CANCER Epidemiology Updated January 2011 Source: Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2008....
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Transcript of CANCER Epidemiology Updated January 2011 Source: Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2008....
![Page 1: CANCER Epidemiology Updated January 2011 Source: Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2008. retrieved Jan 25 th 2012 from Ministry of Health. May 2011.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e265503460f94b1598c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CANCER
• Epidemiology• Updated January 2011• Source: Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2008. retrieved Jan 25th 2012 from
Ministry of Health. May 2011 Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/cancer-reg-deaths-2008
![Page 2: CANCER Epidemiology Updated January 2011 Source: Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2008. retrieved Jan 25 th 2012 from Ministry of Health. May 2011.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e265503460f94b1598c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Definition of Cancer
• Large group of diseases
• Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
• Interrupts normal cell functioning
• Neoplasm – A new growth of tissue that serves no physiological function
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Definitions• Benign – harmless, non-cancerous
• Malignant - cancerous
• Biopsy – microscopic examination
• Metastasis – process by which cancer spreads from one area to another
• Mutant cells - cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells
• Carcinogens – cancer causing agents
![Page 4: CANCER Epidemiology Updated January 2011 Source: Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2008. retrieved Jan 25 th 2012 from Ministry of Health. May 2011.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e265503460f94b1598c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Causes• Hereditary risk
• Acquired risk (environmental)
Environmental – Lifestyle
More than 3/4s of cancers occur in people aged 55 yrs and over
Lifetime risk –probability over time
Relative risk –relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer
Tobacco Use
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• Diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, over consumption of alcohol, tobacco use, stress
• Infectious agents, certain medical treatments, excessive sun exposure, exposure to certain chemicals
• Viruses
• Hormones
• Radiation
![Page 6: CANCER Epidemiology Updated January 2011 Source: Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2008. retrieved Jan 25 th 2012 from Ministry of Health. May 2011.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e265503460f94b1598c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Genetic Risks
• About 5% of cancers thought to be genetic
• Oncogenes – cancer causing genes
• Breast, stomach, colon, prostate, uterus, ovaries & lungs appear to run in families
• Some blood cancers also have a familial link
• Familial however does not mean genetic
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Occupational & Environmental Risks
• Asbestos
• Mining inhalation of certain fibres
• Chemicals, certain dyes, herbicides, pesticides
• Ionizing radiation – x-rays, UV
• Non IR - radio waves, cell phones, microwaves computer screens, TVs etc etc
• Chemicals in food – sodium nitrate
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Infectious Diseases
• Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and liver cancer
• HPV – Human Papillomavirus and cervical cancer
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Types of Cancers
• Carcinomas – epithelial tissues covering body surfaces and lining most body cavities are the most common sites for cancers. They affect the outer layer of skin and mouth as well as mucous membranes
• Spread through the blood & lymphatic systems
• Form solid tumours
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Contd
• Sarcomas – occur in the middle layer of tissues - bones, muscles and general connective tissue
• Spread primarily via the blood in the early stages of disease
• Less common but more virulent than carcinomas
• Form solid tumours
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Contd
• Lymphomas – develop in the lymphatic system, and spread this way
• Also form solid tumours
Leukaemias
• Cancers of the blood forming regions of the body, particularly bone marrow and spleen
• Non-solid tumours
• Characterised by an abnormal increase in WBC
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Detecting Cancer• Screening Programmes
• Earlier diagnosis the better the prospect
• X-Rays
• Ultrasound
• Endoscopy
• MRI
• CT
• Lab Tests
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Cancer Treatments
• Surgery
• Radiotherapy
• Chemotherapy
• Alternative treatment options
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-In New Zealand
• Cancer remained the leading cause of death in NZ, for both males & females accounting for 29% of deaths
• Main causes of cancer deaths for males
- Lung
- Colorectal
- Prostate
• Main causes of cancer deaths for females
- Lung
- Breast
- Colorectal
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Leading Cause of Death• Lung cancer accounted for the most deaths
in 2008, 19% of all cancer deaths, followed by colorectal then prostate & breast
• Main causes of cancer deaths for males
- Lung (19.0%)
- Colorectal
- prostate
• Main causes of cancer deaths for females
- Lung (19%)
- Breast
- Colorectal
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Other facts-NZ Cancer Registry set up in 1948
-Cancer Registry Act 1993
-Cancer Registry Regulations 1994
-Cancer Control Strategy 2003
-Since 2008 MoH has led a systematic & coordinated approach through a national programme involving DHBs
-Bowel cancer projected to increase by 15% for males and 19% for females in 2016
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Continued
• New Zealand’s mortality rate due to cancer is high by international standards
• NZ – 3rd highest bowel cancer death rate in OECD for women and 6th for men
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References
• Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths 2008. retrieved Jan 25th 2012 from Ministry of Health. May 2011 Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/cancer-reg-deaths-2008
• Donatelle, R. J. (2011) Health: The basics.(Green ed.) San Francisco: Pearson Education