CAO MATERIAL

OutlineOutline

• Computer Generations• Computer Generations

• Landmark developmentsp

• Picture Gallery• Looking into future• Introduction to MIPS Instruction Set• Introduction to MIPS Instruction Set

Five Generations of ComputersFive Generations of Computers

• History of computer development divided into 5 generationsg

• Each generation characterized by a major technological developmenttechnological development

• Fundamental changes in terms ofSi C P Effi i R li bili– Size, Cost, Power, Efficiency, Reliability

First Generation – 1940’s and 50’s:First Generation 1940 s and 50 s: Vacuum Tubes

• Expensive, bulky, unreliable, power guzzlers, p g

• Used punched cards/tapes magneticcards/tapes, magnetic drum memories, machine languagelanguage

Second Generation – 1950’s andSecond Generation 1950 s and 60’s: Transistors

• Smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy‐efficient gyand more reliable as compared to vacuum ptubes

• Assembly languagesAssembly languages, early versions of FORTRAN and COBOLFORTRAN and COBOL

Third Generation – 1960’s andThird Generation 1960 s and 70’s: Integrated Circuits

• SSI, MSI, LSI

• Speed and efficiency• Speed and efficiency drastically increased

• Keyboards and monitors

• Operating systemsOperating systems

Fourth Generation – 1970’s toFourth Generation 1970 s to Present: Microprocessors

• LSI and VLSI

• Made homeMade home computing and embeddedembedded computing possible

• Graphics and mouse• Graphics and mouse

• Hand held devices

Fifth Generation ‐ Present and d f l llBeyond: Artificial Intelligence

• Voice input/outputVoice input/output

• Natural language i t/ t tinput/output

• Parallel computing

• Dual Core/Quad Core

• Centrino, Atom, GPUGPU

Relative performance per unit costRelative performance per unit cost

Year Technology Perf/costYear Technology Perf/cost1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit 900

1995 VLSI 2,400,000

Growth in DRAM CapacityGrowth in DRAM Capacity100,000

16M 64M

y

10,000

16M

4M

64M

t cap

acity

10001M

256K

Kbit

100

256K

64K

1016K

64K

1996199219901988198619841982198019781976

Year of introduction

1994 1996

Increase in workstation performance

1100DEC Alpha 21264/600

1000

1200

800

900

1000

600

700

rform

ance

400

500DEC Alpha 5/500

Per

SUN-4/� MIPS �MIPS � IBM�100

200

300DEC Alpha 5/300

DEC Alpha 4/266IBM POWER 100

�

HP 9000/750260 M2000M/120 RS6000

100DEC AXP/500

Year

019971996199519941993199219911990198919881987

Computer HistoryComputer History

• http://www computerhistory org/timelinehttp://www.computerhistory.org/timeline

Slid C i• Next Few Slides on Computer History

11

Year Inventors/Inventions Description of EventYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event

1936 Konrad Zuse - Z1 Computer

First programmable computerComputer computer.

1944H. Aiken & G. Hopper Harvard Mark I Harvard architecture.1944 Harvard Mark I Computer

Harvard architecture.

J.P.Eckert, 1946

,J.W.Mauchly ENIAC 1 Computer

18,000 vacuum tubes

1947/48

J. Bardeen, W. Brattain & W. Shockley Th T i t

This invention greatly affected the history of

t/48 The Transistor computers.


1951J.P.Eckert, J.W. Mauchly First commercial

t1951 Mauchly UNIVAC Computer computer.

1953 IBM 701 EDPM IBM enters into 'The 1953 Computer History of Computers.

1954 John Backus & IBM First successful HLL1954 FORTRAN First successful HLL.

1955 Stanford Research First bank industry1955used 1959

Institute, Bank of America, and GEERMA d MICR

First bank industry computer - also MICR.ERMA and MICR

Y I t /I ti D i ti f E tYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event

1958Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce Otherwise known as 1958 Noyce The Integrated Circuit 'The Chip'

Steve Russell & MIT1962

Steve Russell & MIT Spacewar Computer Game

The first computer game invented.

1964Douglas Engelbart Computer Mouse &

Nicknamed the mouse because the tail came p

Windows out of the end.1969 ARPAnet The original Internet.g


1970 Intel 1103 Computer Memory

The world's first available DRAM chipMemory available DRAM chip.

1971 Faggin, Hoff & Mazor Intel 4004

The first microprocessor.Intel 4004 microprocessor.

1971 Alan Shugart &IBM Flexible Disk

Nicknamed "Floppy" for its flexibility.y

1973R. Metcalfe & Xerox Ethernet Computer Networking.pNetworking

g

Year Inventors/Inventions Description of EventYear Inventors/Inventions Description of Event1974/

75Scelbi, Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100

The first consumer computers75 IBM 5100 computers.

1976/77

Apple I, II & TRS-80 & Commodore Pet

More first consumer computers.77 & Commodore Pet computers.

1978

D.Bricklin, B. Frankston Paid for itself in two 1978 VisiCalc Spreadsheet

weeks.

1979Seymour Rubenstein & Rob Barnaby Word Processors.WordStar Software


1981 IBM The IBM PC -Home Computer

Personal computer revolutionHome Computer revolution

1981Microsoft MS-DOS Computer Operating system of

th t1981 MS DOS Computer Operating System the century.

1983 Apple Lisa The first home 1983 ppComputer computer with a GUI.

1984 Apple Macintosh More affordable home 1984 ppComputer computer with a GUI.

1985 Microsoft Windows MS begins the friendly 1985 Microsoft Windows g ywar with Apple.

IBM´s SSEC : Selective Sequence ( )Electronic Calculator:(ElecMechCal )

P d d iti t blProduced moon‐position tables used for the course of1969 Apollo flight to the moon.

Speed: 50 mults per second

Input/ cards punched tapeInput/output:

cards, punched tape

Techno‐ 20,000 relays, 12,500 ec ology:

, y , ,vacuum tubes

Floor 25 feet by 40 feetspace:

UNIVAC I : (UNIVersal Automatic )Computer)

d / dSpeed: 1,905 ops / second

Input/t t

mag tape, printeroutput:

Memory size:

1,000 12‐digit words in delay linesy

Techno‐logy:

vacuum tubes, delay lines, magnetic tape

Floorspace:

943 cubic feet

Cost: $750K + $185K for a highCost: $750K + $185K for a high speed printer

IBM 360 CDC6600( l )(Control Data Corporation)

ILLIAC IV (Illinois Automatic Computer)ILLIAC IV (Illinois Automatic Computer)

PDP 8 HP 2115( d )(Programmed Data Processor)

Xerox Alto CRAY‐1 dSaymour Cray Founder

Looking into FutureLooking into Future

• Grid computing• Grid computing

• Nano technologygy• Quantum computing

• DNA computing

InstructionsInstructions• Language of the Machineg g

• Primitive compared to HLLs

l d b h d• Easily interpreted by hardware

Instruction set design goalsInstruction set design goals• Maximize performance

• Minimize cost,

• Red e desi n time• Reduce design time

Type of InstructionsType of Instructions

• Instructions for arithmetic• Instructions for arithmetic

• Instructions tomove dataInstructions to move data

• Instructions for decision making

• Handling constant operands

Example: Instruction Set ArchitectureExample: Instruction Set ArchitectureMIPS

• Representative of architectures developed since the 1980's

• Used by NEC, Nintendo, Silicon Graphics, Sony

• Real architecture but easy to understandReal architecture but easy to understand

MIPS: Microprocessor without Interlocked pPipeline Stages : ISAMIPS: Millions Instructions Per Sec:

Measure

MIPS ArithmeticMIPS Arithmetic

• All instructions have 3 operandsAll instructions have 3 operands

• Operand order is fixed (destination first)

Example:C code: A = B + CC code: A = B + CMIPS code: add $s0, $s1, $s2

(associated with variables by compiler)

MIPS ArithmeticMIPS Arithmetic

• Simplicity favors regularitySimplicity favors regularity

• Operands must be registers, only 32 registers provided (smaller is faster)provided (smaller is faster)

• Expressions need to be broken

C code MIPS codeA = B + C + D; add $t0, $s1, $s2

E = F ‐ A; add $s0, $t0, $s3 sub $s4, $s5, $s0$ , $ , $

CAO MATERIAL

Documents

Transcript of CAO MATERIAL