด
เทากบ2,700กโลกรมราคาของปมาทเลยงประมาณ80บาทตอกโลกรมส�าหรบขนาด10-12ตวตอกโลกรม
รายไดรวมทงหมดเทากบ 216,000 บาท ตนทนรวมเทากบ 143,070 บาท และไดรบก�าไรสทธเทากบ
72,930บาทในปพ.ศ.2555ปรมาณการเลยงปมาทพบแค35.2ตนในพนทการเลยง44ไรมการสงออกป
ไปในตลาดสหรฐอเมรกาซงมมลคาสงสด ระบบการตลาดทผานมามชองทางการจ�าหนายจากชาวประมงปมา
ไปยงผสงออกอยางไรกตามการเพมขนของความตองการการบรโภคปมาเปนทชวดในดานราคาปมาทแพงขน
ส�าหรบตลาดในประเทศและการใชประโยชนเกนขนาดของทรพยากรปมาสงผลใหการเลยงปมาไดรบความสนใจ
จากชาวประมง และเปนปจจยหลกในการสนบสนน สงเสรมใหมการเลยงปมาตลอดจนภาคอตสาหกรรม
ทจะสามารถเพมความตองการปมาในกระบวนการแปรรปการผลตผลการศกษาครงนสามารถใชเปนแนวทาง
ในการก�าหนดนโยบายและการจดการของการท�าประมงปมาตอไป
ค�ำส�ำคญ:การจบ,การเลยง,ปมา
การจบและการเพาะเลยงปมาในอาวไทยCAPTURE AND CULTURE OF BLUE SWIMMING CRAB
FISHERIES IN THAILAND
เบญจวรรณ คงขนBENJAWAN KHONGKHON
เรองไร โตกฤษณะRUANGRAI TOKRISNA
เพญพร เจนกำรกจPENPRON JANKARNKIJ
มหำวทยำลยเกษตรศำสตร
KASETSART UNIVERSITY
กรงเทพมหำนคร
BANGKOK
115 NRRU Community Research Journal Vol.11 No.2 (May - August 2017)
ABSTRACT Thisstudywasconductedtodescribechangesinproductionandmarketingofblue
swimmingcrabfisheryinThailandovertheperiodandhighlightrecentdevelopmentinthe
industryinparticularthecultureofblueswimmingcrab.Samplesofthisstudywerefarmers
from5farmswhoraiseblueswimmingcrab inSamutSakhonandSuratThani.Datawere
specificallycollectedbyin-depthinterviewsregardingthedatafrom2002-2012.Thetoolsof
this studywere Cost-benefit Analysis and Secondary data from1990-2012 for descriptive
analysis.TheglobalcaptureproductionoftheblueswimmingcrabinThailandcontributed
14%landingmakingitthethirdlargestproducer. IntheGulfofThailand,quantityofblue
swimmingcrabcaughthadbeendeclinedfrom30,402tonsin1990to24,741tonsin2012.
Therewasnoregulationforfishinggearofblueswimmingcrabfisherytolimitmeshsizeof
gillnetandcrabtrapwhichwerethemain fishinggearsofblueswimmingcrab.Thiswas
probablyduetotheover-exploitationofblueswimmingcrabs.Blueswimmingcrabpond
culture for 5 rai/cropwas totally 2,700 kg harvest. Price of blue swimming culturewas
80baht/kgforaveragesizeof10-12crab/kg,totalrevenuewas216,000baht,totalcostwas
143,070bahtandnetbenefitwas72,930baht.In2012,quantityofblueswimmingcrabculture
wasfoundat35.2tonswithculturearea44rai.Ahigh-valuecrabexport includedUnited
Statesmarket. Themarketing system passes through a number of channels from blue
swimming crab fishers and farmers toexporters.However, increaseddemand in theblue
swimmingcrabconsumptionwasalsoreportedasaproblemindicatingtheexpansiveprices
in the domesticmarket and over-exploitation of blue swimming crab stocks. There is a
growing interest among farmers for blue swimming crab culture. Themain factor for
promotingthecultureofblueswimmingcrabsandtheindustryistheincreasingdemandfor
blueswimmingcrabintheprocessingfactory.Theresultsofthestudycanbeusedforpolicy
implicationregardingblueswimmingcrabfisheryandmanagement.
Keywords:Capture,Culture,blueswimmingcrab
INTRODUCTION InThailand,blueswimmingcrabs(Portunuspelagicus)werefoundalongthecoastsof
theAndamanSeaandtheGulfofThailand.About89%ofthecatchesfromtheGulfofThailand
(DepartmentofFisheries,2012).Theblueswimmingcrabhashighvalueandincreasingdemand.
Itisusedfordirectconsumptionandusedasarawmaterialintheindustry’sprocessing.The
localassemblymarketscollectedblueswimmingcrabs fromfish landingandfurthersold
themtothelocalmarketsormerchantsinordertodelivertoterminalmarkets.Localmarkets
arelocatedincommercialareasofeachprovincewhereconsumersboughtblueswimming
crabs;livingones,frozenones,saltedones,andcrabmeats.
116 วารสารชมชนวจย ปท 11 ฉบบท 2 (พฤษภาคม - สงหาคม 2560)
Thailandhasbeenexportingblue swimmingcrabproducts to foreigncountries.An
annualreportfromtheDepartmentofFisheries,indicatedthat,in2012,theexportvalueof
crabproductswasat2,435millionbaht,61%wasinairtightcontainers,22%wasfreshchilled
orfrozen,12%waspreparedorpreserved,andtherest5%wassteamedboiledsalteddried
orsmoked.
Thelandingsofblueswimmingcrabobtainedhadbeendecreasedenormouslyduring
1990-2010.AccordingtoDepartmentofFisheries(2012),in1990,thecatchwas30,402tons,
comparedto14,262tons in2010.Thiswasprobablyduetotheover-exploitationofblue
swimmingcrabs.ThemainfishinggearofblueswimmingcrabintheGulfofThailandwere
crabgillnet,crabtrap,otterboardtrawl,andpushnet.Therewerefewregulationsonmesh
sizecontrolforcrabgillnetsresultinginsignificantbycatchandthecatchofjuvenilecrabs
(Songraketal.,2013).
Thedroppednumberofblueswimmingcrabisbelievedtobeconsequencesofvarious
problems such as overharvesting by efficient fishing gear, destruction of nursery habitat,
harvesting ovigerous females and inefficient crabmanagement. This has resulted in
overexploitationof blue swimming crabs andwas illustratedby a steadydecline in crab
catchesinThailandwithanannualaveragereductionincatchesof-7.5%(Fishstat,2011).
Therefore,thecultureofblueswimmingcrabwasconsideredasthewaytoincrease
theproductionofblueswimmingcrabthatwouldsolvetheproblemsregardingcatchingblue
swimmingcrabfromthesea(Tiensongrasamee,2004).Supplyofculturedblueswimmingcrab
hasadirectimpactonitsprice.Animportantconsiderationisherebythatasblueswimming
crabdemandincreases,openaccesscapturefisheriesareinevitablydriventoover-exploitation
ofblueswimmingcrabstocks.Thiswillbetamperedbyproductionfromculturesuchthat
bothstocksizes forcaptureand,thustotalharvestwillbehigherthan intheabsenceof
culturecondition.
Thisstudyisaimedtodescribechangesinproductionandmarketingofblueswimming
crabfisheryinThailandovertheperiodandhighlightrecentdevelopmentintheindustry.This
mayrepresenthowtoreducepressureonblueswimmingcrabfisheries.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE Thisstudyistodescribechangesinproductionandmarketingofblueswimmingcrab
fisheryinThailandovertheperiodandhighlightrecentdevelopmentinthecultureofblue
swimmingindustryinparticular.
117 NRRU Community Research Journal Vol.11 No.2 (May - August 2017)
EXPECTED BENEFIT Theexpectedoutcomeofthestudyisanassessmentonthecultureandcaptureofblue swimmingcrab fisheries inThailand.Theoutcomewouldprovideauseful guide forpolicyformulationtofurtherdeveloptheblueswimmingcrabfisheriessector.Thedemandandsupply isexpectedtohelppolicy-makers indecisionmaking forblueswimmingcrabsector.Thegovernmentcanformulatekeypoliciestosupportfarmersincontrollingquantityandqualityaswellasregulationsand,also,couldpromoteandprovidetheinformationontheseissuestoconsumers.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Study site and source of data ThestudyareasandlandingplacesforthesamplingofblueswimmingcrabsintheGulfofThailandcover13provincesandaredivided into3coastal zones; Eastern,UpperandWesternGulfofThailand.Theconclusionsofthispaperarebasedonsurveyingresults,aswellasinformationcollectedfromsomepublishedreports,papersandsomeofficialdocu-mentsandreviewstheexistinginformationofthedifferentaspectsoftheblueswimmingcrabmarketingsysteminThailand. Sampling and data collection Thestudyusedbothprimaryandsecondarydata.Secondarydataaretakenfromtherelateddocumentsandstatisticsoftheblueswimmingcrabfishing.ThedatafortheblueswimmingcrabcatchesintheGulfofThailandwerecollectedoverthe1990–2012periodand2002-2012forblueswimmingcrabculturearea.ThedatawerecollectedfromFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),FisheryInformationTechnologyCenter,DepartmentofFisheries(DOF),andCustomsDepartment. Primarydataincludingquestionnairesandstructuredinterviewswiththeoperationsofblueswimmingcrabculture.DatawerecollectedbyIn-depthinterviewsin5farmsinSamutSakhonandSuratThani.The interviewswere focusedon theculture systemandexistingmarketingsystemwithitsfutureprospects,price,policyinvolvementandproblemsexperi-encedbytheintermediaries. Data Analysis Data from various sourceswere coded and inserted into a database system usingMicrosoftExcelsoftware.Descriptivemethodofanalysiswasusedtodescribetheresultsinpercentage.Somediagramsandtableswerealsousedfordescribingthefindings. Theproductiongeneratedmainlyincludedadescriptionoffishingoperation,costandbenefitofblueswimmingcrabfisheries.Insightontheprice,quantityandvalueprovidetheeconomicimportanceandperformanceoftheblueswimmingcrab. Marketing included a description of export and import of blue swimming crab in
Thailand,marketingchannelsinparticularwerecomplicated.
118 วารสารชมชนวจย ปท 11 ฉบบท 2 (พฤษภาคม - สงหาคม 2560)
RESULTS 1. Fisheries biology of the blue swimming crab
TaxonomyofblueswimmingcrabisPhylumArthropoda,ClassCrustacea,Subclass
Malacostraca,OrderDecapoda,FamilyPortunidae,andGunusPortunus(Linnaeus),Species
P.pelagicus, Binomial name is Portunuspelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758). Blue swimming crab is
thecommonnamegivenbytheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)forspeciesofPortunus
pellagicusandThailocalnameisPooma.
Blue swimming crab is omnivore-type. It eats bothplants and animals andmostly
prefershuntingatnightthanindaytime.Itisincapabletoliveinwaterdeeperthan30meters,
and favorhabitants in shallowwater about10-20meter-depthandcan growwell in the
presenceof29-32pptsalinity, temperature30-32degreeCelsius. In theGulfofThailand,
maturefemalecrabsareavailablethroughouttheyear,peakingduringFebruarytoMayand
SeptembertoDecemberwith4.35cmCLat50%oftheberriedfemale(Jindalikit,2002).
2. World production of blue swimming crab
Theincreasingglobaldemandfortheblueswimmingcrabandtheirwidedistribution
throughoutthe Indo-WestPacificmakethemimportantspeciesforanumberofcountries
(FAO,2012a)andtherehasbeensteadyincreaseinglobalsupply.Theblueswimmingcrab
production experienced upward trend in period of 2001-2013. Total production of catch
peakedat203,843tonsin2013.However,thecatchofblueswimmingcrabstakeninThailand,
in2013,was28,183tons,thisrepresentsa16%decreasefrom2012(33,464tons).Theglobal
captureproductionoffourmajorproducingcountriesfoundthatThailandcontributed14%
landingmakingitthethirdproducerofblueswimmingcrabintheworld,followedbyChina
36%,Indonesia26%,andPhilippines13%.
3. Blue swimming crab fisheries in the Gulf of Thailand
AccordingtoannualreportfromFisheryInformationTechnologyCenter,Department
ofFisheries,IntheGulfofThailand,quantityofblueswimmingcrabcaughtdeclinedfrom
Figure 1 Theblueswimmingcrab:Portunuspelagicus(Linnaeus,1758)
Source:FisheriesandAquacultureDepartment,FoodandAgricultureOrganization,2015.
119 NRRU Community Research Journal Vol.11 No.2 (May - August 2017)
30,402tons in1990to24,741tons in2012.Although, in1990to2000bothquantityand
valueofcatchincreasedandreachedtheirpeakof37,219tonsin2000.Furthermore,values
fluctuatedwhilequantityremainedrelativelydecreasein2001-2010becauseofblueswimming
craboverfishing.However,in2011-2012quantityandvalueincreasedagainbecauseofthe
successofCrabBankProjectwhichreleasedblueswimmingcrabbacktothesea(Figure2).
4. Fishing gear of blue swimming crab fishery
Accordingtothedatarecordedin2012,mainfishinggearofblueswimmingcrab
fisherywascrabgillnet(61%)oftotalcatchintheGulfofThailand,followedbycrabtrap
(21%),andotterboardtrawl(8%).Crabgillnetwasthemosteffectivefishinggearcreating
thehighestproductionofblueswimmingcrab.
4.1 Crabgillnetfisheries
In1980,themiddlemenintroducedcrabgillnetbyusingnylonforfishing.In
figure3,themeshsizeofthenetwas4-4.5cm.withalengthof180m/pieceand1-mdepth.
Therewere4-6piecesinasetofcrabgillnetwiththetotallengthof1,440-2,160m.The
fishermenemployed3setsofgillnetpertrip.Thecostpersetofgillnetwas2,948bahtwith
a lifetime of 4months. The fishermen dropped the net at thewater depth of 4-12m.
(Nitiratsuwan,Juntarashote,&Songak,2003).
Crabgillnetsweremadewithmonofilament,depthofnetwas12-30meshes
andthestretchedmeshsizevariedfrom7.50-13.75cm.IntheGulfofThailand,thefishermen
usedthenetswithlengthof630-34,200m.,excepttheinboardengineboatsinthecentral
GulfofThailandwheretheyusedthenetslength10,500-76,500m.(Wungkhahartetal,2007).
Figure 2QuantityandvalueofblueswimmingcrabintheGulfofThailand
Source:AnnualReportofFisheriesstatisticsinThailand,1990-2012.
120 วารสารชมชนวจย ปท 11 ฉบบท 2 (พฤษภาคม - สงหาคม 2560)
ThefishinggroundintheGulfofThailandwasperformedmainlyinthewaterdepthof2-24m,
except for inboardengineboats in theCentralGulf, the fishingwasoperated in14-34m
waterdepth.Thecrabgillnetscouldbeusedthroughouttheyearbuttheirfishingefforts
weredecreasedinsouthwestmonsoonseason.
IntheGulfofThailand,theinboardengineboatshadthehighestcashcost
(10,665baht/trip) inSuratThaniprovince,while the lowestonewas found inChantaburi
province (135baht/trip).The inboardengineboats found inSuratThaniprovincehadthe
highestnetcashincome(6,484.78baht/trip),whilethelowestonewasfoundinPetchburi
province(331.76baht/trip)(Wungkhaharteta.l.,2007).
4.2 Crabtrapfisheries
AftertheintroductionofthistypeoftrapfromJapanin1981,theintensive
fishing activitieswere startedwith 80-120 traps in seawater, freshwater, and rise up to
3,000 traps for longboats and 5,000 traps for larger commercial vessels. However, this
resultedinthedecreaseofcatchperuniteffort,butincreasedthecatchofthesmallersize
ofblueswimmingcrab.
Figure 3Crabgillnet
Source:Nitiratsuwan,Juntarashote,&Songak,2003.
Figure 4Crabtrapboat
Source:Wungkhahartetal.,2006.
121 NRRU Community Research Journal Vol.11 No.2 (May - August 2017)
In1996,theordinarycrabtrapwasintroducedfishermen.Itwasconstructedwith
ironwiresinboxshapewiththedimensionsof30x60x20cm.Theredcolornetwithmesh
sizeof1.8cmwasusedforthetrap.Thecostofatrapwas50bahtwithalifetimeof7months.
Afishermenemployed80trapspertripandused4.9kgbaitwiththevalueof47.2baht.The
fishermen set the traps at thewater depth of 2-5m. In 2003, the collapsible trapwas
introduced to fishery community. Itwasmade by aluminumwirewith the dimension of
30x60x20cm.andusegreennylonnetwiththemeshsizeof1.4cm.Thecostoftrapwas
60bahtpertrap.Thetrapswereattachedtoamainrope(1kminlength)eachtraphadan
intervalof20m.Ineachtrip,thefishermenemployed200trapsandused85-baht10-kgbait.
Thefishermensetthetrapsatthewaterdepthof6-10m.(Nitiratsuwan,etal.,2003).
IntheGulfofThailand,smallboatcouldbeoperatedthroughouttheyearbecause
crabtrapfishermenmakeinthecoastalfisheries.ForthemediumandbigboatinNakhon
SiThammaratandPattaniprovince,fishingcouldbeoperatedthroughouttheyearexceptin
SuratThaniprovincewherefishingcouldoperateduringFebruary-AprilandSeptember-October.
5. The Blue Swimming Crab Culture
Thereisagrowinginterestamongfarmersforblueswimmingcrabculture.Themain
factorforpromotingthecultureofblueswimmingcrabsandthebusinessistheincreasing
demandforblueswimmingcrabintheprocessingfactory.Aftertheoutbreakofshrimpand
prawndiseases,manyfarmersdivertedfromshrimpfarmingtoblueswimmingcrabculture.
The culturing of blue swimming crab is believed to be amethod to increase
productivitywithout being pressured about thewild stock and farmers’ job stability for
commercialcrabculture.Blueswimmingcrabculturegaineditsimportancefromthebeginning
oflastdecade,owingtogreatdemandoflivecrabsandcrabproductsintheexportmarket.
Currently,manycountriesareculturedofblueswimmingcrabandassociatedresearches;such
as, Australia, India, Indonesia,Malaysia, and Philippines for the production of lined pond
system. However, inmost of the countries, to date, hatchery seed production of blue
swimmingcrabhasbeenexperimentalandcommercialseedproductiontechnologyhasnot
beendevelopedsofar.
In Thailand, crabprojectbased researchbeing conductedwasprovidedby the
DepartmentofFisheriesandthestartedbluecrabprojectin2002-2003.Thescopeofthis
ongoingresearchappearstobeconsiderableandisbeingconductedatnineResearchInstitutes
including. Aquatic Animal Health Institute consist of Surat Thani, Ranong, Samut Sakhon,
Chanthaburi, Rayong, Phang-Nga, and Trang province. The research input is obviously
considerableandinterestedindevelopmentofcrabfarmingmustbequiteserious.
122 วารสารชมชนวจย ปท 11 ฉบบท 2 (พฤษภาคม - สงหาคม 2560)
ThecrabprojectofThailandResearchFund(TRF)operatedin2002forcommercial
blueswimmingcrab.Thisprojectwasadevelopmentofstrategiesandguidelinesforblue
swimmingcrabculturebyinvestigatingresearchabouttechnologyofcultureforcommercial,
developmentfisheriesmanagementguidelinesandsustainableconservationofblueswimming
crabresource,developmentofpost-harvestforvalueaddingofcrabproductfromculture,
andmarketchannel.Whentheprojectstarted,therewerefarmersinterestedincultureand
rearingblue swimmingcrabbothearthpondandcageculturebut therewasnoongoing
supportortheproject.
In 2008, Klongwan Fisheries Research Station, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart
Universityhasestablishedthecompletecycleofblueswimmingcrabcultureprogram(CBSC
program).TheCBSCprogramwasanintegratedresearchfordevelopmentofcrabaquaculture
systemboth brood-stock and seed production.Thailandblue swimming crab FIP (Fishery
ImprovementProjects)processbeganin2011withthecompletionofaMarineStewardship
Council (MSC) pre-assessment. Following,WWF-Thailand started the Blue Swimming Crab
FisheryImprovementProject(BSCFIP)in2012andestablishedTheThaiCrabProductGroup
(TCPG)undertheThaiFrozenFoodsAssociation(TFFA).TCPGistheindustryleadfortheThai
blueswimmercrabsustainabilityinitiative.
In Thailand, blue swimming crab culturemethodsof breeding, nursing and the
method of rearing crab bloodstock in soil ponds is alsowell developed and gain higher
productivity and survival rates. The crab culture operationsmainly depend on juvenile
collectedfromthewildwhicharevariedinsizes,ageswiththeseasons.Developmentofthe
seedproductiontechnologyforblueswimmingcrabisneededtoreducethepressureonthe
wildseedresourcestoensureenvironmentsustainabilityandestablishmentofcrabfarming
oncommercialscale.
Blueswimmingcrabcultureisnotdifferentfromshrimpculturepond.Blueswimming
crabpondiscomposedofsandmixedwithmudbecausethecrabprefersembeddinginsand
orsandysoil.Thedepthofthepondisapproximately1-1.5metersandwidthofthepond
wouldbeappropriatewithanyrelatedtotherateofreleaseofthecrab.Grow-outponds
consistof inlet,pumping systemandwater supplyanddrainagecanals.There shouldbe
puttingalgaegrapesinordertobeshelterforcrabsbecauseofthenatureblueswimming
crabistoliveinenvironmentthathidethenscones.Usingalgaetohelpthetreatmentof
grapejuice.Grapealgaehelpsintermofwaterqualityandtheenvironment.
Whenblueswimmingcrabshavecarapacewidthof1.5-2cm.oraround30-40days
after hatching from the nursing concrete tanks, theywere transferred to earthen pond.
Appropriatedensityinthepondabout3,200-5,000crabs/raiwithaeratedwaterthroughatube
placed.Crabfeedweretrashedfishandshrimp.Feedingisdonetwiceadayat9.00a.m.and
123 NRRU Community Research Journal Vol.11 No.2 (May - August 2017)
4.00p.m.andfeedingamountisapproximately10-20%ofbodyweightperday.Management
ofrearingwateristhemostimportantstepinpondcultureofcrabandshouldbeexchanged
twoperweek.Theearthenpondconditionsshouldcontainlivablecondition;thesalinityof
thewaterisabout25-35ppt,temperature26-34oC,pH8.18-9.29(Oniam&Arkronrat,2012c).
Thegrowthrateoftheblueswimmingcrabrearedintheearthpondwereconductedfor
90-150daystoattainmarketablesize(10-15crabs/kg).
5.1 Productionandcultureareaofblueswimmingcrab
Accordingtosurveyingdataandliteraturereviews,blueswimmingcrabstate
culturein2002byDepartmentofFisheries.In2002,quantityofblueswimmingcrabcaught
increasedfrom3.2tonsto42tonsin2006aswellasculturearearisingfrom4raiin2002to
52raiin2006(Talbe1).ThiscausedthecrabprojectofThailandResearchFundsupportfarm-
erstocultureblueswimmingcrab.Afterthat,quantityofcultureblueswimmingcrabdeclined
whenfinishedthecrabproject.Currently,KlongwanFisheriesResearchStationandtheThai-
landblueswimmingcrabFIPhavebeenpromotingcultureblueswimmingcrabresultingin
quantityincreasedto35.2tonsandcultureareaincreaseto44raiin2012.
5.2 Cost-Benefitofblueswimmingcrabculture
Thereisagrowinginterestamongfarmersforblueswimmingcrabculture.The
main factor for promoting the culture of blue swimming crabs and the business is the
increasingdemandforblueswimmingcrabintheprocessingfactory.Aftertheoutbreakof
shrimpandprawndiseases,manyfarmersdivertedfromshrimpfarmingtoblueswimming
crabculture.Accordingtotheirresponses,theycangethigherprofitwithinashortertimeand
lowerinvestmentrequiredcomparedtoshrimp.
Datafrominterviewswith5farmersinSamutSakhonandSuratThaniprovince
indicatedthatblueswimmingcrabpondcultureat5raipercropwastotalharvest2,700kg.
Priceofblueswimmingculturewas80baht/kgforaveragesizeof10-12crab/kg,totalrevenue
was 216,000 baht and total costwas 143,070 baht. So, blue swimming crab culturewas
72,930bahtfornetbenefit.Productioncostwas52.99baht/kg(Table2).
Thesupplyfromcultureblueswimmingcrabwasstilllowandrequiredmore
development, promotion and support. Therefore, the culturing of blue swimming crab is
believedtobeawaytoincreaseproductivitywithoutplacingunderpressureonthewildstock
andpromoting seedproductionof crabs as a new industry and farmers’ job stability for
commercialcrabculture.
124 วารสารชมชนวจย ปท 11 ฉบบท 2 (พฤษภาคม - สงหาคม 2560)
Table 1Culturequantity,cultureareaandlaborinblueswimmingcrabculture
Year Culture quantity (tons) Culture Area1 (rai)
2002 3.2 4
2003 4.0 4
2004 18 22
2005 26 32
2006 42 52
2007 22 27
2008 16 18
2009 15 18
2010 19 23
2011 27.2 34
2012 35.2 44
Source:Theauthor’ssurveyandreviewpapers
Note:1FisheriesStationhadcultureareaabout1rai/pondandfarmershaveculture
areabout5rai/pond.
Figure 5Blueswimmingcrabculture
Source:Theauthor’ssurvey.
Crabhatchery Earthpondforcrabculture
Blueswimmingcrabculture Berriedfamale
125 NRRU Community Research Journal Vol.11 No.2 (May - August 2017)
6. The Marketing of Crab in Thailand
CrabproductsareexportedinvariousprocessedformsbyHS-code0306.24ofcrab
consist of live, freshof chilled, in airtight containers, driedor saltedorbrine, cookedby
streaming in boiledwater, and other. HS-code 1605.10 consist of products prepared or
preservedatroomtemperatureformorethansixmonths,productspreparedorpreservedat
roomtemperaturelevel4?C,andproductspreparedorpreservedoutsideairtightcontainers,
andother.
InThailandimportcrabformsarepreparedorpreservednotinairtightcontainers,
live,dried,saltedorbrine,freshofchilledandcookedbystreaminginboiledwater.There
are rawmaterials incrabproductsexported in formsofpreparedorpreserved inairtight
containersandnotinairtightcontainers.
Table 2Costandbenefitforblueswimmingcrabpondcultureat5rai/crop
Value:Baht
Item Survey (2012)
Total revenue at sale 216,000
Production(Average10-12crab/kg.) 2,700
Sellingprice(baht/kg) 80
Total cost 143,070
Fixed cost 18,495
Landvalue(rentonleasebaht2crop) 10,000
waterpump&tools 8,000
Opportunitycost(interestrate=2.75%)1 495
Variable cost 124,575
Seedcost (50,000crabx0.5baht)25,000
Feedcost 63,0002
Pondpreparationandfoodchain 10,000
Fuel 6,000
Labor 15,000
Miscellaneousexpenses 2,000
Opportunitycost(interestrate=2.75%) 3,575
Net benefit 72,930
Production cost (per kg) 52.99
Survival Rate 46.00%
Source:1Interestrateispolicyratein2012fromBankofThailand
2Feedisfreshfishandshrimpfeed
126 วารสารชมชนวจย ปท 11 ฉบบท 2 (พฤษภาคม - สงหาคม 2560)
6.1 ExportmarketofcrabinThailand
6.1.1 Live,freshofchilled,inairtightcontainersandotherproduct
Accordingto2014datafromCustomsDepartment,ExportFOBvalueof
live,freshofchilled, inairtightcontainersandotherisheadedmainlytotheUnitedState
market(64.51%),followingChina(14.91%),andTaiwan(14.39%).Livecrabproduct,52%of
exportvaluewereexportedtoTaiwan,followedbyChina(41%)andHongkong(4%).Freshof
chilledcrabproduct63%ofexportvaluewereexportedtoUntiedState,followedbyChina
(22%),andTaiwan(7%).Inairtightcontainersproduct71%ofexportvaluewereexportedto
Japan,andtherestwereexportedtoUnitedArabEmirates.Otherproductexportationsof
dried,saltedorbrinecrabproductswerealmost99%ofexportvaluetoUntiedState.Cooked
bysteamingorbyboilinginwaterproductwasalmost97%ofexportvaluetoLaorepublic.
Otherproduct41%ofexportvaluewereexportedtoCanada,followedbyothercountry(28%)
andUnitedKingdom(20%).
6.1.2 Inairtightcontainersandotherproduct
Crabvalueofinairtightcontainersandotherisheadedmainlytothe
UnitedStatemarket(79%),followedbyUnitedKingdom(4%),Singapore(3%)andCanada
(3%).Inairtightcontainersofpreparedorpreservedinairtightcontainerskeepattemperature
level4?Cproductwasalmost89%ofexportvaluetoUntiedState,andonly5%ofexport
value to Singapore. Export of prepared or preserved in airtight containers keep at room
temperaturemorethansixmonthsofcrabproductwasabout60%ofexportvaluetoUntied
Stateand15%ofexportvaluewereexportedtoCanada.Otherinairtightcontainerscrab
product57%ofexportvaluewereexportedtoUntiedState,only10%ofexportvaluewere
exported to France. The remark of exported quantity inMyanmar and Japan had higher
quantitybut lowexportvalue.Otherproductexportationofpreparedorpreservednot in
airtightcontainerscrabproduct83%ofexportvaluewereexportedtoUntiedState,only9%
ofexportvaluewereexportedtoUnitedKingdom.Otherproduct49%ofexportvaluewere
exportedtoUntiedState,followedbyUnitedKingdom(21%)andMyanmar(10%).
6.2 ImportmarketofcrabinThailand
6.2.1 Live,freshofchilled,inairtightcontainersandotherproduct
Importoflivecrabin2014wasabout65%ofimportquantityand47%
ofimportvaluewasfromMyanmar,followedbyVietnam,andPakistan.Freshorchilledcrab
productwas47%ofimportquantityand7%ofimportvaluewasfromMalaysia,followedby
Bahrain.
127 NRRU Community Research Journal Vol.11 No.2 (May - August 2017)
6.2.2 Inairtightcontainersandotherproduct
Importquantityofinairtightcontainersandotherproductwereheaded
mainlyfromChinawhichcontributed64%ofpreparedorpreservednotinairtightcontainers,
followedbyotherinairtightcontainers(26%),other(10%).
7. Marketing channel of blue swimming crab
In comparison between blue swimming crab products, the demand for blue
swimmingcrabsinThailandfordomesticconsumptionishigh.Thaipeoplepreferconsuming
blueswimmingcrabsandtheircravinghasanincrementaltendencybothindomesticand
foreignmarkets.
Figure6,domesticmarketsconsistoflocalassemblymarketsandlocalmarkets.
Thelocalassemblymarketscollectedblueswimmingcrabsfromcrabpiersandfarms,then,
furthersoldthemtothelocalmarketsormerchantsinordertodeliverytoterminalmarkets.
Assemblymarketsarelocatedinacommercialareaofeachprovincewhereconsumerscan
buyblueswimmingcrabs;livingcrab,frozencrab,saltedcrab,andcrabmeats.
Middlemenorcollectorsprovidethemainlinkbetweenblueswimmingcraband
themarket.TheyarelocallycalledCrabPier.Theblueswimmingcrabfishermenaverbal
contacttotheCrabPierthroughaloansystemandtheywereboundtoselltheircrabsto
theCrabPier.CrabPiersplayanimportantroleinblueswimmingcrabmarketinginThailand,
notonlybybeingthekeylinkbetweenfishermenandfarmer,butalsohavealendingbusiness.
In Thailand,mostly prepared or preserved crab is exported. Blue swimming
marketing channels, inparticular,werecomplicated, sincemarketoperatorsmayperform
morethanonemarketingfunction.ThemarketingchannelofblueswimmingcrabinThailand
starts from the fisherman andpasses through a number of intermediaries; such as, local
assemblymarkets,assemblymarkets,retailerinlocal,retailerinBangkok,processingfactory
fortheexporterandfinallyfromtheexportertotheforeigncountries.
AsblueswimmingcrabisanimportantproductforcrabmarketinThailand,the
increaseinsupplyofcultureandcaptureblueswimmingcrabwouldhavehadasignificant
impactonthemarkets.
128 วารสารชมชนวจย ปท 11 ฉบบท 2 (พฤษภาคม - สงหาคม 2560)
Note: Freshcrab
Crabmeat
Figure 6 Marketingchannelofblueswimmingcrab.
DISCUSSION Thehigh-valuecrabexportintheworld,withhighdemandareinUnitedStatesJapan
andTaiwanmarkets.Themarketingsystempassesthroughanumberofchannelsfromblue
swimmingcrabfishermenandfarmerstoexporters.Adifferentgradingsystemsareinvolved
formarketingofblueswimmingcrabsinThailand.Itisvariedaccordingtothedomesticand
internationalmarketing.Blueswimmingcrabmarketingwasconsideredasaprofitableand
feasiblebusinessbymostof themarketingoperators.However, increaseddemand in the
consumptionofblueswimmingcrabswasalsoreportedasaproblemhinderingtheexpansive
pricesinthedomesticmarketandover-exploitationofblueswimmingcrabstocks.
The insufficient supply of blue swimming crab in the gulf of Thailand has directly
affectedaquacultureactivities.Thisindicatesthatthenaturalstockofblueswimmingcrabis
nowdepleted,perhapsdue to the followingcauses;1)Highdemand,2)Overfishing, and
3)Habitatdestructionofblueswimmingcrab.
129 NRRU Community Research Journal Vol.11 No.2 (May - August 2017)
DECOMMENDATIONS Due to the over-exploitation of blue swimming crab resource, the following are
recommended;
1. Habitatprotectionofblueswimmingcrab.
2. Researchonspawningseasons.Theknowledgeofspawningseasoncanbeapplied
tofishingregulationsduringcertainperiods.
3. Publicawarenessoftherealsituationandofaspectsofconservation.
4. Disseminationofblueswimmingcrabculturetechniquesandintroductionofmarket
regulations.
5. The farmer should be informed about crabmeat quantity as required by the
processingindustrysuchthattheindustrycanbeincreasedtobuycrabmeatfromculture.
6. Researchshouldalsobecarriedoutwithregardtothestockingdensity,optimum
salinitylevel,feedingandotherphysiologicalparameterstodevelopascientificbasedfor
culturedcrabssothattheycanattainamarketablesize/gradewithintheshortestpossible
time.
7. Thegovernmentshould launchaproactivecampaignthatwouldcreatea local
marketforblueswimmingcrab.Anexportmarketcannotsustainonitsownforlongerterm
unlessitissupportedbyastronglocalmarket.
8. Blueswimmingcrabhasimplementedsomerestrictionsincludingmeshsizeand
closed period for fishing ovigerous females (October through December), However,
managementoftheopenaccesscrabfisheryisnotwellestablished.Poorenforcementhas
ledtoareductioninlandedcrabsizeandeventually,reduceeproductionpotential.
9. Cultureofblueswimmingcrab inearthpond isbelieved tobeanotherwayof
increasingtheproductivity.Themainfactorforpromotingthecultureblueswimmingcrab
andthebusinessistheincreasingdemandforblueswimmingcrabintheprocessingfactory.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author gratefully acknowledges the support ofOffice of theHigher Education
CommissionandGrantfromEconomyandEnvironmentProgramforSoutheastAsia(EEPSEA).
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ผเขยนบทควำม นางสาวเบญจวรรณคงขน นสตปรญญาเอกหลกสตรDoctorofPhilosophy (AgriculturalEconomics) คณะเศรษฐศาสตรมหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร เลขท50ถนนงามวงศวานแขวงลาดยาวเขตจตจกร กรงเทพมหานคร10900 E-mail:[email protected] รองศาสตราจารยดร.เรองไรโตกฤษณะ อาจารยทปรกษาหลก ผชวยศาสตราจารยดร.เพญพรเจนการกจ อาจารยทปรกษารวม ภาควชาเศรษฐศาสตรเกษตรและทรพยากร คณะเศรษฐศาสตรมหาวทยาลยเกษตรศาสตร