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Aperture (AV mode)

Aperture is the name for the hole in a lens which controls the depth of field in a photograph. You can control is using aperture priority (Av) mode on your camera and also in manual mode. The main purpose of using aperture-priority mode is to control the depth of field. Aperture priority is useful in landscape photography, where a narrow aperture is necessary if objects in foreground, middle distance, and background are all to be rendered crisply, while shutter speed is often immaterial. It also finds use in portrait photography, where a wide aperture is desired to throw the background out of focus and make it less distracting. The lens aperture sizes are known as f-numbers. A lower f-number, such as f2.8 means a bigger aperture opening which reduces the depth of field and lets more light reach the film or image sensor. A higher f-number. Such as F22.0 means a smaller aperture opening. This increases the depth of the field but allows less light into the film or image censor. Aperture priority mode uses complex metering systems to change settings this can change the ISO settings and shutter speed so you can achieve a perfect exposed image.

This image has a low aperture. This means that it has a smaller depth to field. This image is focussing on the front object and everything else around this object is out of focus, because this image has a low aperture. This would of allowed a quick shutter speed to happen. Then because of this it allowed a lot of light to hit the image sensor due to the big hold.

This image was taken on a middle aperture which Is a middle hole. In this image the depth of field as increased. You can tell this from the image as it still focuses on the front object but everything else is slightly more in focus. The people sat in the background are becoming slightly more visible in this image. This would be using a slower shutter speed less light would hit the censor.

This is a high aperture which is a small hold compared to the two above. The depth of field has increased again. This shows in the picture as everything in the picture is in focus and you can clearly see the milk cup. The people in the background are most visible. This uses a very slow shutter speed. Due to the small hole compared to the other holes this can not gather enough light. This causes shaking to be viable .

F5.6

F12

F20.0

Shutter Speed (Tv mode)Shutter speed is the length of time the shutter is open when you press the button to take a photograph. Shutter priority mode (S or TV) allows you to have the opportunity to choose how long the shutter will be open. The camera will

adjust other settings to make sure the image will have the right exposure. Shutter speeds are shown in fractions or parts of a second. The smaller the number the faster the shutter opens and closes. Shutter speeds are measured in fractions of seconds and then in whole seconds as exposures get longer. Shutter speed is often use to show movement in a photograph. When this is used, a longer times passes from the moment the shutter opens until the moment it closes. When you do this is giving more times for movement to be recorded by the camera. it allows more light into the camera which makes it handy for shooting in dark conditions. A tripod would be advised when shooting shutter speed because camera shake wants to be avoided. A fast shutter speed freezes movement in a image. This requires a lot of light to get the correct exposure.

This photograph was taken with the shutter speed of 1 second. The shutter speed was slow so this meant the censor could pick up a lot of light and shaking. From the photograph you can see where the camera has picked up on movement. Which is the hand shaking.

This is was taken with a 1/60 shutter speed. As you can see the shutter speed is faster and has captured less movement as the hand is not so much of a blur. The fingers are still quite blurry but the whole hand isn’t in general.

This was taken with a shutter speed of 1/500. Which has resulted into a fast shutter speed. This is faster than the two above. This has made caused the camera to stop much movement in this image. This is because the image sensor does not have time to collect the movement from the image. This has made the image really dark because the camera wasn’t in a well lit area so did not pick up great exposure.

1”

1/60

1/500

ISO settingsThe ISO setting on a camera changes how sensitive the sensor is to light. The ASA number of a film tells you how sensitive the film is to light. The bigger the number the more sensitive or ‘faster’ the film or sensor is. A ‘faster’ film or sensor needs less light to produce an image than a slow one. When shooting in low light conditions without a tripod or other support it may be that increasing the ISO speed or using a faster film will let you get the images you need. As ISO speeds gets faster the chance of seeing noise in the image increases. Image noise Is the random variation of brightness or colour information in images produced by the sensor of a of digital camera. It is regarded as a bad thing as the quality of your images can decrease. Image noise can be very noticeable and in some cases not noticeable.

This demonstrates an image with a lot of image noise.

As you can see the bigger the ISO the more grainy and more noise you can see visually in the image.

This has been taken with an ISO of 100. It has changed the sensitivity the image censor has to light. As its on a low ISO the sensitivity was low. This allowed an image with hardly any grain or noise found.

The ISO has been increased in this image. This also meant the sensitivity of light has been increased. As you can tell the image has become slightly lighter. More noise has become noticeable on the canon lid. Nothing else has really happened though when increasing the ISO.

In this image the ISO got increased again. This has made the image sensors senstivity to light increase to. This is one of the highest ISO on the camera. The image again has become lighter. As you can see on the lid the image has increased in noise and some grain. This has decrease the quality of this image. I have notice no discolouration in this image. Which was possible could happen.

400

1600

100

White BalanceGenerally this setting is there to help the camera understand what white is. The auto-white balance setting will work in most situations but sometimes you may need or want to change the setting to adjust the colour in your photograph. Using the cloudy setting in bright daylight will give your image a warmer, yellow tint to it. Using the fluorescent light setting in daylight will give your images a green tint. At times, you will need to change the settings if the colours you see are not being reproduced correctly by the camera. At other times you may decide to chose the ‘wrong’ white balance on purpose to change the look of your photographs.

This above image demonstrates the use of white balance on each different picture. You can see how the different effects are due to the white balance on each image. Your eyes can adjust to the changed in the colour temperature of light but you camera may not be able to do this like you can.

The above images demonstrate just four of the different automatic white balance settings that your camera may have. The different settings have changed the same image in different ways. Each picture was taken in the same place but the white balance has altered the effects to make one look very blue to another looking very warm and brown. The first image Tungsten light which has a situation around 2000k . This has made the image very blue due to the fact of the outside light. IT would generally make an image less warm and cool. The Daylight White balance has not effected the image that much as the setting is around 5000/6000k.The colouring is near enough exactly how you would see it. Shade has been used on one of the effects and this would normally be used with a situation of 9000k. It has made the image slightly warm and brown like. Because of the sunny area the effect of the picture is very warm as its used to normally warm pictures up this picture was already warm so a slight bronze tint has been added. White fluorescent has made the image have a cool blue tint. This effect has altered the image due to the sun and like tungsten has made the image have a blue effect due to the sun.

White FluorescentTungsten Light

DaylightShade

Curves

Cropped

Levels

Dodging and burning

Colour adjustments

Original image