Canale Paper CILCA 2013 Rev 1a
Transcript of Canale Paper CILCA 2013 Rev 1a
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Contribution of Simplified LCA to Design for
Sustainability Cases of Industrial Applica-
tion
Guillermo Canale,1 , Mara del Rosario Bernatene2 and Fabiana Flores 3
(1) Industrial Design, Human Sciences and Art Dept.- Universidad Nacional de Lans - 29de Septiembre N 3901 (1826) Remedios de Escalada - Buenos Aires ARGENTINA
(2) Industrial Design, Human Sciences and Art Dept.- Universidad Nacional de Lans - 29de Septiembre N 3901 (1826) Remedios de Escalada - Buenos Aires ARGENTINA
(3) Center of Research and Development on Industrial Design - Instituto Nacional deTecnologa Industrial AV. Gral. Paz 5445 (B1650WAB) San Martin Buenos Aires -
ARGENTINA +54 11 42931112
Guillermo Canale
[email protected]: http//:www.unla.edu.ar
Abstract
Purpose
Design for Sustainability (D4S) resulted from a natural evolution of EcoDesign, Green Design or Design for the Environment, initiatives installed in other latitudes more than two decades ago,each one with common elements and differential aspects. The addition of environmental consider-ations onto Product and Service Design helped to deeply reformulate the projecting activities.
Tools developed worldwide, especially those related to Product Life Cycle Analysis, show a sensi-ble delay in its implementation in Argentina. Also, on local Design activities, Sustainability wasmostly understood as recycling-related. Although this is a relevant strategy in EcoDesign, it actu-ally is only a part of it. By 2011, from an analysis and diagnostic on possible cause of such delay,a need was detected to go beyond a discursive approach, based on parameters of awareness.
In order to transcend the limitations of approach it was necessary to opt for a pragmatic and cog-
nitive framework, which implies to propose new productive practices, methods and standards aswell as new habits and interactions for developing formal learning related to cleaner technologiesand better ways of communicate and manage sustainability. (Lundvall B.-. , 2010) (Metcalfe, Theeconomic foundations of technology policy: equilibrium and evolutionary perspectives, 1995)
Methods
http://c/01%20Proyecto%20UNLa/http/:www.websitehttp://c/01%20Proyecto%20UNLa/http/:www.website -
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Through a Research Project ( 1 )at the Industrial Design Dept. at Universidad Nacional de Lans,in cooperation with the Center of Research and Development on Industrial Design - Instituto Nacional de Tecnologa Industrial and the Department of Design Theory and Processes at Uni-versidad Autnoma Metropolitana (UAM) of Mexico it was organized the spreading of this ap-
proach and tools since October 2011.The starting point is the comparative analysis of international methodology and its application toactual cases of industrial products in production, in order to measure their environmental impactand suggest improvements.
We mainly started with European experiences2 and the D4S Guides from UNEP 3.
On the aim of enlarge and put on focus the methods to Argentinian actual conditions, we foundthat all foreign experiences need to be adapted to local socio productive specificity.
Initial experiences were made applying Eco It software4 in the IHOBE version and later we made some progress in using a fully blown LCA tool: SimaPro 7.3.3
Results and Conclusions.
This paper summarizes the approach taken and progress achieved in a journey that is just begin-
ning. Three application cases are shown in synthetic way, related to companies based on SIPAB5 Alte. Brown Buenos Aires
The work performed allowed to accomplish the original purpose of comparing different methodsin order to decide which perform better on each specific case. Decidedly Simplified LCA methods(Eco It) is of immediate application on metalworking and building industries, while textile prod-ucts require a specific approach the Higg Index aims to fill.
Nevertheless, making restatements in Industrial Design a LCA (either simplified or fully blown) isnot enough, but it should be complemented at least with an Ecodesign Matrix and D4S StrategicWheel Analysis. Results obtained allow reformulating production and innovation policies.
Keywords: Design for Sustainability, Simplified LCA, Practical industrial cases, Industrial Design, D4S
1 Introduction
Inclusion of environmental issues in Product and Service Design helped to deeply reformulate
project activities.
1 Project 33A107 - Environmental Impacts reduction on product and processes technology thoughthe use of EcoDesign Strategies - Science and Technique Secretariat, Universidad Nacional de Lans - Buenos Aires - Argentina - October 2011 2 Mainly the Bask method of 7 steps (IHOBE) and the Austrian method Pilot33 United Nations Environmental Program 4 By Pr Consultants, http://www.pre.nl 5 An Industrial Park South West Buenos Aires City SIPAB stands for Sistema Industrial Planifi-cado de Almirante Brown Buenos Aires - Argentina
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This Project6 starts from the comparative analysis of international methodology and its application
to specific industrial manufactured goods under production, in order to measure their environmen-
tal impact and recommend improvement alternatives in their design.
To that end we visited and surveyed products and processes of following establishments: A metalworking company at SIPAB7
An Institute for Dry Construction of houses
A textile company Northern Great Buenos Aires
In each one we jointly selected a case for researching and then results on the application of select-
ed tools (which include Simplified LCA) and environmental improvement suggestions were pre-
sented back.
2 Purpose
2.1 General
The objectives we set involve improving the environmental performance of products and
processes through the application of methodological tools for sustainability.
To articulate new practices with interdisciplinary approaches present in the INTI, in local
companies and in UNLa Industrial Design career.
To analyze the best way to communicate the benefits of these new practices, to promote
its adoption and acceptance by the local productive sector.
2.1 Specific goals
Sort and classify tools according to their recipients, degree of applicability, complexity, cost and
efficiency. For this we set the order of importance and recommended sequence in the applicationof methodologies (primary and secondary strategies) and proficiency in their use, time manage-
ment and ways commensurate with the resources in each local industry.
To meet this objective, we selected three cases where applying and comparing these tools:
A Street advertising Frame by bus shelters, but independent of it.
6 Project 33A107 - Environmental Impacts reduction on product and processes technology though the use ofEcoDesign Strategies - Science and Technique Secretariat, Universidad Nacional de Lans - Buenos Aires -Argentina - October 20117 Industrial Park South West Buenos Aires City SIPAB stands for Sistema Industrial Planificadode Almirante Brown Buenos Aires - Argentina
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Analysis of a square meter of external supporting wall in two different construction methods(traditional and steel frame) used in homes, excluding the use phase.
Two different types of sportive cotton shirts
3 Methodology
For each of abovementioned cases the most appropriate tools were analyzed to help in visualizing
the aspects more influential in the Product environmental performance.
We started mainly from European experiences, The 7 Steps method of Basque IHOBE (IHOBE
Sociedad Pblica de Gestin Ambiental, 2000), some tips from Austrian Program PILOT
(Wimmer, 2003), the EcoDesign Matrix (Tirschner, 2001) and UNEP D4S Guidelines (UNEP -
T Delft, 2009).
In the first case, on the Advertising frame close to Bus Shelters, we seek to develop with the pro-
ducers the External and Internal Motivating Factors, showing why the organization might be inter-
ested in implementing D4S Strategies. Then we defined the type of product we were dealing with
following the Austrian Program PILOT. This was to define semi empirically in which phase of the
Product Life Cycle appear the dominant impacts. Completing this definition an adaptation of
Tirschners Ecodesign Matrix (Tirschner, 2001) was used, marking whit a color graduation (Red,
Orange and Yellow) which impact in which phase is an area of concern (and hence focal points of
eventual redesign).
Methods presented so far are qualitative and greatly subjective, but we found they help in in-
stalling Life-Cycle-Thinking .
Finally, applying a Simplified LCA by the Eco It software let us fine tune environmental impacts
in each case and even sketch comparisons a little bit more rigorous.
As a result, we could support redesign proposals, marking on a Strategic Wheel, according to
UNEP Step-by-Step Guide (UNEP - T Delft, 2009), those with more potential for improving the
product environmental performance. On this tool in particular we found that the original use of the
Wheel (Brezet & van Hemel, 1997) was intended for quantification as each beam on in had a scale
of magnitude. Later versions were deprived of that use. As we ponder that this Elastic Matrix has a
great power of visual synthesis, we coupled to it an original Qualification Guideline (Canale,
2003), developed in the same approach of the Evaluations for the Malcolm Baldrige American
National Quality Award (National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) , 2004). Com-
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bined with a simple MS Excel program, the graphical comparison of alternatives is extraordinary
straightforward.
In the second case, relative to environmental performance evaluation of a bearing exterior wall of
a house, both built in the traditional style (wet construction Brick and mortar) and Steel frame(Drywall), same tools as in the previous case were applied but we did not include the Strategic
Wheel, since the intention was not to study eventual redesign. In this case we tried to establish
which type of building technique shows bigger environmental impact in Production.
In both cases (1 and 2) the graphics in Bar Diagram from Eco It improved the understanding of
individual component impacts.
The third case selected from Textile industry, we confirmed that, exception made of washing
clothes, almost all impacts could be expected to occur on obtaining and processing fibers and fab-
rics. In this particular context, teaching experience showed us a great difficulty on applying Eco It
to apparel and footwear. It looks that the program is easier to use on electromechanical artifacts,
tableware, furniture, and automobile parts than on Textiles. Examples published by IHOBE on
Textile (IHOBE Sociedad Pblica de Gestin Ambiental, 2010) reinforce this perception.
We decided to take advantage of the appearance of a methodology developed by The Sustainable
Apparel Coalition in the Higg Index (The Apparel Coalition), a collective evolution of the onedeveloped by Nike globally. The Higg Index 1.0 is primarily an indicator based tool for apparel
that enables companies to evaluate material types, products, facilities and processes based on a
range of environmental and product design choices. The Index asks practice-based, qualitative
questions to gauge environmental sustainability performance and drive behavior for improvement.
It is based largely on the Eco Index and Nikes Apparel Environmental Design Tool 8.
The tool consists mainly in an interactive set of Spreadsheets with embedded macros involving
self-assessment for al actors in the supply value chain (except retail, to be added later).
The core of this method is based on a Table of Environmental Impacts which conveys in a Materi-
al Sustainability Index (MSI) which normalizes and scores 14 impacts condensed in 4 categories:
Chemical Impact, Energy Intensity / GHG, Land and Water usage and Waste (Nike, 2012). Up to
our knowledge, there are no case applications in our area so far.
8 The Materials Sustainability Index (MSI) was originally developed by Nike. Nike MSI is the result of morethan eight years of materials research and analysis of a wide range of processed materials, including textilesand footwear component materials.
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MSI is a cradle-to-gate index informed by life cycle assessment (LCA) derived inventory data to
engage designers and the global supply chain of apparel and footwear products in environmental
sustainability9. (The Apparel Coalition). Since in this early version results are exclusively numeri-
cal, we added an elemental Bar Diagram to visualize results obtained against maximum scoresassigned to each factor.
4 Results
We summarize the results for each case analyzed:
4.1 Advertising frame Urban Furniture
The chosen product resultedintensive in the Use phase, because of the energy consumption of six
fluorescent bulbs, 58W each. Main issues of interests are highlighted on the Ecodesign Matrix(Fig. 1). From the Life Cycle graphics below clearly derives that design efforts should concentrate
in reducing this impact. See figures 2 to 4.
4.2 Exterior wall of a house- Traditional style and Steel frame
Though environmental impacts differ from one industry to another, it is recognized that buildings,
since they are illuminated, heated / cooled during a number of years of useful life, are among the
biggest generators of GHGs with up to 50% of global emissions of CO2 (Raynsford, 1999). From
this is possible to derive that the subject of thermal insulation of walls, openings and sealing /
infiltration patterns as well as the use of a home is decisive when making a comparative study.
Since a lab in INTI is working on heat transmittance of different type of walls, our analysis was
restricted to the environmental impacts of different materials pertaining to each wall considered
excluding any consideration of the USE phase.
4.2.1 Steel frame wall
Steel profiles carry with good deal of the Impact in Production Phase (Eco It glues together Raw
Materials and Manufacturing in a single Production phase), with significant contributions of
9 This materials index is included in the Product Module of the Higg Index 1.0 to help product teams select
materials with lower environmental impacts, as reflected by better scores on MSI.MSI is not a LCA tool nor is intended to be a substitute for LCA studies. Rather, MSI is a tool that comple-ments and is improved by traditional process LCA tools, data and methodologies to help product design-ers make informed, real-time decisions about potential environmental impacts of materials choices in the product creation process.
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OSB10 Board, Glass Wool blanket and Gypsum Board (36 Kg of CO2 eq./m2). On the simplified
LCA (Fig. 6) is clear that impacts on demolition /discard are negligible. (Fig. 7)
4.2.2 Traditionally built wall (Wet method) - Type211
Discarding use phase, the global impact of this type is almost twice that of the Steel Frame (Dry-
wall) 69.2 vs. 36 Kg. of CO2 eq. /m2. See Fig. 8
4.2.3 Partial conclusions on wall comparison
The main limitation of this study is that within the limits of the matter, the defined unit (1 m2 of
bearing exterior wall) isnot what in a conventional LCA is defined as Functional Unit.This is a
very important concept. In a comparison through a fully blown LCA, Functionand Functional
Unit are definitive for the whole analysis. In our opinion, for a more rigorous analysis we should
define the Function in a more quantified manner 12.
4.3 Performance of two sport cotton shirts
The use of methodology by SAC13 allowed us to identify improvement opportunities to suggest
from the responsible of the link (cutting and sewing) within the value chain to both brands A and
B (Fig.10 Brand scoring and 11 Product scoring). Scores are compared to Maximum score alloca-
tion suggested by SAC. Some recommendations resulted common to both brands:
Quantity and type of materials
Replace polyester fiber by Organic Cotton produced locally and recommend its increasing inclu-
sion in the branded products
Analyze color native cotton, availability in Latin America in order to replace dying.
Reduction in tagging and unnecessary packaging
In Manufacturing Phase
Energy efficient machines and lightingAutomatic/ timed shutoff for energy consuming devices (Lights and machines)
5 Discussion
10 OSB Oriented Strand Board: Engineered wood, produced by compressing cross-oriented layers of strandsof wood with wax and resins 11 Type 2 Refers to a standardized typology as included in ARQ, the Architecture weekly supplement ofClarin Newspaper (BA- Argentina). External wall made with ceramic bricks 18 x 19 x 33 cm. and mortar. Seefigure 5 12 E.g. able to support efforts of xxxx type and magnitude, impeding rainwater transmission as per NNN Standard, having a maximum Transmission of thermal energy K of NNN Watts/m2 K 13 Sustainable Apparel Coalition
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Conventional LCA as defined by ISO 14040 (ISO, 2006) and 14044 (ISO, 2006) are ex-
pensive, take considerable time in order to collect and process all information in a con-
sistent manner and even so, certain parameters remain uncertain. None of those character-
istics would turn attractive its application by a Designer or Engineer unless balanced by asimple approach and enhanced intelligibility.
The immediate conclusion is that a fully blown LCA is very valuable and useful for evaluating a
Product, but it is not a Design tool (Ashby, 2012) (Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the
Environment, 2000 ).
Since decisions made in early stages of a Product / Service Design have great prevalence, the first
objection to tools for complete LCA, is that for performing it they require precisely the degree of
definition that the Project lacks (Vezzoli & Manzini, 2010).
Despite this, since we were dealing with products already manufactured, we began some applica-
tion of SimaPro by Pr Consultants, Netherlands, used worldwide. The experience was enlighten-
ing for the research team but we experienced difficulties summarized below:
Dealing with LCA software assumes detailed knowledge of many concepts uncommon
for plain Designers or Engineers.
We found no specific training available within our area
Guides and Tutorials often assume detailed knowledge of underlying theory, which very
often is not the case
For professors and Assistants familiar with simplified LCA tools as Eco It, data loading
resulted bewildering and very often intricate.
Production profiles for Raw Materials and Electricity assume considerations valid for
Northern Hemisphere, very often the European Union. Adopting them, many times made
us dubious on validity of results.
Results, after a laborious data entering and full of uncertainties, are grouped and ex-
pressed in a way that complicates its interpretation and deriving specific Design recom-
mendations from them.
On the aim of enlarging ad focusing on the national reality, we found that also other foreign expe-
riences (IHOBE 7 Steps method and UNEP Step-by-Step Guidelines) need to be adapted to our
local socio productive specificity. This is an immediate need and represents a pending issue, both
for Governmental entities as well as Academic centers.
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6 Conclusions
In the first case we have consensus with the company to go ahead on the next stage:
Study the social impact of possible improvements in lighting efficiency and expenses. In our Pro-
ject, a Design study on energy savings only could be justified in attention to social demand of
lighting bus shelters for night urban security or other useful elements on the streets, not only ad-
vertising.
In the second case it was decided to advance with applying SimaPro software for enlarging and
checking results obtained with Eco It, provided the application of those studies aim to spread the
results around the problem of Social housing.
In the third case conclusions are toward developing organic sourcing for organic fiber and fair
trading. Nevertheless, in the analysis following the site visit, a remarkable issue resulted from a
very high turnover ratio in the workforce attributable to the demanding work rhythm and probably
rough treatment to operators.
All three cases show that for integral reading and interpretation of data from applied tools it is
indispensable to add an ethic component anticipated in the social variable, the third vertex of the
Triple Bottom Line of Sustainability. Same is valid for the Social aspect of Design for Sustainabil-
ity.
7 Figures
CASE 1
Life Cycle Phase
-
p a c
t s
Raw Matls.Manufacturing
and DistributionUse End of Life
Emissions /
Atmospheric
pollution
Dust and GHG
associated to Iron
mining. CO 2 from
Raw Mtls. trans-
portation
GHG Emissions
from Steelmaking
VOCs from sol-
vent-base paint-
ing.
Baked enamel-
ing (GHG).
Transportation
(CO 2)
No
Fumes at melt-
ing (on recy-
cling)
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industry (ingots
and laminated) 14
Liquid efflu-
ents / Watercontamination
No No
Eventual
Heavy metalson paints?
Solid Wastes
Iron mining de-
bris
Blast furnace
slag
Scraps of glass
Scrap (goes to
recycling)
Fluorescent
light bulbs
(containing
Hg)
Steel (recycla-
ble)
Glass (Final
disposition)
Material Usage
(including
packaging)
Laminated CS
Zinc
Stainless Steel
Glass
Corrugated
cardboard
Paints - Elec-
trodes Film for
Graphics - Sol-
vent based
paints
Solvents (Thin-
ner HC)
Film Stretch
(packaging)
Repairings
Shortening of
expected use
life because
of Vandalism
No
Energy usage /
Type
CS casting and
rolling (Electricity
/ Carbon 15 )16
Blast Furnace
(Carbon) Hot
galvanized (Elec-
trical)
Electrical from
gridElectrical
Electrical (Arc
furnace for
recycling)
Water use Iron mining Non relevant No
Impact on Nat-
ural landscapeNon relevant Non relevant No
14 Manufacturing 1 kg of Steel on Electric Furnace generates about 462 g of CO2, while the inte-grated alternative while the integrated alternative (blast furnace) of same mass emits approximate-ly 2.494 g of CO2.15 Depending if it is electrical (Arc furnace) or Blast furnace.16 Energy requirement for extracting and refining 1 Kg of iron ore for steelmaking is approximately 7,2 Kw/h.
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Other impactsUrban land-
scape
Fig 1 Ecodesign Matrix Advertising frame
Fig. 2 & 3: Advertising frame Bar Diagram showing normalized impacts by each stage on LifeCycle and Impact Diagram on Production Phase (includes Raw Materials and Processing) SourceEco It 1.4
Fig. 4: Advertising frame Graphics on Strategic Wheel assuming already implemented the im- provement proposals (New Design)
CASE 2
Fig. 5 Traditional construction wall Type (ARQ Weekly Architecture Supplement - Clarin Newspaper). Type 2 was selected for reference
Rueda Estratgica D4S
0
2
4
6
8
10
Desarrollo de un nuevo concepto
Seleccin de materiales de bajo impacto
Reduccin en el uso de materiales
Optimizacin de la produccin
Optimizacin del Sistema de Distribucin
Reduccin del Impacto durante el uso
Optimizacin de la Vida til
Sistema de Fin de Vida
Nuevo Existente
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Fig. 6 Dry wall (Steel Frame) Life Cycle without USE in Kg. CO2 eq. /m2. Observe that discard /demolition impact is negligible.
Fig. 7 Dry wall (Steel Frame) Impacts in Production
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Fig. 8Regular wall (Wet Construction) type 2 Life Cycle without USE phase
Fig. 9Regular wall (Wet Construction) type 2 Production Phase
CASE 3
Fig. 10 Brand scoring comparison on Higg Index
Scoring Comparison - Brand aspects
13 14
4
9
3
5
3
1
4
2 3
2 2 2
15
20
10
20 20
15
10
0
5
10
15
20
25
G e n e r a
l
M a
t e r i a
l s
P a c
k a g
i n g
M a n u
f a c
t u r i n g
T r a
n s p o r t a
t i o n
P r o
d u c
t c a r e
& R e p a
i r
s e r v
i c e s
E n
d o
f L i f e
S c o r
i n g
Shirt A Shirt B Maximum
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Fig. 11 Product scoring comparison on Higg Index
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