Cannizaro rxn
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Transcript of Cannizaro rxn
Cannizzaro reaction
IntroductionSynthesis
ApplicationVariants
Recent literature
Stanislao Cannizaro was an Italian Chemist.
1826-1910
Cannizzaro reaction
The first to clearify the difference between Molecular and Atomic weights
In 1858 Cannizzaro published his "Sketch of a Course in Chemical
Philosophy" in the journal Il Nuovo Cimento , in which he undertook to
resolve many of chemistry's outstanding issues, basing his arguments on the
work of Avogadro
Stanislao Cannizaro
Only works with aldehydes that are
non-enolisable, i.e. does not have any α-protons.
In case of aldehydes that do have α-hydrogens, the aldol condensation reaction takes place preferentially.
Applicability
Aldehyde containing NO Alpha hydrogen undergo a Auto self-oxidation-reduction,
Disproportion, BasicHydrolysis, Nucleophilic addition reaction when
treated with conc. aqueous base(NaoH/KoH) & it gives Acid and
alcohol
Definition
Synthesis
Chemical reagents
Starting reagent
Aldehyde containing NO Alpha hydrogen
Base
(NaoH/KoH)
Synthesis
One molecule of aldehyde is reduced to the corresponding alcohol, while a second one is oxidized to the carboxylic
acid.
The applicability of Cannizzaro reaction in organic synthesis is limited as the yield
is not more than 50% for either acid or alcohol formed.
The α,α,α-Trihalo aldehyde undergo haloform reaction in strongly alkaline
medium. E.g. Choral will give chloroform in presence of an alkali.
Explanation
Explanation
Involves the bas-induced disproportionation of an aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha
position.
The overall order of the reaction is usually 3 or 4.
The Cannizzaro reaction takes place very slowly when electron-donating groups are present. But the reaction occurs at faster rates when electron withdrawing groups are present.
Mechanism
In case Dianion form
In Aromatic aldehyde
Argument.…
hydrogen is transferred from the second aldehyde molecule is from the solvent.
* When the reaction is carried out with D2O as solvent, the resulting alcohol does not show carbon bonded deuterium. It indicates the hydrogen is transferred from the second aldehyde molecule, and not from the solvent.
In case of aldehydes that do have α-hydrogens, the aldol condensation reaction takes place preferentially.
The Biological Analogue of the Cannizzaro
Reaction
1) Formaldehyde is
disproportionate to Formic acid and Methyl alcohol in strong alkali.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Formic acid
It is used for decalcifier, reducer in dyeing for wool fast colures.
Grain preservation. As a cleaning agent in cleaning products,such
as limescale remover and toilet bowl cleaner. Alkylating agent for Alcohols, carboxylating
agent for tertiary compounds. Rubber industry
Formic acid is a source for a formyl group for example in the formylation of methylaniline to N-methylformanilide in toluene
Methyl alcohol
Methanol is used on a limited basis to fuel internal combustion engines.
Methanol is also used as a solvent, and as an antifreeze in pipelines and
windshield washer fluid.
About 80 per cent of methanol is used for the manufacture of formaldehyde to
produce urea and melamine formaldehyde adhesive resins.
ILLUSTRATIONS
2) Benzaldehyde can be converted to benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol.
Benzoic Acid uses
Food preservativeAgainst yeasts and bacteria n a long list of foods such as
coffee extract, cooked pickled meat and pork; jam, jelly and marmalade; fruit juice, beverages and sherbet and syrups, sauces and tomato paste
chemistryBenzoic acid is the most commonly used chemical
standard to determine the heat of capacity of a bomb calorimeter
MedicinalBenzoic acid is a constituent of Whitfield's ointment
which is used for the treatment of fungal skin diseases such as tinea, ringworm, and athlete's foot
Benzyl alcohol uses
Chemistry Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for
inks, paints, and epoxy resin coatings. it is also a precursor to a variety of esters,
used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries.
Food preservativeAgainst yeasts and bacteria
3) Furfural gives Furoic acid and
Furfuryl alcohol in presence of strong alkali.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Applications
Furoic acid Starting material in numerous
furoatester.its derivative use in flavoring agent and ofcource preservative
Furfuryl alcohol Uses in the production of foundry resins,
adhesive, welting agent. as a flavoring agent.
In a cosmetics & fragrance.
4 )When a mixture of Formaldehyde
and a non Enolizable aldehyde is treated with a strong base, the later is preferentially reduced to alcohol while formaldehyde is oxidized to formic acid. This variant is known as
crossed Cannizzaro reaction.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Crossed Cannizzaro reaction.
Benzyl alcohol and Formic acid are obtained when a mixture of Benzaldehyde and Formaldehyde is treated with alkali.
5 )α-keto aldehyde can be converted to α-hydroxy carboxylic
acids by an Intermolecular Cannizzaro reaction
.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Intramolecular cannizzaro reaction
Phenylglyoxal undergoes intramolecular cannizzaro reaction by giving Mandelic acid (α-hydroxyphenylacetic acid or 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethanoic acid)
Mandelic acid
Mandelic acid Cosmetics industry because it helps in
reducing wrinkles, sign of aging, initial acne
In medical industry uses as a anti bacterial, it is also an alternative to glycolic acid in skin care products.
The drugs cyclandelate and homatropine are esters of mandelic acid.
6) Phthalaldehyde can undergo
intramolecular Cannizzaro reaction by giving (o-hydroxymethyl) benzoic acid.
Intramolecular cannizzaro reaction
Intramolecular Cannizaro Reaction
Mechanism
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
The combination of crossed-
Cannizaro reaction and aldol condensation
Industrial importance
The combination of aldol condensation and crossed-Cannizaro reaction generates polyols from formaldehyde and other aldehyde.
Used in industry to prepare polyols.
An important use of the reaction is the preparation of Pentaerythrit from acetaldehyde
Polyols are very useful and find many applications in industry.
• In this process, advantage is being taken of the fact that all α-hydrogen atoms of the aldehyde react with formaldehyde in an aldol condensation. In a subsequent crossed-Cannizaro reaction, the aldehyde group is then reduced to alcohol with excess formaldehyde .
Idea.……
Step1:Neopentylglycol synthesis
Neopentylglycol (2,2-dimethyl-1,.3-propanediol) is
synthesized from isobutyraldehyde (isobutanal)
and formaldehyde.
The α-hydrogen atom is removed by base followed by
Aldol condensation with formaldehyde.
Step2:Neopentylglycol synthesis
•The reaction is carried out with an excess of formaldehyde
•. The crossed-Cannizaro reaction yields Neopentylglycol
Applications
• Neopentylglycol is used in polyesters (for resins used in airplane or boat manufacturing), varnish coatings, synthetic lubricants, and plasticizers.
The neopentyl structure provides excellent resistance to light, heat and hydrolysis.
Synthesis of pentaerythrit &
trimethylolpropane•The polyols pentaerythrit (2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol) and trimethylolpropane (2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol) are prepared in similar fashion.•
Applications
pentaerythrit is produced in largest quantities.
Its main use is as raw material in the varnish industry.
Its tetranitrate is an explosive. Some esters of pentaerythrit
with higher fatty acids are being used as oil additives, plasticizers and emulsifiers.
Applications
Because of its low-cost synthesis, trimethylolpropane has been used in many applications as a glycerin substitute, for example in alkyd resins.
Similar to other polyols, it is being used for the preparation of polyesters and polyurethanes
A solvent-free reaction has been reported involving mixing 2-chlorobenzaldehyde with potassium hydroxide in a mortar & pestle.
Solvent free Cannizzaro
For preparative purposes, the
Cannizaro reaction as such is rather unimportant, because one equivalent of aldehyde generates only half an equivalent each of acid and alcohol.
But…….
Recent Literature
But……….
At the present time, various oxidizing and reducing agents can be used to carry out such conversions (with higher yields), so the Cannizzaro Reaction has limited synthetic utility except for the conversion of α-keto aldehydes.
Tishchenko reaction
A variant of the Cannizzaro reaction, known as the Tischenko reaction is a disproportionate reaction of an Aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position in the presence of an Alcoxide. Catalyst are aluminium alkoxides or sodium alkoxides. In this reaction the alcohol and acid products combine to form an ester.
Tishchenko reaction
Para Benzaldehyde
Mechanism of the
Reaction
• One molecule of aluminum alkoxide act as a Lewis base to Coordinate with one molecule of the aldehyde,and to facilate the addition of the second equivalent of aldehyde generating Hemiacetal intermediate
Mechanism
This species undergoes an
intramolecular 1,3-hydride shift that results in the production of the aluminium-coordinated ester
CONTINUED
Lithium Bromide as a
Flexible, Mild, and Recyclable Reagent for Solvent-Free Cannizzaro, Tishchenko, and Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reactions
Recent Literature
Recent Literature
►Lithium Bromide as a Lithium Bromide as a Flexible, Mild, and Recyclable Flexible, Mild, and Recyclable Reagent for Solvent-Free Reagent for Solvent-Free Cannizzaro, Tishchenko, and Cannizzaro, Tishchenko, and Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley ReactionsReactions
Recent Literature
A convenient disproportionation or reduction of aldehydes is promoted by lithium bromide and triethylamine in a solvent-free environment at room temperature.
Recent Literature
Recent Literature
•Products of Cannizzaro or Tishchenko
reactions can be isolated using different workup methods. In the presence of a hydrogen donor alcohol, a Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction takes place.
Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction
Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reaction
• Ytterbium Triflate-Promoted
Tandem One-Pot Oxidation-Cannizzaro Reaction of Aryl Methyl Ketones
One-Pot Oxidation-Cannizzaro Reaction of Aryl Methyl Ketones
Recent literature
• Ytterbium triflate is an effective catalyst for the synthesis of either isopropyl esters or free α-hydroxy-arylacetic acids (mandelic acid derivatives) from substituted aromatic glyoxals and aryl methyl ketenes, respectively.
One-Pot Oxidation-Cannizzaro Reaction of Aryl Methyl Ketones
One-Pot Oxidation-Cannizzaro Reaction of Aryl Methyl Ketones
. The environmentally friendly synthesis of mandelic acid derivatives provides products in excellent yield without any further purification after the
usual workup.
One-Pot Oxidation-Cannizzaro Reaction of Aryl Methyl Ketones
REFRENCE THAT
MAY HELP YOU
Refrence
Massimo Curini,* Francesco Epifano, Salvatore Genovese, M. Carla Marcotullio and Ornelio Rosati
*Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Sezione di Chimica Organica, Via del Liceo, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Email: curmax unipg.it
M. Curini, F. Epifano, S. Genovese, M. C. Marcotullio, O. Rosati, Org. Lett., 2005, 7, 1331-1333.
•^ Cannizzaro, S. (1853). "Ueber den der Benzoësäure entsprechenden Alkohol". Liebigs Annalen 88: 129–130.
•^ List, K.; Limpricht, H. (1854). "Ueber das sogenannte Benzoëoxyd und einige andere gepaarte Verbindungen". Liebigs Annalen 90 (2): 190–210
•. •^ Geissman, T. A. Org. React. 1944, 2, 94. (Review)
•^ A Facile Solvent-Free Cannizzaro Reaction Phonchaiya, Sonthi; ; Panijpan, Bhinyo Rajviroongit, Shuleewan; Wright, Tony; Blanchfield, Joanne T. J. Chem. Educ. 2009,
Refrence
Refrence
Mohammad M. Mojtahedi, Elahe Akbarzadeh, Roholah Sharifi and M. Saeed Abaee*
*Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran,
Email: abaeeccerci.ac.irM. M. Mojtahedi, E. Akbarzadeh, R. Sharifi, M. S.
Abaee,
Reference
• ADICHEMISTRY: ONLINE CHEMISTRY RESOURCE (ORGANIC, INORGANIC, PHYSICAL & ANALYTICAL FOR CSIR UGC NET, GATE, SAT, IIT-JEE, AIEEE, JAM, AP CHEMISTRY)
;Wikipedia•.Cobb, Cathy, and Goldwhite, Harold (1995). Creations of Fire:
Chemistry's Lively History from Alchemy to the Atomic Age. New York: Plenum .
•DeMilt, Clara (1965). "The Congress at Karlsruhe." In Selected Readings in the History of Chemistry , ed. Aaron J. Ihde and William F. Kieffer. Easton, PA: Division of Chemical Education of the American Chemical Society .
•Ihde, Aaron (1964). The Development of Modern Chemistry. New York: Harper & Row .
•Partington, J. R. (1989). A Short History of Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications .
•
Cannnizzaro Reaction by Marvi jabbar
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