11

Capacity Building for Capacity Building for Improvement of Vehicle Improvement of Vehicle

Fuel Quality inFuel Quality in Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina

Sreten LekiSreten LekiććFaculty of SciencesFaculty of SciencesDepartment of PhysicsDepartment of Physics

Banja LukaBanja Luka

slekic@blic.netslekic@blic.net

22

IntroductionIntroduction

The aim of this paper is preview of actual The aim of this paper is preview of actual situation in traffic monitoring in Bosnia situation in traffic monitoring in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Main part of this and Herzegovina. Main part of this presentation is particularly based on presentation is particularly based on report from group on report from group on Faculty of Traffic Faculty of Traffic and Communications University of and Communications University of SarajevoSarajevo under the leadership under the leadership Dr Osman Dr Osman LindovLindov. For improvement the capabilities . For improvement the capabilities for monitoring and statistical analyses of for monitoring and statistical analyses of traffic, a pilot data base in access program traffic, a pilot data base in access program was developed in Banja Luka was developed in Banja Luka

33

Project was supported by Ministry of traffic Project was supported by Ministry of traffic Republic of Srpska as a part of Spanish Republic of Srpska as a part of Spanish international project.international project.

More then 26 000 vehicles with register More then 26 000 vehicles with register number as personal ID are constituents of number as personal ID are constituents of this base. Numerous relation between the this base. Numerous relation between the attributes of vehicles will improved and attributes of vehicles will improved and accelerated monitoring and analyzes great accelerated monitoring and analyzes great number of parameters.number of parameters.

Our intention to make a serious steps in Our intention to make a serious steps in fuel quality control is immobilized by many fuel quality control is immobilized by many factor. We hope that is efficient way for factor. We hope that is efficient way for further steps.further steps.

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Specific Data for BiHSpecific Data for BiH

Area (km2)Area (km2) 51,20951,209

Population (million)Population (million) 3,8323,832

GDP ($ per capita)GDP ($ per capita) 1,8451,845

Total consumption of crude oil Total consumption of crude oil (in barrels)** (in barrels)**

Percentage sulphur content of Percentage sulphur content of

crude oilcrude oil

7 342 974 7 342 974

0,050,05 Energy consumption by Energy consumption by transport (tones of oil transport (tones of oil equivalent)equivalent)

n/an/a

**Reporting data under Council Regulation 2964/95

55

Institutional framework of air quality legislationInstitutional framework of air quality legislation Institution nameInstitution name DepartmentsDepartments Legal actsLegal acts

1 1 Federal Ministry of Federal Ministry of Urban Planning & Urban Planning & Environmental Environmental ProtectionProtection

2. 2. RS Ministry of RS Ministry of Spatial Planning Civil Spatial Planning Civil Engineering and Engineering and EcologyEcology

3. The Ministries of 3. The Ministries of planning area and planning area and environment on environment on Cantonal levelCantonal level

The law states that The law states that the air quality the air quality measurement will measurement will be entrusted to an be entrusted to an expert institution expert institution without defining to without defining to which one which one

The act of air The act of air

qualityquality

The act of air The act of air

qualityquality

The act of air The act of air

qualityquality

Air QualityAir Quality

66

Steps towards EU approximation: Steps towards EU approximation: air quality legislation air quality legislation

Problems:Problems:

Insufficient instruments for Insufficient instruments for monitoring and qualified people for monitoring and qualified people for implementation of legislationimplementation of legislation

Procurement of the equipment for Procurement of the equipment for monitoring and for personnel trainingmonitoring and for personnel training

77

Received technical assistance for EU Received technical assistance for EU

approximation: air quality legislationapproximation: air quality legislation Phare programPhare program – The funded and expert – The funded and expert

assistance for Act of environment FBiH and assistance for Act of environment FBiH and RS. This project is funded by the European RS. This project is funded by the European Union and is implemented by Union and is implemented by Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Federal Environment Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Federal Environment Agency Ltd),Vienna, Austria, as the leading Agency Ltd),Vienna, Austria, as the leading partner in consortium with CEEN Economic partner in consortium with CEEN Economic Project & Policy Consulting GmbH, Vienna, Project & Policy Consulting GmbH, Vienna, Austria; Environmental Management and Law Austria; Environmental Management and Law Association of Hungary, The Institute for Association of Hungary, The Institute for European Environmental Policy, UK; and in sub-European Environmental Policy, UK; and in sub-contractual relation to TMC Asser Institute, The contractual relation to TMC Asser Institute, The Hague, Netherlands and SNEDE, Portugal.Hague, Netherlands and SNEDE, Portugal.

The project refers to financial and expert The project refers to financial and expert assistance within the development of assistance within the development of environmental protection laws (six laws).environmental protection laws (six laws).

88

The project refers to financial and expert The project refers to financial and expert assistance within the development of assistance within the development of

environmental protection laws (six laws).environmental protection laws (six laws). Law on water protectionLaw on water protection Law on wasteLaw on waste Law on nature protectionLaw on nature protection Law on air protectionLaw on air protection Law on environmental protectionLaw on environmental protection Law on fund for environmental Law on fund for environmental

protectionprotection This set of laws has been adopted by This set of laws has been adopted by

Parliaments of the FB-H and the RS during Parliaments of the FB-H and the RS during 2003, although a significant part of 2003, although a significant part of regulations hasn’t been adopted yet.regulations hasn’t been adopted yet.

99

Air quality legislationAir quality legislation EU legislationEU legislation National National

legislationlegislation Correspondence Correspondence to EU to EU legislation**legislation**

Old Directives*:Old Directives*:

80/779/EEC (SO2,PM)80/779/EEC (SO2,PM)

82/884/EEC (Pb)82/884/EEC (Pb)

85/203/EEC (NOx)85/203/EEC (NOx)

92/72/EEC (Ozone)92/72/EEC (Ozone)

93/389/EEC (GHG)93/389/EEC (GHG)

Air Quality Framework Directive Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62/EC 96/62/EC 97/101/EC (Information 97/101/EC (Information exchange)exchange)

Daughter Directives:Daughter Directives:

1999/30/EC (NOx, SO2, Pb and PM10) 1999/30/EC (NOx, SO2, Pb and PM10)

2000/69/EC (Benzene, CO)2000/69/EC (Benzene, CO)

2002/3/EC (Ozone)2002/3/EC (Ozone)

Fourth Daughter Directive (Proposal for Fourth Daughter Directive (Proposal for As, Cd, Hg, Ni, PAH)As, Cd, Hg, Ni, PAH)

The legality The legality (low) of air (low) of air quality quality (entities(entities

Partial Partial transpositiotranspositio

nn

1010

EU legislationEU legislation National National legislationlegislation

Correspondence Correspondence to EU to EU legislation**legislation**

Emissions into airEmissions into air Entity laws Entity laws on air on air

qualityquality

Partial Partial transpositiontransposition

94/63/EC (VOCs from petrol)94/63/EC (VOCs from petrol)

1999/13/EC (VOCs from 1999/13/EC (VOCs from solvents)solvents)

1999/32/EC (Sulphur content 1999/32/EC (Sulphur content in liquid fuels)in liquid fuels)

N/AN/A

N/AN/A

0,050,05 Partial Partial transpositiontransposition

* Repealed by Directive 96/62/EC and its daughter directives**Full transposition/Partial transposition/No transposition

1111

Primary air pollutant criteria standardsPrimary air pollutant criteria standards Pollutant Pollutant standardstandard

EUEU NationalNational

Target *Target * DeadlineDeadline Target *Target * DeadliDeadli

nene

Carbon monoxide (CO)Carbon monoxide (CO)

8-hour average8-hour average10 mg/m310 mg/m3

01.01.200501.01.2005 10 mg/m310 mg/m3 N/AN/A

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

1-hour mean1-hour mean

Annual arithmetic meanAnnual arithmetic mean 200mg/m3 (18)200mg/m3 (18)

40 mg/m340 mg/m3 01.01.201001.01.2010

01.01.201001.01.2010

300 mg/m3300 mg/m3

60 mg/m360 mg/m3

N/AN/A

Nitrogen oxide (NOx)Nitrogen oxide (NOx)

Annual arithmetic meanAnnual arithmetic mean 30 μg/m330 μg/m319.07.200119.07.2001

30 μg/m330 μg/m3N/AN/A

Ozone (O3)Ozone (O3)

1-hour mean1-hour mean

8-hour mean8-hour mean 180 μg/m3180 μg/m3

120 μg/m3 (25)120 μg/m3 (25)

01.01.201001.01.2010

01.01.201001.01.2010

180 μg/m3180 μg/m3

120 μg/m3 (25)120 μg/m3 (25)

N/AN/A

Particulate (PM10)Particulate (PM10)

24-hour average24-hour average

Annual arithmetic meanAnnual arithmetic mean 180 μg/m3180 μg/m3

120 μg/m3 (25)120 μg/m3 (25)

01.01.200501.01.2005

01.01.200501.01.2005

N/AN/A

50 μg/m350 μg/m3

N/AN/A

1212

Primary air pollutant criteria standards Primary air pollutant criteria standards

(continued)(continued) Pollutant Pollutant standardstandard

EUEU NationalNational

Target Target DeadlineDeadline Target Target DeadlDeadl

ineine

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Annual arithmetic Annual arithmetic meanmean

24-hour average24-hour average

1-hour average1-hour average

20 μg/m3 20 μg/m3

125 μg/m3 (3)125 μg/m3 (3)

350 μg/m3 (24)350 μg/m3 (24)

19.07.200119.07.2001

01.01.200501.01.2005

01.01.200501.01.2005

50 μg/m3 50 μg/m3

125 μg/m3125 μg/m3

350 μg/m3350 μg/m3

N/AN/A

BenzeneBenzene

Annual arithmetic Annual arithmetic meanmean

Annual arithmetic Annual arithmetic mean mean

5 μg/m35 μg/m3

4 μg/m34 μg/m3

13.12.200.13.12.200.

01.01.2006.01.01.2006.

N/AN/A

N/AN/A

N/AN/A

LeadLead

Annual arithmetic Annual arithmetic meanmean 0.5 μg/m30.5 μg/m3 01.01.2006.01.01.2006. 1.0 μg/m31.0 μg/m3

24-hour averag24-hour averag

N/AN/A

1313

Annual emissions of pollutants* in ambient air (2003**)Annual emissions of pollutants* in ambient air (2003**) SourceSource SO2 SO2

[ktons][ktons] CO2 CO2 [ktons][ktons]

PM10 PM10 [ktons][ktons]

NO2 NO2 [ktons][ktons]

NOx NOx [ktons][ktons]

VOC VOC [ktons][ktons]

CH4 CH4 [ktons][ktons]

Road Road transporttransport

0.580.58 2926.72926.7 1.81.8 0.220.22 16.316.3 10.110.1 0.670.67

% of total% of total n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a

Total***Total*** n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a

SourceSource NH3 NH3 [ktons][ktons]

CO CO [ktons][ktons]

Hg Hg [tons][tons]

Cd Cd [tons][tons]

Pb Pb [tons][tons]

PAH PAH [tons][tons]

Dioxins Dioxins and furans and furans

[g][g]

Road Road transporttransport

0.1430.143 76.276.2 n/an/a 0.0090.009 47.947.9 n/an/a n/an/a

% of total % of total n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a

Total***Total*** n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a n/an/a

1414

Comment (footnotes)Comment (footnotes)

*The table includes pollutant measurements according to the requirements of EU legislation. In some countries, pollutants such as PM10, NO2, NOx, etc. are measured in other forms (TSP, Total N).

**If data for 2003 is not available, older data inserted

***Anthropogenic emissions only

1515

Fuel QualityFuel QualityInstitutional framework of fuel quality control

Institution Institution namename

Institution Institution type*type*

ResponsibResponsibilityility

Frequency Frequency of fuel of fuel testingtesting

Number Number of of

authorizeauthorized testing d testing

labslabs

1. Ministry of 1. Ministry of Energy, Energy, Mineralogy Mineralogy and Industryand Industry

2. Ministry of 2. Ministry of TradeTrade

3.Inspekt 3.Inspekt RGH, RGH, SarajevoSarajevo

GovernmentGovernment

GovernmentGovernment

Private Private companycompany

The The decisions decisions BiH of the BiH of the fuel quality fuel quality - The - The programme programme monitoring monitoring for for implementaimplementations of the tions of the decisionsdecisions of of the fuel the fuel quality. quality.

According to According to needs and by needs and by the method the method of accidental of accidental sample sample

1000/year1000/year

22

44

1616

Fuel quality controlFuel quality control Steps towards EU approximationSteps towards EU approximation

ProblemsProblems: The decision on fluid oil combustions’ : The decision on fluid oil combustions’ quality doesn’t correspond to the Instruction on quality doesn’t correspond to the Instruction on the way of realization of the Decision on fluid oil the way of realization of the Decision on fluid oil combustions’ quality (Official Register B-H no. combustions’ quality (Official Register B-H no. 27/02). In conformity with the Decision, the 27/02). In conformity with the Decision, the energy inspection is competent for the monitoring energy inspection is competent for the monitoring and the quality, while according to the and the quality, while according to the Instruction, the federal trade inspections is Instruction, the federal trade inspections is competent for the verification of the competent for the verification of the harmonization of quality and release of the harmonization of quality and release of the quality certificate (Official Register FB-H 2/95). quality certificate (Official Register FB-H 2/95). The other problem is an inadequate equipment in The other problem is an inadequate equipment in the existing laboratories. the existing laboratories.

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Steps:Steps: Urgent solution of the problem, related to Urgent solution of the problem, related to the adoption of the final solution of the way to the adoption of the final solution of the way to realize the Decision on fluid oil combustions’ realize the Decision on fluid oil combustions’ quality, the adoption of regulations of the Law on quality, the adoption of regulations of the Law on the supervision of quality of determined imported the supervision of quality of determined imported and exported products (Official Register 13/03), and exported products (Official Register 13/03), as also the procurement of the equipment. as also the procurement of the equipment.

1818

Fuel quality legislationFuel quality legislation EU legislationEU legislation National National

legislationlegislation Correspondence Correspondence

to EU to EU

legislation*legislation* Council Regulation Council Regulation No 2964/95 No 2964/95 (registration of crude (registration of crude oil imports and oil imports and deliveries)deliveries)

98/70/EC (quality of 98/70/EC (quality of petrol and diesel petrol and diesel fuels)fuels)

2003/17/EC 2003/17/EC (amending 98/70/EC)(amending 98/70/EC)

BAS EN 228 (petrol)BAS EN 228 (petrol)

BAS EN 590 (diesel)BAS EN 590 (diesel)

Partial Partial transpositiontransposition

*Full transposition/ /No transposition

1919

Market fuels used in vehicles with spark ignition Market fuels used in vehicles with spark ignition engines (petrol)*(1)engines (petrol)*(1) (only data for sulphur content and lead (only data for sulphur content and lead

content are separated)content are separated)

ParameterParameter unitunit

Analytical and Analytical and statistical resultsstatistical results

Limiting valueLimiting value

NumbNumber of er of

samplsampleses

Taken Taken wherewhere

Min.Min. MaxMax MeanMean StandStandard ard

deviadeviationtion

MinMinimuimumm

MaximMaximumum

MiniMinimumumm

MaximMaximumum

SulphurSulphur

contentcontent

mgmg/kg/kg

N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/N/AA

150150 N/AN/A 150150

Lead Lead contentcontent

g/lg/l N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/AN/A N/N/AA

0,0050,005 0,0050,005

(1) The data are from 01.01.2005 - 30.06.2005.Are there any other additives in the fuel? If so, what are they and what quantity? Around 97 % of oil in B-H is imported from Croatia (64%), Hungary (18%) and from Serbia and Montenegro (11%).

*According to the common format for submission of summary of national fuel quality data (Directive 98/70/EC)

2020

Market fuels used in vehicles with compression Market fuels used in vehicles with compression

ignition engines (diesel)*ignition engines (diesel)*

ParameterParameter unitunit

Analytical and Analytical and statistical resultsstatistical results

Limiting valueLimiting value

NumNumber ber of of

sampsamplesles

Taken Taken wherewhere

Min.Min. MaxMax MeanMean StandStandard ard

deviadeviationtion

MinMinimuimumm

MaximMaximumum

MiniMinimumumm

MaximMaximumum

SulphurSulphur

contentcontent

mg/mg/kgkg

N/AN/A N/AN/A 150150 320320 N/AN/A N/AN/A N/N/AA

350350 N/AN/A 350350

2121

Vehicle fleet structureVehicle fleet structure Year Year

20032003 Total Total

number number of of

vehiclesvehicles

Passenger Passenger CarsCars

LDVLDV HDVHDV BusesBuses

PetrolPetrol DieselDiesel PetrolPetrol DieselDiesel PetrolPetrol DieselDiesel PetrolPetrol DieselDiesel

731.800731.800 305.838305.838

333453333453 8.2828.282 24.84624.846 00 22.08522.085 00 50105010

%% 100100 41.841.8 41.841.8 1.131.13 3.393.39 3.03.0 0.680.68

*If data for 2003 is not available, older data was inserted

2222

Vehicle agingVehicle aging

Year: Year: 2003*2003*

0-5 0-5 yearsyears

6-10 6-10 yearsyears

11-15 11-15 yearsyears

16-20 16-20 yearsyears

>20 >20 yearsyears

Passenger Passenger

cars (%)cars (%) 18.918.9 17.617.6 20.720.7 31.331.3 11.411.4

LDV (%)LDV (%) 21.421.4 18.618.6 24.824.8 25.825.8 9.49.4

HDV (%)HDV (%) 21.421.4 18,518,5 24.724.7 27.227.2 8.08.0

Buses Buses (%)(%)

23.323.3 19.919.9 20.620.6 23.923.9 12.212.2

Total (%)Total (%) 21.321.3 19.819.8 22.722.7 27.027.0 10.310.3

2323

ConclusionConclusion Although there are numerous old and new Although there are numerous old and new

legislatives at cantonal and Entity level, the legislatives at cantonal and Entity level, the greatest problem in B-H is represented by the greatest problem in B-H is represented by the lack of implementation of the approved lack of implementation of the approved regulations, there is by the inexistence of regulations, there is by the inexistence of instruments, persons and desire to implement the instruments, persons and desire to implement the approved legislation. approved legislation.

In several areas, the regulation is old, while some In several areas, the regulation is old, while some of them are even 10 years old. Moreover, a great of them are even 10 years old. Moreover, a great problem is represented by the unavailability of problem is represented by the unavailability of data, there is the irresponsibility of determined data, there is the irresponsibility of determined institutions and persons to implement determined institutions and persons to implement determined legislatives. The data, presented in the upper legislatives. The data, presented in the upper tables, were collected by the responsible person tables, were collected by the responsible person with great difficulty. with great difficulty.

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LiteratureLiterature ““Management of air quality in BiH; CBA on Management of air quality in BiH; CBA on

transportation project in BanjaLuka; transportation project in BanjaLuka; preliminary study”preliminary study”

Dr. Victor Platon (PM); victor.platon@xnet.roProf. dr. Lazo Roljic; lazor@blic.et

Prof. Dr. Petar Gvero; pero@urc.bl.ac.yu