Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk...

43
Capitolo 6

Transcript of Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk...

Page 1: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Capitolo 6

Page 2: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

IL PASSATO REMOTOThe passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant, or 'remote' past. In contemporary Italian, the passato remoto has become a literary tense. You will find it in fairy tales, short stories, and novels – and describing historical events in non-fiction biographies, histories, and encyclopedia articles.

Page 3: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

-ARE -ERE -IRE

AI EI (ETTI) II

ASTI ESTI ISTI

O` E` (ETTE) I`

AMMO EMMO IMMO

ASTE ESTE ISTE

ARONO ERONO (ETTERO) IRONO

Page 4: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Cecilia and her mother went to the store.Cecilia e sua madre andarono al negozio.

They believed in many things.Credettero (crederono) in molte cose.

We finished to study.Finimmo di studiare.

Page 5: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

There are three types of passato remoto verbs:

•those with regular forms, following a pattern of endings that only vary slightly among verb classes (-are, -ere, and -ire), including verbs like parlare, credere and finire.

•those with completely irregular forms, such as essere and avere

•those with partially irregular forms, that is, a combination of regular and irregular forms, in verbs such as fare, dare, vedere, and leggere.

• In these verbs, the io, lui/lei, and loro forms are irregular - following a pattern of stem changes established by the io form, while the tu, noi and voi forms are regular

Page 6: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

regular totally irregular partially irregular

parlare credere finire Essere Dare fare Stare avere scrivere

io parlai credei finii fui Diedi (detti) feci Stetti ebbi scrissi

tu parlasti credesti finisti fosti Desti facesti Stesti avesti scrivesti

lui/lei parlo' crede' fini' fu Diede (dette) fece Stette ebbe scrisse

noi parlammo credemmo finimmo fummo Demmo facemmo Stemmo avemmo scrivemmo

voi parlaste credeste finiste foste Deste faceste Steste aveste scriveste

loro parlarono crederono finirono fossero Diedere (dettero) fecero stettero ebbero scrissero

Page 7: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

•Check out the regular verbs. You see that the endings are very similar from one verb class (-are, -ere, -ire) to the next, with the variation found in a vowel.

•With the partially irregular verbs, the irregularities are found in what's called a 1-3-3 pattern: (1st person singular: io; 3rd person singular: lui/lei; 3rd person plural: loro).

For the conjugations of irregular verbs in the passato remoto, have a look at these verb charts on page 139.

The -ere verbs actually have a set of alternative endings, that you will certainly come across frequently in your readings.

They would be helpful to recognize too, and follow the 1-3-3 partially irregular pattern: Credere/ credetti (or credei) /credesti/ credette (or crede')/credemmo/ credeste/ credettero (or crederono)

Don't underestimate the importance of accents in this tense, to be observed in writing and speaking! Remember, one accent can make the difference between tense and subject:

lavoro = I work (present tense) lavoro' = He worked (passato remoto)

Page 8: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Like the passato prossimo, the passato remoto is used in tandem with the imperfetto (imperfect).

The passato remoto is a narrative tense that recounts unique completed actions or events, while the imperfect is a descriptive tense, used to describe repeated or habitual actions, actions in progress, or states of mind, body, weather, time, etc.

You can use the same logic and set of rules that you used to distinguish between the passato prossimo and imperfetto and apply them to the new choice between passato remoto and imperfetto.

Page 9: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Trapassato prossimo

Page 10: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Trapassato

• Trapassato prossimo(o piuccheperfetto): pluperfect or past perfect

• In English: had + past participle (had gone, had studied, had eaten, etc.).

Page 11: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Trapassato

• Use: In a past time sequence, it expresses an action/state/condition that took place before another. Proper sequencing of actions in the past is very important in Italian.

Page 12: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Trapassato

• Formation: imperfect of essere or avere + past participle. Like the passato prossimo, the trapassato is a compound tense (has two parts/words).

Page 13: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Trapassato

• Trapassato is frequently used with gia` (already), non. . .ancora (not yet), and mai (never). These words come normally between the helping verb and the past participle:

Page 14: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Trapassato

• 1. Hanno pulito gli affreschi dopo che li avevano studiati.

• 2. Prima di andare alla mostra, la signora Sgroi si era messa pietre preziose intorno al collo.

Page 15: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Trapassato

• 3. Tito e Adalgisa si erano prima sposati, poi sono andati in luna di miele in Lapponia.

• 4. Ho trovato un portafoglio che qualcuno aveva perso.

• 5. Qualche pittore ha dipinto dei veli e delle foglie sui santi muscolosi che Michelangelo aveva dipinto nudi.

Page 16: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Trapassato

• Avevo gia` finito di dipingere il soffitto.

• Cunegonda non aveva ancora scolpito il corpo di Sant'Agapito.

• Non avevano mai ammirato i capolavori di Caravaggio.

Page 17: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Passato prossimo? Imperfetto? Trapassato?

1. Ieri Elpidio e io (andare) _____________ a vedere la mostra di Artemisia Gentileschi perche` la settimana scorsa noi (leggere)

_____________ una buona recensione.

Page 18: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Passato prossimo? Imperfetto? Trapassato?

2. Calogero (scrivere) _ha scritto ____________ a Petronilla per sapere se lei (volere) _voleva______ venire con lui a Cepagatti, ma lei ha risposto (rispondere) che ci (essere) ___era stata______________ gia` l'anno scorso, e non (sentirsi) __si sentiva____________ di ritornarci.

Page 19: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Passato prossimo? Imperfetto? Trapassato?3. Mentre tu (essere) _eri___________ al

botteghino, (trovare) _hai trovato_____________ del denaro che qualcuno (dimenticare) aveva dimenticato_________.

4. Il mese scorso voi (tornare) siete tornati ____________

a Casalpusterlengo dove (assaggiare) avevate assaggiato________ le rane fritte nel l976.

Page 20: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Passato prossimo? Imperfetto? Trapassato?

5. Quando Fred (uscire) usciva____________ di casa, (ricordarsi) ________che i genitori gli si e` ricordato(dire)_aveva detto_______che (dovere) doveva_______________ stare a casa per mezzanotte.

Page 21: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Trapassato Remoto

Page 22: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

The "trapassato remoto" expresses an action that happened prior to the one expressed by another past tense: "Garibaldi, dopo che ebbe radunato gli uomini, partì per la Sicilia" (After Garibaldi had grouped the men, they all left for Sicily). The "trapassato remoto" is a "compound tense" (like the "passato prossimo") because it is formed with one of the auxiliary verbs ("essere" or "avere") plus the past participle of a verb. Whether it requires "essere" or "avere", depends on the verb.

If the verb is a transitive verb, it requires the auxiliary "avere".If the verb is intransitive (like most verbs that express movement or state of being) or if the verb is reflexive, it requires the auxiliary "essere".

Page 23: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

TRAPASSATO REMOTO of TRANSITIVE VERBS Transitive verbs may be followed by an object to complete their meaning "leggo la lettera" (I read the letter) I read what? I read the letter.  The "trapassato remoto" of transitive verbs is formed with the "passato remoto" of "AVERE" + the past participle of the verb.

Page 24: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Pronoun Mangiare Leggere Aprire

io ebbi mangiato(I had eaten)

ebbi letto(I had read)

ebbi aperto(I had opened)

tu avesti mangiato avesti letto avesti aperto

lui ebbe mangiato ebbe letto ebbe aperto

lei ebbe mangiato ebbe letto ebbe aperto

Lei ebbe mangiato ebbe letto ebbe aperto

noi avemmo mangiato avemmo letto avemmo aperto

voi aveste mangiato aveste letto aveste aperto

loro ebbero mangiato ebbero letto ebbero aperto

Mangiare, Leggere, Aprire" - Trapassato remoto 

Page 25: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Intransitive verbs don't need an object to complete their meaning. The "trapassato remoto" of most intransitive verbs is formed with the "passato remoto" of "ESSERE" + the past participle of the verb (if you are not sure whether a verb requires "essere" or "avere" check the dictionary.)

With "essere", the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb.

Page 26: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Pronoun Andare Venire

io fui andato/a(I had gone)

fui venuto/a(I had come)

tu fosti andato/a fosti venuto/a

lui fu andato fu venuto

lei fu andata fu venuta

Lei fu andato/a fu venuto/a

noi fummo andati/e

fummo venuti/e

voi foste andati/e foste venuti/e

loro furono andati/e

furono venuti/e

Andare, Nascere, Venire" - Trapassato remoto 

Page 27: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Remember:

"dormire"(to sleep), "rispondere" (to answer), "viaggiare" (to travel), "vivere" (to live) though intransitive require the auxiliary "avere" ("ho dormito, ho risposto, ho viaggiato, ho vissuto...")

verbs that express movement, like "venire" (to come), "andare" (to go), "uscire" (to go out)... require the auxiliary "essere"

verbs that express state of being, like "essere" (to be), "stare" (to stay), "rimanere" (to remain), "nascere" (to be born)... require the auxiliary "essere"

reflexive verbs require the verb "essere"

the verb "piacere" requires the auxiliary "essere“

Page 28: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

CI e NE

Page 29: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

CI is used to replace nouns or expressions that refer to places or locations that have just been mentioned. Ci is roughly equivalent to the English there.

Especially by a phrase preceded by a, da, or in. Its position in a sentence is that of a direct object pronoun.

Ci is always placed in front of a conjugated verb.

Che bella terrazza! Ci mangi spesso?Metti la tua macchina in garage? No, mia madre ci mette la sua.

Ci is also used to replace a+ phrase after the verbs Pensare, credere and riuscire.

Credi di riuscire a passare l’esame? Si`, ci credoSei riuscita a pattinare senza cadere? Si ci sono riuscitaHai pensato cosa fare domani? No, non ci ho pensato!

Pg 277

l’avverbio ci (here or there)

Page 30: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Sei mai stata a Firenze?……………………sono stato a settembre

Con chi siete andati a Firenze?……………………..siamo andati con Alfredo.

Vai spesso in citta`?No, non…..vado quasi mai

Page 31: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

NE (of it, of them)

The pronoun ne replaces a direct object noun preceding a precise or approximate quantity.Compro I poster…Ne compro due (precise number)Compro I poster….Li compro

Ne is used when referring back to a phrase introduced by the partitive or the prepositon di,Avete comprato del latte? Ne ho comprato un gallone.Desidera delle carote? Ne ho bisogno solo di due.

Ne is used to replace a direct object introduced by a number or an expression of quantity.Quanti anni hai? Ne ho trenta.

With Passato prossimo , the past participle must agree with the noun that it refers to.Quanti CD hai comprato? Ne ho comprati dieci.

Il pronome ne (of it, of them)

Page 32: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Hai delle mele?Si`……ho cinque.

Quante bottiglie d’acqua minerale hai comprato?…………………ho comprato tre.

Hai del vino?

No, non ……….ho

Page 33: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Pronomi personaliforme combinate

Page 34: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

--PRONOMI DOPPI follow the same placement rules as single pronouns:

1. they precede a conjugated verb ("Le hai scritto la lettera?" "Sì, gliela ho scritta")

2. they attach to infinitives, gerunds, and informal imperatives ("Scrivile la lettera, scrivigliela immediatamente!")

3. with dovere, potere, volere, the PRONOMI DOPPI can either precede the verb or be attached to the accompanying infinitive ("Vorrei portarle dei fiori, e vorrei portarglieli oggi")

When two object pronouns accompany the same verb, the word order is he following:

Indirect Object direct Object verb

ME lo leggi?(Mi leggi il giornale?)

Page 35: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

When direct and indirect object pronouns are both used in a sentence, the indirect object pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun, except for loro.

The following chart shows indirect object pronouns combined with direct object pronouns as well as with the particle ne.

Page 36: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

PRONOMI DOPPI O COMBINATIme lote loglieloce love loglielo / lo... loro

PRONOMI DOPPI O COMBINATIme late laglielace lave lagliela / la... loro

PRONOMI DOPPI O COMBINATIme lite liglielice live liglieli / li... loro

PRONOMI DOPPI O COMBINATIme lete leglielece leve legliele / le... loro

Page 37: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

The indirect object pronouns mi, ti, ci, and vi become me, te, ce, and ve before lo, la, li, le, and ne.

Anna mi chiede un favore. Me lo chiede. Roberto ti ha comprato il biglietto. Te l’ha comprato. Ci preparano i dolci. Ce li preparano. Vi scrive le poesieVe le scrive.

The indirect object pronouns gli and le become glie when combined with the direct object pronouns lo, la, li, le, and ne.Gli spedirò il questionarioGlielo spedirò.Le ho comprato il libro.Gliel’ho comprato.Gli abbiamo parlato della festa.Gliene abbiamo parlato.

Page 38: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,
Page 39: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

The combined object pronouns, like single pronouns, generally precede a

conjugated verb.

2. In infinitive constructions, the combined pronouns are attached to the end of the infinitive. In constructions with the modal verbs dovere, potere, volere, the pronouns may either precede the conjugated verb or attach to the infinitive.

— Vendi la tua macchina a Giuliana? — Sì, forse gliela vendo

Penso di vendergliela.Vorrei vendergliela (or Gliela) vorrei vendere).

3.The indirect object pronoun loro always follows the verb. It never attaches to the direct object pronoun or to an infinitive.

Mando loro il pacco. Lo mando loro. Devo mandarlo loro.

Page 40: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

In tu, noi, and voi commands with two object pronouns, both pronouns follow the verb and are attached to it.

Portamelo! Speditecela!

In negative tu, noi, and voi commands, the pronouns usually precede the verb, though many Italians attach them to the end of the verb.

Non me lo portare. or Non portarmelo.Non ce la spedite. or Non speditecela.

Page 41: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

With present tense Dai il libro a Luigi?Glielo do.

With past tense Hai dato le chiavi a Pietro?Gliele ho date?

With infinitive Vuoi dare I regali ai bambini?Voglio darglieli.

With imperative Do il libro a Marco?DaglieloNon darglieloGlielo dia!

Page 42: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronouns combine with the direct-object pronouns lo, la, li, le and ne, and follow the same word order as double object pronouns.

Mi metto Me lo metto

Ti metti Te lo metti

Si mette Se lo mette

Ci mettiamo Ce lo mettiamo

Vi mettete Ve lo mettete

Si mettono Se lo mettono

Page 43: Capitolo 6. The passato prossimo is used for the 'recent' past, the passato remoto is used to talk about actions that took place in a relatively distant,

Rewrite each sentence, replacing the direct and indirect object nouns with the correct pronouns.

Riportiamo il libro a lei.

Restituisci il quaderno a lui.

Presto la macchina a Paolo.

Mandate i regali ai bambini.

Mio zio porta i documenti ai signori.

Date la palla alle ragazze.

Do il libro agli studenti.

Inviano i pacchi a lui.

Prestiamo le fotografie a Luisa.

Do la penna a Martina.