Capital Cities in Africa - Index

213

Index

Abacha, Sani 77, 96, 202Abidjan 90, 195197, 201, 205206Abuja xixxxfigs, 45, 66, 70, 7475, 8487,

8992, 94100, 179, 194, 198, 200, 204208Abuja, creation of no-mans land in 85, 87, 89,

94, 97, 101n8Accra 195, 197200, 204, 206207Action Group (AG), Nigeria 7173, 7577, 8889Addis Ababa 2, 193196, 198, 206207African Cup of Nations xvfig, 38, 164n31 see also

soccerAfrican National Congress (ANC) 175177, 184Africanism/pan-Africanism 181, 198Afrikaners/Afrikaner nationalism 4, 171, 173,

183, 200agriculture 36, 52, 67, 70, 120, 134, 143144,

147150, 157, 161, 203agriculture, urban/city 115, 203airports 47, 5355, 127, 156, 182Alouhan group 47, 53Anho 47, 53Anglo-Boer War 172173, 176Angola xxivfigs, 5, 107, 142144, 146149, 151,

153155, 160161, 199, 204anti-urban agendas 12, 148, 155, 158, 164n15, 199apartheid 6, 168, 180181, 183185, 187, 198

200, 203, 205apartheid, demise of/post-apartheid 6, 168, 174,

178, 180181, 183184, 207208architecture xxivxxvfigs, 13, 9, 11, 38, 5354,

60, 66, 68, 70, 7274, 79n12&13, 93, 95, 97, 155156, 174177, 198200

architecture, colonial/international 8, 10, 1314, 39, 49, 60, 73, 112, 145, 156, 171, 180, 195196, 207

Australia 170, 172autocratic/authoritarian regimes 1, 8, 1213,

2425, 3738, 42, 4950, 53, 55, 6062n4&5, 66, 7479, 85, 90, 9293, 9596, 99100, 112 see also military/army; one-party systems

autonomy 33, 40, 51, 75, 100, 106, 135, 171172, 196, 206

Awolowo, Obafemi 71, 76, 89, 94

Babangida, Ibrahim 77, 9597, 100Baker, Herbert 171, 173, 180, 185, 195

BaKongo 154155, 206Bamako 13, 204, 207Banda, Hastings 90, 198bantustans 168, 174175, 181bauxite export industry 11, 20B 48, 55, 5760Beira 148, 161Berlin 159, 179, 186, 201, 206Black Peoples Arts Festival 38Bloemfontein 5, 168, 172, 176, 179boers 143, 156, 163n8, 170172, 179, 181, 200Boiro Camp, Camayenne 14, 24Boulbinet 12, 17, 18Brasilia 4, 9293, 180Brazil 4, 61n1, 6768, 79n2Brazzaville/Lopoldville xxixxiifigs, 2, 45, 104

118, 194196, 197198, 201, 204, 206207Brazzaville, population/demographics 104105,

109110, 114&tab115&tab Buhari, Muhammadu 7778, 95built environment, approaches to 1, 3, 32, 3739,

105, 107, 111112, 125, 147, 175, 184Bujumbura 196, 198bureaucracy, state 66, 8586, 88, 91, 99, 110, 115,

148, 174, 202Burkina Faso 52, 61, 204Burundi 132, 137, 196198

Camara, Dadis 2526Canada 170, 172Cape Colony 170, 172173, 200Cape Town xxviiifig, 5, 168169, 172173,

175177, 179, 182183, 194196, 200capital relocation/new capitals 5, 71, 7475,

8487, 8995, 98100, 101, 170, 172, 174, 176, 179, 186, 197198, 203204

capitalism/market economy 1, 112, 114, 150, 156157, 172, 207

central Africa 4, 109, 194195, 197, 208centralisation/centralism 37, 75, 111, 158,

163n5, 187, 196centrality, importance of 86, 93, 134Chemin de Fer Conakry-Niger 11, 26n3Chemin de Fer Congo Ocan (CFCO) 109chieftainship/chiefs 10, 23, 48, 202 see also

traditional authorities/leadersChina 111, 149, 154, 163n3Cities Alliance 43cities as centres of unity see national unitycitizenry/citizenship 23, 74, 168, 174civil service/public sector 2, 39, 98, 115, 135, 202

Capital cities 1.indd 213 9/22/11 4:21 PM

C A P I TA L C I T I E S I N A F R I C A P OW E R A N D P OW E R L E S S N E S S

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civil society 4, 40, 123, 135136, 149, 158clientelism 23 see also patronageClifford, Sir Hugh 8788Cold War 3, 146147, 201, 203colonial power/neocolonialism 13, 6, 8, 38, 52,

85, 169, 193, 195, 203, 207208colonial power, Belgian 2, 195, 197colonial power, British 2, 5, 4648, 53, 6669,

71, 76, 78, 84, 8788, 120, 123, 125126, 129130, 132, 155, 169172, 176, 181, 195197, 206

colonial power, Dutch 143, 170, 200colonial power, French 2, 45, 89, 14, 17, 20,

2223, 3334, 3839, 42, 4850tab, 53, 60, 105, 109110, 112, 195198, 206

colonial power, German 2, 4648, 50tab, 53, 61, 143, 195197, 208, 195197

colonial power, Portuguese 2, 5, 142147, 153, 155157, 160, 163n5, 195, 197

colonialism, opposition to see independence, struggle for

communication/information networks/technologies 37, 96, 111, 117, 127, 130, 134, 152, 204, 206

communism 1, 49, 156Conakry xiixiiifigs, 45, 716, 2025, 197199,

204, 207Conakry, population/demographics 8, 11, 1720,

25, 27n18&19Confrence Nationale Souveraine (CNS) 105106conflict management 9, 42Cont, Lansana 5, 8, 1213, 19, 2425Constitutional Court, Johannesburg xxviiifig, 170,

175177, 181182constitutions 13, 25, 39, 50tab, 71, 85, 89, 91, 98,

105tab106, 134, 136, 149, 168, 179, 204corruption/kleptocracy 25, 40, 51, 75, 78, 9496,

111, 113, 116, 174, 201203cosmopolitanism 18, 6768, 78, 132, 179, 181,

187, 197, 205Cte dIvoire/Ivory Coast 46, 61, 71, 90counter-power 13, 22, 32, 41, 55, 105, 136, 156

see also popular protestcoups see wars, internal/civilcrime 15, 98, 151, 176crime, diamond dealing 21crime, drug trafficking 15, 21, 25crime, smuggling/illegal trafficking 47, 61Cuba 67, 148, 154156cultural life/cultural institutions 2, 38, 72, 105,

108, 116, 157158, 161, 197, 203, 208

Dakar xivxvfigs, 2, 45, 8, 3143, 69, 171, 195196, 198, 200, 204, 206208

Dakar, population/demographics 32, 34, 37, 39, 4243

Dakar Region Development Strategy 43Daniel Sorano Theatre 38Dar es Salaam 153, 194, 196, 200201de Gaulle, Charles 33de Klerk, FW 183184debt/bankruptcy 107, 111, 113, 123124, 149,

172, 202decentralisation 4, 20, 23, 37, 39, 5152, 104, 106,

111, 123124, 128, 145, 150, 155, 160, 180, 182

decolonisation 146, 156157, 170democracy 1, 4, 9697, 114, 155, 168, 170, 184,

204democracy, failed 51, 55, 107, 203democracy, multi-party/pluralist 41, 57, 105&tab,

114, 134, 137, 157, 160Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG) 2324Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)/Zaire 105,

111, 116, 194, 202democratisation/democratic transition 19, 23,

50tab52, 106, 114, 174175, 181, 185diamond mining 147, 151dictatorships 1213, 24Diouf, Abdou 38discrimination, racial/ethnic 19, 129, 137, 145,

203Dodoma 198, 204Donka 13Dove of Peace xviifig, 51, 59dualism 10, 145, 206

East Africa 4, 120, 125, 133134, 194, 196, 206, 208

economic crisis see economy, globaleconomic growth/development 1, 3, 5, 18, 33,

48, 54, 61, 70, 90, 99, 127, 144145, 150, 155156, 161, 193, 201, 204

economic liberalism/liberalisation 12, 25, 128, 150, 152, 201

economies/economic power 3, 3234, 36, 39, 42, 46, 52, 54, 61, 71, 78, 86, 93, 105, 113, 115, 117, 128, 134, 138, 144, 147, 150151, 153, 155, 157, 160162, 193194, 201202, 204205

economy, global 3, 38, 78, 127, 134, 201205economy, informal 3, 36, 4142, 69, 73, 7778,

120, 150, 158 see also informalisation


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education, access to 3, 2122, 27n22, 52, 70, 110, 112, 115117, 125, 135, 144, 157, 160, 162, 201, 208

educational establishments/schools/universities 3, 11, 20, 37, 54, 56, 58, 76, 112113, 136, 177, 179, 204, 208

elections/polls 2425, 41, 50tab, 5859, 69, 76, 78, 9899, 101n16, 105106, 138n12, 146, 151, 154155, 157, 160, 164n21, 168, 181, 183

efficiency, administrative 91, 99, 124employment/job opportunities 34, 39, 41, 69, 71,

110, 125, 128129, 132, 150151, 159160, 182, 201202, 205, 208

Ethiopia 194, 208ethnic diversity/pluralism 1718, 39, 52, 54, 90,

100, 108, 132, 153154ethnicisation 18ethno-linguistic groups 32, 52, 87, 90ethno-regional dynamics/ethnic violence 5557,

8491, 94, 97100, 106109, 118, 137, 143, 154156, 193194, 204206

European Development Fund 107, 111European Union 36, 51, 107w group 4648, 5253, 57, 59, 61Eyadma, Faure 50tab51, 5660Eyadma, Gnyassingb 4950&tab, 53, 55, 58,

6061, 199

farming see agricultureFederal Capital Territory (FCT) 8485, 87, 90,

9395, 9799federalism/federal governments 5, 66, 7079, 84,

87100, 170, 205206 fertility rates 21, 27n22, 133FIFA World Cup 38, 41, 175fiscal resources/taxes 11, 22, 47, 69, 71, 75, 79n5,

91, 127, 144, 149, 179fishing 48, 142, 150Fouta-Djalon 9, 17, 19France 17, 3334, 3839, 51, 107, 110, 112, 198Frau Garden, Lom 60, 62n16Freedom Park, Pretoria xxviifig, 179, 187, 200French Aid and Cooperation Fund 52, 107Frente de Libertao de Moambique (Frelimo)

146, 154, 157, 164n21, 199

Gaborone 86, 193Gauteng 176, 182Germany/German Democratic Republic 112, 148,

156, 159, 170, 176

Ghana 14, 4648, 5254, 58, 61, 71, 195196, 189, 202

globalisation, impact of 47, 52, 66, 127128, 142, 150151, 153, 160, 162, 182

Gold Coast see Ghanagold mining 143144, 195Government House, New Delhi 171, 195Gowon, Yakubu 74, 92Great Depression (1930s) 54, 6970Guedes, Pancho xxvfig, 156, 164n23Gudiawaye 32, 37

Hamdan, G 8587Haoussa group, Togo 47, 53Harare 194198, 206Hausa-Fulani group 8788, 90, 94, 9798healthcare facilities/services/hospitals 3, 11,

2022, 54, 113, 115, 135hierarchies 9, 180HIV/AIDS 2122, 132, 160, 188n4, 201Htel du 2 Fvrier, Lom 4951Houphout-Boigny, Flix 90, 197, 204housing 4, 11, 13, 15, 32, 3437, 5455, 6869,

7172, 74, 92, 109112, 115116, 122123, 127131, 148, 150153, 193, 195, 204, 207 see also suburban/residential areas

housing, civil/public service 1112, 15, 111, 152human/civil rights 151, 177humanitarian aid 107, 117, 149

Ibadan 6768, 70, 196, 200, 206Igbo group 71, 8790 Ikoyi settlement, Lagos 6869, 74imperialism 38, 150, 171, 176independence 14, 1112, 2324, 39independence, struggle for 11, 22, 66, 7071,

137, 145146, 156157, 197198 see also liberation movements

independence monument, Lom 49Independence Square, Dakar 33, 41, 199Independence Square, Lom xvifig, 4951,

5960, 199India 171, 200, 205Indian population 121122, 164n18, 196indigenes/indigenous groups/states 17, 48,

57, 69, 85, 98, 109, 143146, 153158, 162163n2&8, 164n19, 196

industry/industrialisation 20, 53, 7071, 144145, 147, 157, 180, 201



216

informal settlements/squatter communities 36, 9899, 110, 115, 120, 127, 129131, 144145, 152153, 162, 194

informalisation 3, 158, 202intellectual elite 2, 66, 6869, 71, 74, 92International Monetary Fund (IMF) 113, 149, 202investment, government 1213, 51, 75, 78,

130131, 151152, 161, 186 see public finances/government expenditure

investment, foreign/international/donor agency 12, 5152, 76, 107108, 111, 113, 127, 145, 149151, 162, 207

investment, private sector 8, 10, 1213, 15, 32, 3537, 52, 79, 127 115, 129132, 135, 147, 149, 151152

Islamisation/Islamic influences 9697, 196

Johannesburg xxviiifig, 143, 169, 172, 175177, 179, 181182, 194197, 205

Kabila regime 205206Kaby group 4950, 52, 62n4Kaloum 911, 1314, 1920, 2224Kampala 194, 204, 206Kankan 9, 2021Kara 5253Kasa-Vubu, Joseph 197, 206Kenya xxiixxiiifigs, 120121, 123127, 129138,

194195, 197, 202, 205Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP)

129, 132Kenya-Uganda railway (KUR) 120122, 137Kenyatta, Jomo xxiiifig, 125126, 134, 199Kenyatta International Conference Centre

(KICC), Nairobi xxiiifig, 125126, 199Kigali 193194, 204Kinshasa 105, 111, 116117, 194195, 197199,

201203, 205208Kinship/family networks 9, 158, 160Kisumu 121, 134Koolhaas, Rem 66, 78Kpalim 50, 5253

Lagos xviiixixfigs, 45, 6679, 8485, 8796, 98, 100101, 153, 194195, 197, 200, 202, 204206

Lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB) 69, 7273

Lagos Island 6870, 7274, 76, 91, 98Lagos, population/demographics 67, 6970,

7476, 78, 89, 91

Lagos State, conflict with federal government 66, 7078, 8891

Lagos-Ibadan-Kano line 6768land banking/allocation/distribution 55, 9394,

97, 110, 122, 152, 193land expropriation 112, 145, 185land invasions/illegal occupations 3637, 41, 43land/property rights 10, 48, 145, 197land reform 136, 149Lbou group 33, 39legitimacy, political 1, 4142, 56, 100, 160, 174,

193, 207liberation movements 112, 114, 146, 153155,

177, 179, 187, 197, 199200life expectancy/mortality rates 2122, 46, 188n4,

205Lilongwe 86, 90, 194, 198Linge, GJR 9192literacy rates 22, 46living standards 1517, 2122, 128, 201, 205local government reform/new forms of 124, 138,

178Lom xvixviifigs, 2, 45, 4562, 197, 199,

205207Lom, North/South division 5557, 59, 61Lom, population/demographics 4648, 5257Luanda xxivfigs, 45, 142149, 151156,

160163n13, 194196, 201, 204, 206, 208Luanda, population/demographics 144, 147,

153154, 161, 164n30Lumumba, Patrice 199, 206Lusaka 195196, 201, 206Luthuli House, Johannesburg 177Lutyens, Edward 171, 180

Macaulay, Herbert 6970Mafikeng 171, 174175, 182, 198Malawi 4, 86, 90, 99, 198Mali 3233, 195196, 204Mandela, Nelson 180181, 183, 200Maputo/Loureno Marques xxvfigs, 45, 142144,

147148, 150, 152156, 158162, 194196, 198, 207

Maputo, population/demographics 144, 147148, 151, 153, 161

Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville 113markets/trade/commerce 2, 7, 37, 39, 42, 4649,

53, 61, 6869, 79n2, 109, 116117, 120121, 134, 137, 142143, 156, 160, 197

Marx, Karl/Marxism 146, 156Marxism-Leninism 104105, 198, 201, 203, 207


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Mbeki, Thabo 177178, 187media, mass (newspapers, radio, television) 19,

22, 42, 51, 108, 151, 159media, state 40, 42memorials see monumentalisation of urban space middle class 72, 115, 152, 156, 177migrant labour 144, 157migration/rural-to-urban influx 3, 1720, 25,

32, 3435, 39, 56, 7071, 78, 106, 110, 115, 118, 120, 122123, 127, 129130, 132133, 144145, 147, 151, 154, 157, 164n15, 194, 196, 205

military/army 1, 13, 2225, 40, 51, 55, 5760, 62n8, 72, 77, 85, 90, 9596, 107, 112, 146

militias 5658, 105tab, 107, 117Milner, Lord Alfred 172, 176Mina traders 4649, 52, 61n1mineral and energy resources 150151 see also

oil/petroleum resourcesMinistry of Nairobi Metropolitan

Development 124Mobutu regime 117, 198199, 202203,

206, 208modernisation 3738, 70, 100, 127, 157, 195modernism 12, 7275, 95, 156, 179, 196,

198200, 207modernity 8, 11, 66, 72, 74Moi, Daniel Arap 126, 134, 199Mombasa 69, 121, 133134monumentalisation of urban space xiiixviifigs,

xxiiixxivfigs, xxvifig 13, 32, 3839, 51, 112, 125126, 155, 173, 179180, 187, 198200, 204, 206207

motor parks, Lagos 69, 7778Movimento Popular de Libertao de Angola

(MPLA) 146, 154, 199Mozambique xxvfigs, 5, 142144, 146150,

152153, 155, 157158, 160163, 199Mufamadi, Sydney 178180Mugabe, Robert 198199, 206Muhammed, Murtala 75, 92, 94multiculturalism 97, 208municipal/local government/administrative

structures 24, 10, 2223, 3940, 43, 4849, 53, 7273, 86, 91, 97, 104106, 109111, 115, 118, 120, 122124, 129130, 134136, 148, 160, 178179, 182, 196, 206 see also local government reform; political power/control

Museveni government 204, 206Muslim group 23, 97

Nairobi xxiixxiiifigs, 2, 45, 110, 120138, 194196, 199, 204206, 208

Nairobi Metropolitan Region (NMR) 124125Nairobi, population/demographics 120, 122124,

127128, 132134, 138names/nomenclature, symbolic importance of 3,

5, 32, 38, 112113&tab, 114, 125126&tabs, 155156, 179, 198200, 207

nation building 12, 38, 75, 8485, 87, 92, 100, 112, 184, 200

nation states 13, 125, 195national/central government/the state 3940,

4243, 5152, 91, 106107, 110111, 123, 134, 136, 146, 169, 178, 182, 196, 205, 208

National Congress of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) 8889, 101n6

national heritage 2, 25, 176national identity 2, 56, 73, 86, 101national pride see nationalismNational Theatre, Lagos xixfig, 72, 74national unity 5, 73, 8486, 9091, 93, 9597,

99101, 136, 170, 184, 204nationalisation 61n3, 148nationalism 1, 13, 3739, 6872, 8788, 93, 110,

125126, 197, 199, 207nationalism, Afrikaner 173, 176nationhood 74, 95neo-liberalism see economic liberalism/

liberalisationneutral sites, cities as 86, 96Nigeria xviiixxfigs, 45, 46, 61, 6671, 7379,

84100, 171, 194, 196, 200, 202205, 208Nigerian Institute of International Affairs,

Lagos xviiifig, 74Nkayi 104, 109, 114tabNkrumah, Kwame 14, 198200, 207Northern Peoples Congress (NPC), Nigeria

8889Nyerere, Julius 126, 199

Oblisque Square, Dakar 38, 41oil/petroleum resources 5, 41, 66, 7475, 78, 105,

108, 111, 113, 115, 147148, 151, 195, 204one-party systems 105, 107, 113, 134Organization of African Unity (OAU) 13, 15, 74,

198199ownership, land/property 1011, 16&tab, 4748,

55, 112, 127, 145, 152

Palace of Nations, Conakry 13, 24palm oil industry 47, 67, 79n2



218

parasitic cities 96, 116, 148, 155Parti Congolais du Travail (PCT) 105107pass laws 129, 183patronage 42, 90, 193, 208Peoples Palace, Conakry xiifig, 8, 1213,

2425, 199peri-urban settlements 32, 146, 152, 159Peul movements 1719, 39phosphate mining 52, 61n3Pikine 32, 3537plague, outbreaks of 34, 69plantation economies see agriculturePointe-Noire 104105, 107111, 113115,

117, 194political conflict/violence 5, 43, 47, 50, 5760,

105107, 134, 136137, 146, 159160, 185, 203204, 208 see also wars, internal/civil

political contestation/opposition 2, 19, 2425, 32, 41, 5557, 5960, 6667, 7273, 7577, 8486, 106, 151, 154155, 157160, 173, 193, 206 see also counter-power

political elite 5, 66, 7274, 84, 86, 8892, 94, 96, 99100, 112, 114115, 118, 151, 155, 157, 174, 182, 207

political power/control, sites of 2223, 34, 4041, 4749, 52, 67, 73, 84, 8990, 94, 96, 105107, 115, 118, 122, 134136, 146, 155156, 158, 161, 168172, 174175, 177178, 202203 see also symbolic space/power

political repression/oppression/tyranny 19, 2425, 85, 95, 158, 160, 164n26, 198

political symbols see symbolic space/powerpoliticisation of urban space 2, 19, 24, 5960, 73,

7678, 137 see also symbolic space/powerPolytechnic Institute 1314popular protest/demonstrations 1, 24, 41, 50, 58,

77, 113115, 136137, 158160, 183184, 204, 207

population/demographics, sub-Saharan Africa 4, 193194

ports/harbours/maritime trade 2, 5, 20, 3234, 4648, 53, 55, 61, 6667, 6971, 75, 78, 109, 115, 144, 161, 195

postcolonial/post-independence period 23, 56, 1920, 23, 3234, 37, 4042, 49, 66, 78, 8485, 100, 104105, 110, 120, 123, 125, 132, 136, 142, 146, 148, 153154, 156158, 160, 162, 170, 193, 201203, 207208

postmodernism xxivxxvfigs, 156, 162Potts, D 8586, 99

powerlessness 1, 193194, 202, 208Pr, Roland 1011pre-colonial urbanism 2, 19, 33, 4647, 57, 109,

120121, 142144, 153, 158, 160, 193, 195, 202, 206

Presidential Palace of Lom II 47, 49, 51, 55, 59presidential villa, Abuja 95, 97Pretoria/Tshwane xxvixxviifigs, 45, 168169,

171173, 175188n4, 194195, 199200, 205, 207208

privatisation 51, 128, 150, 152153privileged/wealthy/elite minorities 12, 1416, 21,

25, 61, 74, 99, 128, 145, 150, 152, 155, 196, 202203

proto-socialism 157158public finances/government expenditure 40,

43n3, 51, 70, 72, 75, 9495, 9798, 106, 111, 196

public infrastructure 34, 66, 71, 7576, 91, 98, 107, 111, 124, 127, 144145, 150151, 203 see also transport sevices/infrastructure/roads; urban facilities

public institutions/buildings 2, 11, 40, 49, 55, 62n13, 73, 112113, 128, 144, 195, 198199, 204, 207

public-private partnerships 124, 135, 138, 150public spaces 1, 11, 55, 5960, 7778, 179

railways 11, 3334, 53, 68, 108109, 117, 121, 143, 182, 195

rainbow nation 168, 179Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais (RPT), Togo

4950&tab, 51, 5556, 58reconciliation 107, 136, 199200reconstruction, post-conflict 107, 117, 136,

185, 187religion/religious power 9, 18, 3842, 53, 57, 66,

68, 70, 77, 88, 98, 100, 136, 143, 158, 179, 207208

religious dynamics/inter-faith conflict 8486, 88, 90, 97, 99100

Renamo 154, 157Republic of Congo xxixxiifigs, 104118,

194197, 199, 206resettlement/removals/evictions 69, 76, 94, 101n8,

99, 136, 180Revolution Stadium, Brazzaville 108, 113tabRufisque 32, 3537, 42rural development 147150, 153, 155, 157Rwanda 132, 137, 196198, 204


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Sachs, Albie 175177Saint Louis 33, 198Schatz, E 90, 92, 99100secession 14, 16, 8990Second Festival of Black Arts and Culture

(FESTAC) 72, 74, 76security 15, 34, 40, 93, 96, 117, 138security, food 147segregation, socio-spatial/racial 2, 9, 14, 47, 52,

55, 6869, 121123, 128, 144, 155, 157, 168, 175, 180, 195, 197

Senegal xivxvfigs, 18, 3235, 3740, 196, 198, 202, 207

service delivery/provision 23, 910, 20, 3637, 42, 51, 71, 98, 100, 104, 106, 111, 115116, 123124, 129130, 135, 138, 149150, 193, 202203, 205, 208

services, electricity 16, 20, 54, 96, 113, 194services, refuse/waste/sanitation 1617, 34,

36, 72, 111, 122, 124, 138, 194195, 202204

services, water 16, 76, 96, 111, 124, 138, 195, 202Shagari, Shehu 9495, 97Sierra Leone 9, 18, 27n16, 68, 194, 197Simone, Abdou Maliq 181, 206slave trade 9, 6669, 109, 142143, 169slum clearance/upgrading see urban renewal/

upgradingslums 4, 69, 72, 74, 98, 131132, 194, 202,

204205, 208n1soccer 38, 41, 108social hierarchies 2, 9, 14, 180, 195socialism/socialist regimes 105106, 111114,

117, 156, 203 see also proto-socialismsocialism, scientific 105tab, 112, 114, 203Socit Immobilire de Guine 11socio-economic disparity/inequality 4, 2021, 35,

53, 68, 98, 128, 131132, 150, 168, 202, 205 see also urban poverty/urban poor

South Africa xxvixxviiifigs, 36, 110, 144, 146, 148, 150, 154, 157, 168187, 194, 197200, 203, 205, 207

Sovereign National Conference 105106, 114Soviet Union/Russia 13, 97, 111, 154155, 170,

199, 203204Soyinke, Wole, and Unlimited Liability Company

91, 94spatial growth 46, 5355, 104, 112, 121, 128, 134

see also urban expansion/urban sprawlStade du 28 Septembre, Conakry 13, 2425stadiums xxviiifig, 72, 175, 199, 207

state building 12, 100statues/public art/murals xiiixviifigs, xxiii

xxivfigs, 1, 25, 32, 39, 155156, 185186, 204, 207

street trading/hawking see economy, informalstrikes 19, 50tab, 5758structural adjustment programmes 38, 41, 75,

107, 113, 127, 157158, 203suburban/residential areas 1011, 13, 1521,

2324, 36, 38, 47, 49, 5152, 5460, 62n6, 68, 7274, 106108, 110, 112, 116117, 121122, 126tab, 128130, 132, 152, 182, 186, 196, 204

suburbanisation 176, 182sustainability 37, 116, 124125, 130, 138symbolic space/power 14, 8, 1213, 2225, 32,

4951, 55, 57, 5960, 84, 109, 125, 168, 171, 174, 180181, 183, 187, 193, 199200, 206207

Tanakry, City of 11, 19Tanzania 4, 154, 195, 199200, 202, 204telephone systems see communication/

information networks/technologies Tell magazine 9596Tokoin Plateau 46, 48, 5051, 5457topography, urban 18, 23, 54, 193toponymy 1314, 17, 198, 200, 207Tour, Ahmed Skou 8, 1214, 19, 2324,

197199townships 2, 68, 121, 175, 177, 180181, 183, 195trade unions 13, 24, 4142, 70, 78, 136traditional authorities/leaders 33, 98, 110, 171,

184, 206transport hubs/axes 2, 61, 121, 125, 134, 144, 206transport services/infrastructure/roads 3, 8,

1012, 23, 32, 34, 3538, 41, 51, 54, 6061, 7173, 7879n8, 96, 111, 122128, 135, 157, 159, 181182, 194, 202, 204, 206207

Transvaal/Transvaal Republic 172173, 176, 179, 182, 200

Tumbo Peninsula 9, 12, 17

Uhuru Park, Nairobi 126, 137, 199UN-HABITAT 127, 131132, 194, 205206,

208n1Unio Nacional para a Independncia Total de

Angola (UNITA) 147, 154Union Buildings, Pretoria xxvifig, 168, 171,

173174, 178186, 195Union of South Africa 172173, 181, 200



220

United Nations (UN) 4, 14, 46, 7172, 104, 127, 146, 148150

United Nations Development Programme 14, 27, 30

Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) 7677, 94urban development policies 5, 8, 25, 41, 43,

48, 70, 72, 109, 112, 123124, 148, 150152, 155, 160, 162, 186 see also urban planning

urban expansion/urban sprawl 3, 9, 12, 16, 20, 2325, 32, 4647, 55, 6970, 7475, 96, 98, 117, 120, 122123, 128, 138, 144145, 149, 153, 157, 161, 170 see also urban growth; urbanisation

urban facilities1516, 22, 25, 51, 125, 128 see also service delivery/provision

urban geology 1, 3, 3233, 47, 54, 120, 142, 178, 193, 208

urban growth 12, 110, 114115, 121, 124, 127, 133tab134, 149150, 153, 161, 163n13, 193194, 200201, 208

urban planning 5, 89, 1112, 15, 25, 3436, 38, 48, 66, 69, 73, 94, 96, 98, 105, 114, 121122124, 128, 145, 155, 186, 202, 205

urban poverty/urban poor 36, 41, 43, 76, 9899, 106, 128131, 133, 150152, 182183, 202, 205

urban-rehabilitation/redevelopment see urban renewal/upgrading

urban renaissance see urban renewal/upgradingurban renewal/upgrading 7273, 76, 107, 124,

129, 132, 148152, 176, 186, 204, 208urban youth 160, 203

urbanism 8, 155, 181, 196197, 203urbanisation 34, 9, 12, 20, 34, 109, 115, 118, 122,

129, 133&tab134, 147, 158, 162, 180181, 193, 201202, 208

Voortrekker Monument, Pretoria xxvifig, 173, 179, 200

Wade, Abdoulaye 38, 198wage labour market 70, 75, 113, 202wars, internal/civil 5, 14, 50tab, 56, 71, 75, 79n6,

85, 92, 9596, 105tab108, 117118, 132, 146148, 158159, 161, 198, 201, 206

Washington 92, 180, 185West Africa 45, 19, 3233, 46, 48, 61, 6667, 78,

116, 163n5, 196198, 203204, 206, 208West African Pilot 70, 8889women, politicisation of 24, 70, 73, 77, 158,

181, 183working class/proletariat 55, 115, 157World Bank 14, 5152, 107, 111, 113, 127,

148150, 203World War I 19, 53, 76, 144, 198World War II 19, 33, 39, 54, 70, 76, 110, 112, 157,

185, 195, 200, 202, 206

xenophobia 205

Yoruba group 68, 71, 77, 8791, 94, 205

Zambia 150, 195Zimbabwe/Rhodesia 146, 154, 157, 161,

194197, 206


Capital Cities in Africa - Index

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