Canadian Light Source Inc.Our National Synchrotron Research FacilityUniversity of Saskatchewanwww.lightsource.ca

Partnerships & Governance

University of SaskatchewanInnovation at the speed of lightBeautiful riverside campus in the heart of Canada 20,000 students City of Saskatoon (225,000)Innovation Place successful bio-R&D park national leadership in bio-innovation & bio-informaticsNational leader in diversity & comprehensive Life Sciences research (ag, vet, bio-tech, enviro, health)International leader in Agriculture, Bio-technology, & Environmental research & teachingOnly global university campus with a dozen life sciences research agencies, bio-R&D park, & a new synchrotron!

Campus mapInnovation PlaceCLSIUSask Campus

How do Scientists find out about things?What do you do to find out about anything?Ask questions ask a teacher go to the libraryExperiment by touching, tasting, smelling, listening or looking aroundSeeing uses LIGHT the brighter the light, the more detailed the information availableSynchrotrons produce extremely brilliant lightallows advanced technology microscopesproviding molecular level imagesextensive chemical informationcharacterize the nature & structure of materials

Why Synchrotron Analysis?Molecular level details extremely brilliant source of photonsOrders of magnitude higher resolution (spatial & photon)Dynamic studies in pressure, temperature, pH, gasCost-effective in-situ, time resolved studies, trace element analysisHigher sample handling & data acquisition rates (smaller crystals)Reduced sample prep. & intermediate chemistry processingUnique alternative analysis techniquesProtein crystallography; MEMS; aqueous/amorphousSpeciation of heavy metals (such as in mine tailings)

Light lets you see!Interaction of light with matter is very simple, thats why scientists use it.How is light used to look at matter? Light interacting with the surface of a sample does one of three things. The light isAbsorbedReflected or ScatteredRefracted into frequency sub-componentsAnd more

BrightnessMillions of times brighter than sunlight!

Chart1

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7.00E+069.00E+061.12E+071.50E+072.50E+074.00E+079.00E+071.00E+102.40E+131.00E+174.00E+20

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1999350

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173.533.2

Capital140.3Beamline Capital

CFI40.0%5639.9%Gov't of Can9

Sask17.7%25Saskatchewan9

Canada15.5%OperationsOntario9.4

UofS5.2%NRC4.640.7%Alberta??9.6

UofA/UWO0.4%NSERC217.7%NRC4.5

Saskatoon1.7%UofS18.8%NRCan2

Sask Power1.4%MRC18.8%UofS2

NRC/NRCan4.6%Prov & Industry fees1.210.6%Sask Power2

Alberta??6.8%Recovered Costs/ Consumables1.513.3%UofA/UWO0.6

Ontario6.7%11.3100.0%48.1

100.0%

9.66.8%

141

0

0

0

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

How are different types of light selected? longer wavelengths (red)are bent less than shorter wavelengths (violet)Much like a prism bends sunlight into its different colours, beamlines select synchrotron light into frequency components

Canadian Light Source Inc. VisionTo advance Canadian scientific and industrial capabilities by operating the Canadian Light Source facility as the national synchrotron research and development centre of excellence.

The Canadian Light Source Facility

Synchrotron Hall, Main Floor

Older Systems;

Synchrotron Operations1. E-gun & Linear Accelerator

Electron Gun

Electron GunE-gun uses 220,000 V DC power to heat up a tungsten oxide button which emits a small stream of electrons into a vacuum tube.These electrons are sped up in the linear accelerator to nearly the speed of light using microwave technology.

Synchrotron Operations1. E-gun & Linear Accelerator2. Transfer Line & Booster Ring

Transfer Line

Booster Ring

Booster RingThe beam of electrons that enters the booster ring is roughly the same thickness as a human hairIn the booster ring microwaves further accelerate the power of the electron stream from 250 meV to 2900 meV (equivalent to 2 billion flashlight batteries)

Synchrotron Operations1. E-gun & Linear Accelerator2. Transfer Line & Booster Ring3. Storage Ring

Storage Ring

Storage RingThe electrons circulate around the storage ring where large magnets manipulate and bend themA natural result of these manipulations is extremely brilliant light called Synchrotron Light

Synchrotron MagnetsFrom: Synchrotron Radiation Sources A Primer, H. Winick, 1994

Synchrotron Operations1. E-gun & Linear Accelerator2. Transfer Line & Booster Ring3. Storage Ring4. Beamlines & End Stations

Notional Beamline & End Station LayoutASI

Beam LinesBeams of synchrotron light are filtered to select the appropriate wavelength to answer specific questions.Scientists can observe the interaction between the light and the molecules in samples.Incredible amounts of data can be recorded from these experiments.

Beamline pixBrett Moldovan U of S/Cameco

First Light photo taken Dec 9th

ApplicationsAdvanced Materials

Hybrid materials Stress Transistors FoamsCoatings, fibers, polymers, tires, fuel cells, pulp/paper, weldingIT, storage, semi-conductors, sensorsMicro-electrical-mechanical-optical-fluidic systems (nano-enabling)

Materials Antiwear FilmsZn Dialkyl dithiphosphate (R = Alkyl or Aryl)

Decomposes on metal surfaces in sliding contactZDDP Polyphosphates + SulfidesAnti-wear & Anti-oxidantReduces friction, wear & corrosionImproving environmental additives of lubricants

Materials Anti-wear FilmsSynchrotrons help research chemistry for self-healing satellite coatings (Phosphorus based coating react with atomic Oxygen to form a glass film)

Low earth orbit is a harsh environment.

Materials Better Paints Airplanes last longer with higher quality paintsSynchrotron research can assist in designing paints & coatings that reduce corrosionHeiney & Butera, DND

MaterialsNano-technologyCan micro-machines make our lives better?Sandia National LabsUW-Madison

ApplicationsEnvironmental Geo-chemistryEarth Sciences GeologyBio-availability, foods, stability analysis, industrial processingOil tribology, corrosion, soils in situ, fingerprinting, energyRemediation assessments, mining, waste management

EnvironmentalSynchrotron light can analyze exact forms of heavy metals, to demonstrate stability or bio-availability, & the potential to leach into ground waterWhat is the nature of heavy metals in mine tailings? Arsenic?Lead?Selenium? Clean-up!Brett Moldovan U of S/Cameco

ApplicationsLife Sciences & PharmaceuticalHealth Agriculture BiotechDesigner molecules for next generation drugsBiomedical imaging; cell chemistry; implantable devicesGenome & proteomics; treatment therapies

Biology of SystemsFunction of Protein Molecules in CellsESRF

Hemoglobin StudiesSTCC Foundation PressThousands of atoms in hemoglobin molecules communicate with each other, using vibrational energy to know when to drop off or pick up oxygen molecules

Functionality of Proteins; ProteomicsCarbohydrate binding protein used to identify O-type bloodOveractive PCK protein increases glucose production in diabetes

Dr Gerald Audette, USask

Applications in Plant SciencesStudy of structure and function of plant proteinsAnalyzing structural and chemical features in plants and grain. Distribution patterns of minerals in healthy and sick plantsChemistry of toxic elements in plants

Protein Crystallography Bt proteinsThe most important spruce defoliator in Canada and Northern US can be killed with the CryIAa protein.The most important spruce defoliator in Canada and Northern US can be killed with the CryIAa protein.Spruce budworm, the most important spruce defoliator in Canada and the Northern USA can be killed with Cry1Aa Bt endotoxin proteinSpruce budwormChoristoneura fumiferanaGrochulski and Masson 2003

Chemical Composition of BarleyBarley (Harrington 2000-BI-704)Light MicroscopeImageFalse ColourIntensity Map3DIntensity MapIR SpectraIndividual SpotFalse Colour Scale1510 cm-1 lignan1650 cm-1 amide I1180-1000 cm-1 total CHO1246 cm-1 cellulose1738 cm-1 lipid (C=O ester)Yu et al. 2003. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51: 6062-6067SSIADF

Disease Resistance: Take-AllResults: Mn2+ in clear agar, Mn4+ around dark infected roots

Schulze et al., 1995

Medical Imaging in EuropeESRFOriginal patient chair for diagnostic, cellular scans, & full-body treatments, at ESRF in France

Synchrotron Medical ImagingX-ray Techniques of a Mouse AlveoliSPring-8

Human Finger 900Energy = 20keVDr. William Thomlinson, CLS

Initial Capital Funding $140.9MNew capital portion of $173.5M total project value

Chart1

0.4

0.155

0.056

0.177

0.067

0.065

0.044

0.036

CanadaWestern Diversification16%

Sask18%

CFI40%

Cap-BL-Ops $$ (2)

173.532.6140.9

Capital140.9Beamline Capital27.457%

CFI40.0%56.440.0%Gov't of Can9

Canada15.5%21.815.5%Saskatchewan9

NRC/NRCan5.6%7.95.6%OperationsOntario9.4

Sask17.7%2517.7%NSERC4.663.9%Alberta??9.6

Ontario6.7%9.46.7%

Alberta6.5%9.26.5%

UofS4.4%6.24.4%

City of Saskatoon, Sask Power, Boehringer Ingelheim, UofA, UWO3.6%53.5%

100.0%140.9CIHR (MRC)113.9%NRC4.5

UofS113.9%NRCan2

9.66.8%Prov & Industry fees1.216.7%UofS2

141Yet to be raised2.534.7%Sask Power2

Recovered Costs/ Consumables1.520.8%UofA/UWO0.6

7.2100.0%48.1

5.2

CFI16%1640

Que/ BC/ Man/ TBA16%16

Industry8%8

40

40%16

20%

20%

20%Expenses

Salaries3237

Accelerator Ops2918

Services3325

Facility Upgrades531

Computing212

Travel, Communications106

10329

Salary contingency3420

13749

PeopleOps

Mgmt907BD

Sci75436304360

Tech555032255375

Admin355275012660

1051755175

646780261570

73131

15%8350

1253

9603

Cap-BL-Ops $$ (2)

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0

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Sask18%

CFI40%

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7.00E+069.00E+061.12E+071.50E+072.50E+074.00E+079.00E+071.00E+102.40E+131.00E+174.00E+20

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198525FrUKGeUSSwedCA

35

50

19917019912000200020003400100100

110

1995180199940004400490010000400400

240

1999350

2001?550

0

0

0

0

0

# CA Users

000000

000000

Fr

UK

Ge

US

Swed

CA

# Users

AcademicIndustry

1000.20

500.39

250.78

12.51.56

6.253.13

3.1256.25

1.562512.50

0.7812525.00

0.39062550.00

0.1953125100.00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

&A

Page &P

Academic

Industry

20002010

Aerospace15

ICT, Photonics, Nano-tech15

Health15

Pharma, Genomics-Proteomics35

Enviro bio-tech, Geomatics15

Agri-food bio-tech, Nutraceuticals5

100

20152004

Academic3060

Collaborative4530

Industry2510

100100

0

0

0

0

0

0

000

000

Academic

Collaborative

Industry

173.532.6140.9

Capital140.9Beamline Capital27.457%

CFI40.0%56.440.0%Gov't of Can9

Canada15.5%21.815.5%Saskatchewan9

NRC/NRCan4.6%7.95.6%OperationsOntario9.4

(Alberta TBC)6.8%9.26.5%

Ontario6.7%9.46.7%

UofA/UWO0.4%0.60.4%

UofS5.2%6.24.4%

Saskatoon1.7%2.41.7%

Sask Power1.4%21.4%NRC214.5%

Sask17.7%2517.7%NSERC4.633.3%Alberta??9.6

100.0%140.9CIHR (MRC)17.2%NRC4.5

UofS17.2%NRCan2

9.66.8%Prov & Industry fees1.28.7%UofS2

141Yet to be raised2.518.1%Sask Power2

Recovered Costs/ Consumables1.510.9%UofA/UWO0.6

13.8100.0%48.1

5.2

CFI16%1640

Que/ BC/ Man/ TBA16%16

Industry8%8

40

40%16

20%

20%

20%Expenses

Salaries3237

Accelerator Ops2918

Services3325

Facility Upgrades531

Computing212

Travel, Communications106

10329

Salary contingency3420

13749

PeopleOps

Mgmt907BD

Sci75436304360

Tech555032255375

Admin355275012660

1051755175

646780261570

73131

15%8350

1253

9603

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9

9

9.4

9.6

4.5

2

2

2

0.6

00

00

00

Que/ BC/ Man/TBA40%

47

CFI1940%0.4

BC, Man, Que1225%

Ont, Alta715%

Industry920%0.2$MIRMPPC$MIRMPPC

47.0100%Equip (incl contingency)1510Equip (incl contingency)1510

Proposal0.050.250.505%Proposal0.050.250.505%

Design0.050.250.505%Design0.050.250.505%

Build0.100.501.0010%Build0.100.501.0010%

Commission O&M0.050.250.505%Commission O&M0.050.250.505%

CLS Inc overhead0.100.501.0010%CLS Inc overhead0.100.501.0010%

Total1.356.7513.5Total1.356.7513.5

18.8

11.75

7.05

9.4

18.8

11.75

7.05

9.4

$MIRMPPC

Equip (incl contingency)1510

Proposal0.050.250.505%

Lab support0.050.250.505%

Design0.050.250.505%

Build0.100.501.0010%

Commission O&M0.050.250.505%

CLS Inc overhead0.100.501.0010%

Total1.4714.0

Proposal0.050.250.505%

Design0.050.250.505%

Build0.100.501.0010%

Commission O&M0.050.250.505%

CLS Inc overhead0.100.501.0010%

Prop Lead contribution0.250.50.5

hours18%7%4%

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UofS5.2%NRC4.640.7%NRCan2

UofA/WO0.4%NSERC217.7%UofS2

Saskatoon1.7%UofS18.8%Sask Power2

Sask Power1.4%MRC18.8%UofA/WO0.6

NRC/NRCan4.6%Prov & Industry fees1.210.6%45.7

Alberta??6.5%Recovered Costs/ Consumables1.513.3%

Ontario6.7%11.3100.0%

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1999350

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UofS5.2%NRC4.640.7%NRCan2

UofA/WO0.4%NSERC217.7%UofS2

Saskatoon1.7%UofS18.8%Sask Power2

Sask Power1.4%MRC18.8%UofA/WO0.6

NRC/NRCan4.6%Prov & Industry fees1.210.6%45.7

Alberta??6.5%Recovered Costs/ Consumables1.513.3%

Ontario6.7%11.3100.0%

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CLSI types of Customer Access

Follow-up OpportunitiesEncourage national & international participationBC, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Qubec (others pending) Suggest technical questions, & research abstractsDistribute promotional brochures, web site referalsInvite to presentations, conferences, seminarsTechnical & specialist briefings by arrangementConsider possibilities for demonstration science & trainingJoin a Beamteam, or the Users Advisory Committee (UAC) Encourage visits to CLSI Annual Users Meeting in NovemberStay informed www.lightsource.caSign-up to receive CLSI e-newsletter

Educational OutreachPlace synchrotron science on the agendaWeb developmentCurriculum linkages (multi-disciplinary)Competitions & recognitionScience projects option list; mentorsClassroom materialsDemonstration animationsSaskatoon Science Centre

Caffeine MoleculeC8H10N4O2

Canadian Light Source Inc.Our National Synchrotron Research FacilityUniversity of Saskatchewanwww.lightsource.ca

Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525CLSI is located on the north end of the U of S campus along perimeter road just south of Innovation Place.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525The power of lightTracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525The way in which a sample interacts with the light is like a chemical fingerprint that tells scientists exactly what they are working with.

Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525What is so special about this synchrotron light? Extreme Brilliance! how bright is bright?This chart shows approximately how bright a 60 watt light bulb (10 to the 5th power, on this logarithmic scale)When compared with the standard hospital chest x-ray systems (invented in 1895; generally about 10 to the 7th power of brightness)When compared to how bright sunlight is on Earth (about 10 to the 12th-ish power, depending on how this is measured)Synchrotron light is millions of times brighter than sunlight!! (on selected beamlines) Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525

Synchrotron light includes more than just the visible light you see with your eyes. (Middle) For example, visible light is a very small portion of the light spectrum. It allows you to see objects with your own eyes.(On the left) IR light lets you look at small things, like the details inside a single living cell.(On the right) X-ray energy allow you to look through things, to the molecular or atomic level.Therefore, the energy of the light you use in your experiment determines what kinds of information you see. (or different types of light let you see different things).Each beamline may be unique, using a different slice of the light spectrum to conduct different research activities.

Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525This is a view of the main floor of the CLSI building where the bulk of the synchrotron actually sits. What you can see here are the cement walls that shield the equipment and electrons inside. On top of that is supporting equipment such as air and coolant ducts, power and computer cables, etc. On the floor outside the storage ring walls, dipole or bending magnets are visible. These have been installed to bend the beam of electrons around the storage ring.Tracy Walker, 306-657-35251) Synchrotron light was discovered accidentally. It was produced by a linear accelerator being used for other experimentation purposes

2) Older synchrotron systems were built in the 1960s. They are considerably larger and more expensive than current facilities

3) Newer facilities consist of the older ones with technological upgrades and overhauls

3) Pending facilities are those such as ours, in various stages of planning and production. Ours is the first of these to come on line. We are considerably smaller, only slightly less power than our larger counterparts, but much less expensive.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525The electron gun and the linear accelerator are located in the basement of the adjacent older building. It has been in use since the 1960s. An overhaul and updating of equipment occurred before the remainder of the synchrotron was built.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525This is a view of the electron gun and the linear accelerator area located two stories underground, in the original building.Commissioned in the early 60s has received about a 20% upgrade in components, mostly related to computers & control systems.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525The heating element creates a momentary cloud of electrons which are then attracted to a positively charges plate with a pin prick hole in it. Only a few electrons go through the hole thus creating a stream that enters a vacuum tube.

The tube travels through a radio-frequency cavity that provides the microwave energy to boost the speed of the electrons.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525This brings the electrons from the linear accelerator in the old building to the booster ring 2 floors up in the center of the new building.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525This shows the bending magnets (in blue) and the focusing magnets (in green) of the booster ring. The bending magnet are responsible for keeping the electrons flowing around the ring. The focusing magnets are intended to keep the electrons close together while they travel.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525The storage ring shows similar, but more powerful, blue bending magnets as well as some insertion devices (in the straight sections). These insertion devices manipulate the electrons so that they produce the most brilliant light possible. The synchrotron light is then directed down the beamlines.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Undulators and wigglers are magnets that are inserted into the straight sections of the storage rings to produce radiation, in addition to the radiation produced by bending magnets. The emission pattern of a wiggler is similar to that of a bending magnet, but 2N as intense due to repetitive electron bending over the length of the 2N pole; the radiation interference of a wiggler magnet is incoherent. The emission pattern of an undulator is similar to that of the natural emission angle of synchrotron light. There is coherent interference of individual electrons at the multiple poles within the undulator so at the harmonics of the resonant frequency a very sharp energy peak is formed.

Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Brilliant synchrotron light is collected from the storage ring, segmented into the necessary frequencies by the monochromator, focused by a variety of mirror systems, and shone on the sample. A variety of detector systems collect large amounts of data for follow-on analysis.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525This is a photo of some of the equipment that is used at the end of the beamlines in the experiments.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525This is the picture taken of the first light produced at the Canadian Light Source. We were very excited because it was produced earlier than anyone anticipated and was only 2 degrees off target.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525ZDDP is an additive that when discovered was considered black gold because it was an anti-wear and an anti-oxidant. Now we have to reverse engineer it because we didnt understand how it worked when we developed it.

Anti-wear in that it forms a phosphate glass film that keeps the moving metal surfaces from contacting each other. It is made from Zinc, Sulfur (which disappears during the reaction), and Phosphorus. Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525This is a photo of the Long Duration Exposure Facility designed to remain in LEO (low Earth orbit) for 3 months. It remained there for 5 years due to delays in the NASA space program after the shuttle Columbia disaster. Sections were covered with different coatings to test them against particular space issues such as: extreme UV exposure (no atmosphere to filter it out); extreme temperature changes; micro-meteorites; atomic Oxygen (O not O2) which is the most common gas and extremely reactive due to the unpaired electrons.What was found was that the atomic oxygen reacted with the ZDDP coating formed a similar phosphorus based glass film to what is formed in vehicle engines and so could be considered self-healing.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Studying paints and primers at the molecular level can help to develop higher quality paints that will adhere better to materials each other and to the material they are coating.Tracy Walker, 306-657-35251) The bug you see, put there for reference purposes, is a spider flea. This is an example of just how small moving machines can be built. 2) This photo is also for reference purposes. You know the size of an ant. The yellow circle brings your attention to a gear, produced on a synchrotron, that has been fixed to the ants forehead.3) This is an optical spectroscopy sensor used in the tool to monitor the colour of the babys blood. There is a grating inside the monitor that separates the light reflected from the babys forehead. The results from reading the light let the care-giver know if there is a high level of billiruben in the blood and the new-born requires medical attention.

This is a Phase II beamline proposal awaiting approval for construction.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525

Understanding the exact structure of the heavy metals in the environment is required to offer solutions in mining, or pulp and paper companies. Synchrotron data can provide percent compositions to build environmental models and to clean up the waste by turning the offending pollutant into a form that wont be absorbed by the water, or the soil, or the plants.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Using synchrotron light scientists can determine the shape and some functions of these extremely complex proteins. Understanding what they look like and how they function can lead to some very valuable experiments and information regarding how to treat diseases.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525This protein is sprayed on plants so that worms such as the spruce budworm come in contact with it. This proteins function is to bind to a receptor and fold itself in such a way that it causes a pore or hole in the cell membrane. Once the hole is created, the contents of the cells empty thus killing the cell. When enough cells are dead, the worm cannot survive.

There are other proteins in this family that will function similarly for mosquitoes and other bugs. They do not affect the plant or humans.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Each of the rows indicates the results of tests for a different substance and where it is located in the seed. Why might this be useful?Lignan is a substance that is difficult for animals to digest and therefore goes straight through the animals system and is excreted. The IR spectra proves the presence of this substance and the maps (colour and 3D intensity) show that this substance is located close to the surface of the seed.If we could develop a method of striping the outer edge of the seed, a feed barley could be produced that has removed a significant contributor to waste material.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Take-All is a fungus that attacks the root by oxidizing the Mangenese (MN) that is present in the root.This is to our knowledge, the only application of synchrotron technology to plant pathology to date. The technique is called XANES or X-ray Absorption New Edge Spectroscopy. We know that every mineral absorbs x-rays at a particular energy level. We can set our equipment to measure that particular energy level.

Reduces the hosts defense mechanism prior to invasion by catalyzing the oxidation of soluble Mn2+ to insoluble Mn4+ in soil surrounding the rootTracy Walker, 306-657-3525This is a Phase II beamline waiting for approval for construction.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Phase II capital funding discussion have commenced and include B.C., Que, Man., and the Atlantic provinces.Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525Tracy Walker, 306-657-3525