Capm

27
The Capital Asset Pricing Model

description

This slide set is a work in progress and is embedded in my Principles of Finance course, which is also a work in progress, that I teach to computer scientists and engineers http://awesomefinance.weebly.com/

Transcript of Capm

Page 1: Capm

The  Capital  Asset  Pricing  Model    

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Learning  Objec-ves    

¨  The  capital  asset  pricing  model  ¤  Expected  return  on  equity,  rE  ¤  Cost  of  equity,  kE  ¤  The  simplest  and  most  widely  used  model  for  this  computa-on  

¨  The  market  porBolio  ¨  Beta  risk  ¨  Note:  The  CAPM  model  uses  expected,  mean  rates  of  return  and  variance  over  some  planning  period  ¤  r  and  σ2  are  used  generically      

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CAPM  Equa-ons  From  Topic  4  

)r  -­‐  ]·∙(E[r    +  r  =  ]E[r FMFE β

FM

FE

r]E[rr]E[rβ−

−=

t

t1t

t

t1t

tE S

S]S[ES

]SS[ES

]S[E]r[E−

=−

= ++

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CAPM  Equa-ons  

)rr(Εβ  r  1]E[S

S

k1]E[S

S

FMF

1tt

E

1tt

−][⋅ ++=

+=

+

+

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CAPM  Expected  Returns  

¨  In  topic  10  we  wrote    ¤ ri  =  rF  +  βi  (rM  –  rF)  

¨  Expected  returns  on  the  ith  equity  security:              ~N(ri,  σi)  

¨  Expected  returns  on  the  market  porBolio:            ~N(rM,  σM)  

¨  Expected  returns  on  a  porBolio:  ~N(rP,  σP)  ¨  Returns  on  the  risk  free  security:  rF  ,  σF=0      

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Market  PorBolio  

¨  As  more  risky  assets  are  considered,  the  fron-er  of  op-mal  porBolios  expands  

σP  

rP  

Increasing  M  

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The  Market  PorBolio  

 

Finally  all  investable  risky  assets  are  included  and  the  op&mal  fron-er  becomes  the  efficient  fron-er  

 

The  market  porBolio  is  the  op-mal  risky  asset  when  all  investable  risky  assets  are  included.    The  market  porBolio  weights  are  defined  by  the  rela-ve  total  equity  values  (market  capitaliza-ons)  of  the  risky  assets.

rF  

rM  

M  

σM  

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Market  PorBolio  Proxies    

¨  Total  Market  PorBolio  for  U.S.  stocks  ¤  46%  of  global  market  porBolio  ¤  Wilshire  5000  or  MSCI  Broad  Index  

n  ~6,700  stocks  and  99.5%  of  U.S.  equi-es    n  Capitaliza-on  weighted  n  Mutual  fund:  VTSMX  n  ETF:  VTI      (3,607  stocks)  

¨  Total  World  Market  PorBolio  Ex  U.S.  stocks  ¤  54%  of  global  market  porBolio  ¤  VEU      (2,197  stocks)  

¨  Typical  Market  PorBolio  for  U.S.  stocks  ¤  S&P  500  

n  Mutual  fund:  VFINX  n  ETF:  SPY    

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Market  PorBolio  Proxies  9

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Market  PorBolio  Proxies  10

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The  Market  PorBolio    

¨  The  op-mal  risky  porBolio  on  the  efficient  fron-er  given  a  risky  free  asset  is  the  market  por2olio,  M    ¤  The  sum  total  of  what  all  investors  own  must  be  op-mal  ¤  Investors  are  ra-onal,  have  all  available  informa-on,  have  the  same  

investment  horizon  and  sta-s-cal  return  es-mates,  use  mean-­‐variance  op-miza-on,    

¤  More  will  be  said  on  ‘ra-onal’    and  ‘informa-on’  in  topic  12  ¨  It  is  ra-onal  for  investors  to  hold  the  market  por2olio  as  their  risky  

asset  along  with  the  risk  free  asset  ¤  54%  VEU  ¤  46%  VTI  

All investable assets → All tradeable assets → Equity assets globally →

U.S. total stock market index → S&P 500 index

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Sharpe  Ra-o  and  CML  

¨  Capital  Market  Line  (CML)  connects  the  risk  free  asset  and  the  market  porBolio  

σ  

r  

rF  

M

CML  SM  

T  

CAL  ST  

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Capital  Market  Line  

rF  

SM  

SM  =  (rM  –  rF)  /  σM  

Sharpe  ra-o  for  market  porBolio  

Si  

CML  Market  PorBolio  rM  

σM   σi  

Si  =  (ri  –  rF)  /  σi  

Sharpe  ra-o  for  asset  i  

ri  CAL  

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Deriva-on  of  the  Beta  Risk  Factor  

¨  Calculate  porBolio  variance  ¤  Split  into  market  propor-onal  variance  and  firm  specific  variance  

   

ij

M

1jji

M

1i

2P σwwσ ⋅⋅= ∑∑

==

)σσβ(βwwσijε

M

1j

2Mjiji

M

1i

2P ∑∑

==

+⋅⋅⋅=

2Mjiijijε

ijε2Mjiij

σββσσ

σσββσ

−≡

+≡

ij

M

1jji

M

1i

M

1j

2Mjiji

M

1i

2P wwww ε

====

σ+σββ=σ ∑∑∑∑

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Deriva-on  of  the  Beta  Factor  

¨  Split                                                                    

¨  Firm  specific  covariance  is  assumed  zero.  Split  the  variances  and  covariances    

ij

M

1jji

M

1i

M

1j

2Mjiji

M

1i

2P wwww ε

====

σ+σββ=σ ∑∑∑∑

⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛σ+σ+

⎟⎟⎟

⎜⎜⎜

⎛σββ+σβ=σ ε

≠==

ε=

≠===

∑∑∑∑∑∑ iji

M

ij1j

ji

M

1i

2M

1i

2i

M

ij1j

2Mjiji

M

1i

M

1i

2M

2i

2i

2P wwwwww

Market  propor-onal    Firm  specific  

   variance                covariance                                        variance            covariance  

∑∑∑≠==

ε=

σββ+σ+σβ=σM

ij1j

2Mjiji

M

1i

2M

1i

2M

2i

2i

2P ww)(w

i

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Deriva-on  of  the  Beta  Factor  

∑∑∑≠==

ε=

σββ+σ+σβ=σM

ij1j

2Mjiji

M

1i

2M

1i

2M

2i

2i

2P ww)(w

i

22M

2i

2i iε

σ+σβ=σ

2MMiiM σββ=σ

2MiiM σβ=σ

2M

iMi σ

σ=β

2Mjiij σββσ =

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Systemic  and    

non-­‐systemic    

(firm  specific)    

risk  

Systemic    

risk  only  

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Deriva-on  of  the  Beta  Factor  

2M

iMi σ

σ=β

)rr(rr FM2M

iMFi −

σ

σ+=

Sub  into  CAPM  formula  

2M

FM

iM

Fi rrrrσ

−=

σ

Price  of  risk  

MiiMiM σσρ=σ

M

iiMi σ

σρ=β

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PorBolio  Beta  Deriva-on  

2M

M

1iiMi

P

2M

Mi

M

1ii

P

2M

Mi

M

1ii

P

2M

MPP

2M

PMP

σ

)σ(wβ

σ

)r,cov(rwβ

σ

)r,rwcov(β

σ)r,cov(rβ

σσβ

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

∑=

⋅=M

1iiiP βwβ

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-15.0%

-10.0%

-5.0%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

-12.5% -10.0% -7.5% -5.0% -2.5% 0.0% 2.5% 5.0% 7.5% 10.0%

Security  Characteris8c  Line    

β

εk

(rM  –  rF)                      

(r  –  rF)  

SCL  

Plot  of  Walmart  vs.  SPX  excess    returns  from  Jan  2001  to  Nov  2005  β=.637  α=.0003  

kFMF )rr()rr( ε+α+−β=−

)σN(0,~ε 2εk

0),(cor 1kk =εε +

Ordinary  Least  Squares  Assump-ons  

22M

2i

2i iε

σ+σβ=σ

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Security  Characteris-c  Line  

α

εk

(rM  –  rF  )

 (r  –  rF  )  

β

β·∙(rM  –  rF  )

(r – rF ) = β(rM – rF ) + α + εk  

0]E[ε)σN(0,~ε

k

2εk

=

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CAPM  Model  

εk

β

β·∙(rM  –  rF  )k

(r  –  rF  )k  

(rM  –  rF  )k

•   α  assumed  zero  ex-­‐ante  • Excess  returns  only  from  taking  β  risk  

•  α  may  be  non-­‐zero  ex-­‐post  •   non-­‐random  excess  returns  from  taking  firm  specific  risk  

• A  random  component  of  excess  return  will  be  present  ex  post      

)rr()rr(:anteex FMF −β=−−

kFMF εα)rβ(r)r(r  :postex ++−=−−

22M

2i

2i iε

σ+σβ=σ

2

iε2M

2i

2M

2i

2i

2M

2i2

σσβσβ

σσβR

+==

Yahoo  Finance  

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SML  ex-­‐ante  

rF  

TM  

ri  

βi  

rM  

βM β

r  

CAPM  with  β  as  the  horizontal  coordinate  According  to  CAPM,  fairly  priced  assets  lie  along  the  SML  

)rr(βrr1β

βrr

βrrT

FMiFi

M

M

FM

i

FiM

−⋅=−

=

−=

−=

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SML  ex-­‐post  

rF  

βi  

ri  αi

rF+βi(rM-rF)

According  to  CAPM  if    

αi  <  0,  the  asset  is  overpriced  and  should  be,  shorted,  or  under-­‐weighted    (Ti  <  TM)  

α i  >  0,  the  asset  is  underpriced  and  should  be  bought  or  over-­‐weighted  (Ti  >  TM)  

α i  =  0,  the  asset  is  fairly  priced  according  to  CAPM  (Ti  =  TM)  

under-­‐priced  assets  

over-­‐priced  assets    

rj  

-αj

rF+βj(rM-rF)

βj   β

r

M  rM  

βM  

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CAPM  parameter  interpreta-on    

¨  A  high  posi-ve  beta  for  an  asset  has  the  following  interpreta-on.  ¤  The  asset  will  have  large  price  swings  driven  by  market,  SPX,  movements  

¤  The  asset  will  increase  the  risk  in  the  investor’s  porBolio    ¤  The  investor  will  expect  a  high  return  ¤  The  asset  will  outperform  in  a  rising  market    

¨  Various  studies  show  that  posi-ve  alpha  is  open  associated  with    ¤  Low  β  stocks  

¤  High              (value  stocks)  

¤  Small  cap  stocks  ¤  High  dividend  yield  stocks  

EEB

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Implica-ons  of  CAPM  

¨  The  market  price  of  risk  is  the  same  for  all  properly  priced  securi-es  and  porBolios    

¨  Investors  will  choose  to  hold  combina-ons  of  the  market  porBolio  and  the  risk  free  asset  

¨  The  market  porBolio  is  on  the  efficient  fron-er  ¨  Only  systema-c  risk  is  priced  into  an  asset    ¨  For  an  individual  stock,  the  only  risk  that  brings  excess  return  is  the  risk  that  the  stock  contributes  to  the  market  porBolio.  

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CAPM  Model  Assump-ons  

Market  Assump8ons  1.  All  assets  globally  are  traded  (can  be  shorted)  and  divisible    2.  For  every  borrower,  there  is  a  lender  &  supply  =  demand    3.  There  is  a  riskless  security    4.  No  taxes  and  transac-on  costs    5.  Investors  are  price  takers    6.  Assets  returns  normally  distributed  (characterized  by  two  parameters)  7.  All  investors  borrow  and  lend  at  the  riskless  rate  Investor  assump8ons  1.  Ra-onal,  risk  averse  and  maximize  expected  u-lity  of  return  2.  U-lity  is  perceived  as  risk  adjusted  return  3.  Risk  measured  as  standard  devia-on  of  return  4.  Single  period  -me  horizon  5.  Homogeneous  sta-s-cal  return  expecta-ons    

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Essen-al  Concepts  27