Canada’s Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Research Consortium, Gateway and Corridor Workshop,...
-
date post
21-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
6
Transcript of Canada’s Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Research Consortium, Gateway and Corridor Workshop,...
Canada’s Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Research Canada’s Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Research Consortium, Gateway and Corridor Workshop, Consortium, Gateway and Corridor Workshop, Regina, Saskatchewan, February 21 2007Regina, Saskatchewan, February 21 2007
Gateways, Corridors and Gateways, Corridors and Global Freight Global Freight Distribution: Transpacific Distribution: Transpacific IssuesIssuesJean-Paul RodrigueAssociate Professor, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, New York, USA
Email: [email protected] available at:http://people.hofstra.edu/faculty/Jean-paul_Rodrigue
Globalization and the Transpacific
■ Globalization; a clustered and spatially diffused process• In terms of production and
consumption.• Distribution is reconciling
spatially diverse demands for raw materials, parts and finished goods.
■ The backbone of globalization• Networks are established to
support distribution.• Gateways are regulating the
flows within networks.• As international trade increases,
gateways have become strategic locations.
Gateways and Hubs as Central and Intermediate Locations
■ Gateways & hubs• Nodes offering an accessibility to a
large system of circulation.• Obligatory (semi) points of
passage.• Convergence of transport
corridors.• Centrality and intermediacy.
■ Gateways• Favorable physical location.• Intermodal and stable in time.
■ Hubs• Transmodal and subject to change.• Commercial decisions.• Delays vs. frequency of services.
Gateway
Intermodal
Hub
Transmodal
Corridors and Regional Development
Specialization andinterdependency
Gateway
Flows
OrderHigh LowHigh Low
A B C
Main North American Trade Corridors and Metropolitan Freight Centers
Miami
Boston
Dallas
Denver
Norfolk
Atlanta
Memphis
Halifax
Detroit
Toronto
Chicago
Houston
Phoenix
Seattle
Calgary
Edmonton
Winnipeg
Montreal
New York
Portland
Baltimore
Charlotte
Cleve land
St. Louis
San Diego
Vancouver
Charleston
Pittsburgh
Cincinnati
New Orleans
Kansas City
Minneapolis
Los Angeles
Philadelphia
Oklahoma Ci ty
San Francisco
Salt Lake City
Hub
Gateway
Interdependencies and Imbalances
■ Macro-economic and physical imbalances• Globalization has made the economies of the Pacific Rim more
integrated.• These interdependencies however come with acute imbalances.• The core of these imbalances is at start macro-economic:
• Comparative advantages.• Foreign direct investments.• Debt and asset inflation.
• Macro-economic imbalances have an outcome in the physical world of freight flows:
• International trade.• Container flows.• Transportation rates.• Structure of long distance transport services.
The “Perpetual Motion Machine”: The Dynamics of the World’s Most Significant Trade Relationship
Goods
Bonds (IOUs)
Asset InflationDebt
Reserves
Interest RatesUnemployment
$ for goods
$ for bonds
United StatesChina USD
USD
BorrowingInvestment
Share of Global Manufacturing Output, 1993-2003
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
China
South Korea
ASEAN
Taiwan
India
2003
1993
World’s 10 Largest Exporters and Importers, 2005
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800
Germany
United States
China
Japan
France
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Italy
Canada
Belgium
Billions of $US
Imports
Exports
Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 1995-2005 (in millions of TEUs)
4.0
5.2
5.6
7.2
8.8
10.2
12.4
13.9
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.9
3.9
4.1
4.2
4.3
2.8
3.5
4.5
5.9
6.1
7.3
8.9
9.9
2.3
2.7
3.6
4.0
4.2
4.9
5.2
5.6
1.2
1.3
2.2
2.7
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.4
1.7
2.9
3.6
2.6
2.9
3.2
3.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1995
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Asia-USA
USA-Asia
Asia-Europe
Europe-Asia
USA-Europe
Europe-USA
Maritime Freight Rates (USD per TEU), 1993-2006
$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
1993-4
1994-2
1994-4
1995-2
1995-4
1996-2
1996-4
1997-2
1997-4
1998-2
1998-4
1999-2
1999-4
2000-2
2000-4
2001-2
2001-4
2002-2
2002-4
2003-2
2003-4
2004-2
2004-4
2005-2
2005-4
Asia - US
US - Asia
Asia - EuropeEurope - Asia
Two Major Transpacific Pendulum Routes Serviced by OOCL, 2006 (The Wal-Mart Express)
Seattle
Oakland
Vancouver
Los Angeles
Kobe Tokyo
Pusan
Nagoya
Shekou
Qingdao
Shanghai
KaohsiungHong Kong
Singapore
Laem Chabang
Ningbo
Source: OOCL Web Site
49 Days
40 Days
Note: Paths are approximate and transit time includes port time
Northwest Express (NWX)
South China Express (SCX)
Largest American Importers of Asian Goods Through Maritime Container Transport, 2004 (in TEUs)
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000
Wal-Mart
Home Depot
Target
Sears (K-Mart)
Ikea
Lowe's
Costco
Ashley Furniture
Payless ShoeSource
Samsung
Matsushita
Toyota
Hamilton Beach
Honda
CVS (Eckerds)
Kobe
Tokyo
OsakaBusan
Ningbo
Nagoya
Manila
Dalian
Yantian
Tianjin
Keelung
Yokohama
Shenzhen
Shanghai
Quingdao
Singapore
Kaohsiung
Hong KongGuangzhou
Port Kalang
Laem Chabang
Tanjung Priok
Tanjung Pelepas
Tacoma
FraserSeattle
Oakland
Portland
Vancouver
Anchorage
Long BeachLos Angeles
Pacific Asia
North American West Coast
2004 Traffic
Less than 2 million TEU
2 million to 4 million TEU
4 million to 7 million TEU
7 million to 10 million TEU
More than 10 million TEU
Container Traffic at Major Transpacific Container Ports: Mirror Images?
TokaidoYellow SeaRim
Sunan Delta
Pearl River DeltaTaiwan / Fujian
Singapore San Pedro Bay
San Francisco Bay
Puget Sound
Prince Rupert
Ensenada
Gateways and Hinterland Effect
Efficient Inland Freight DistributionInefficient Inland Freight Distribution
Pacific Asia North American West Coast
SEZ
Corridor
Containers Handled by the Port of Hong Kong, 1995-2005 (in TEU)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
Mill
ions
Loaded (inbound) Empty (inbound)
Loaded (outbound) Empty (outbound)
Loaded Ratio (Outbound / Inbound) Empties Ratio (Outbound / Inbound)
Containers Handled by the Port of Los Angeles, 1995-2005 (in TEU)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Mill
ions
Loaded (inbound) Empty (inbound)
Loaded (outbound) Empty (outbound)
Loaded Ratio (Outbound / Inbound) Empties Ratio (Outbound / Inbound)
Containers Handled by the Port of Vancouver, 1997-2005 (in TEU)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Rat
io
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Mill
ions
Loaded (inbound) Empty (inbound)
Loaded (outbound) Empty (outbound)
Loaded Ratio (Outbound / Inbound) Empties Ratio (Outbound / Inbound)
Types and Functions of Rail Freight Corridors
Type Function Examples
Short distance (within a gateway / hub)
Modal shift, improved capacity and throughput.
Switch carrying, Alameda, “Agile Port”, Panama
Hinterland access (between a gateway and its vicinity)
Expand market area, reduce distribution costs & congestion
Rail shuttles, PIDN, Virginia Inland port
Landbridge (between gateways)
Long distance container flows, continuity of global commodity chains
North American landbridge
Circum-hemispheric (between gateways with a maritime segment)
Integrated global transport chains
Northern East-West Corridor
Miami
Boston
Houston
Halifax
Savannah
PortlandMontreal
Gulfport
Vancouver
Baltimore
Palm Beach
Charleston
New Orleans
Philadelphia
Jacksonville
Hampton Roads
Wilmington (NC)
Wilmington (DE)
Port Everglades
New York/New Jersey
Tacoma
Fraser
Seattle
Oakland
Long BeachLos Angeles
Container Port Traffic and Ownership of Major Rail L ines, 2005
Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University
Port Traffic in TEU (2005)
Less than 300,000
300,000 to 500,000
500,000 to 1,000,000
1,000,000 to 3,000,000
More than 3,000,000
Burlington Northern Sante Fe (BNSF)
Canadian National (CN)
Canadian Pacific (CP)
CSX Transportation (CSXT)
Ferromex (FNM)
Kansas City Southern (KCS)
Norfolk Southern (NS)
Union Pacific (UP)
Other
Regina
Calgary
Memphis
Chicago
Winnipeg
St LouisKansas City
Minneapolis
Dallas / Fort Worth
Houston
Savannah
Montreal
Vancouver
Charleston
Hampton Roads
New York/New Jersey
Tacoma
Seattle
Oakland
Long BeachLos Angeles
Potential Location of Major Transmodal Rail Facilities:Maritime Gateways and Inland Hubs
Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University
Maritime Rail Gateway
Transmodal Rail Hub
Western North America: Value of US Rail Imports by Port of Entry, 2002
Regina
Calgary
Chicago
Winnipeg
St LouisKansas City
Minneapolis
Noyes
Sumas
Portal
Blaine
Pembina
Laurier EastportFrontier
Sweetgrass
Sault Ste. Marie
International Falls-Ranier
Western North America: Value of US Rail Imports by Port of Entry, 2002
Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University
Less than 50 million
50 to 300 million
300 to 800 million
800 million to 1.6 billion
More than 1.6 billion
Western Canada: Taking Advantage of Intermediacy
■ Prince Rupert: A new gateway?• Congested West Coast Ports; in search of alternatives.• CN Prince Rupert strategy:
• Focus on non-stop intermodal services to Chicago.• Time component as a major comparative advantage (107 hours).
• The decision to use the gateway will be made by maritime shipping lines.
• The quality and efficiency of inland distribution will be a factor behind the number and frequency of port calls.
• Many logistical opportunities in between (transmodal).• What about the “warm chain”?
■ North Pacific Rim Trade Corridor• A potential alternative?
Conclusion: Pacific Asia and 21st Century North American Freight Distribution
■ Transpacific Trade• Emergence of global production networks.• Substantial rebalancing of the global economy.
■ Gateways, corridors and integrated transport systems• Imbalanced freight flows; the gateways’ dilemma:
• Disequilibrium in the division of labor, trade, production and consumption.• Pressures to manage disequilibrium (e.g. empties).
• Intermodal and transmodal operations:• Reconcile the scales (from the “Agile Port” to the Landbridge).
• Logistical friction:• A new modal balance (time, cost and efficiency).• Competitive advantages derived from whole transport chains.
• The matter is mainly in the hands of private firms:• Decide the allocation of assets and capital.
Circum Hemispheric Dreams
Russia
ChinaCanada
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Kazakhstan
Mongolia
New York
Vostochny
Lianyungang
Archangel'sk
Brest
Druzhba
Zabaykalsk
Oulu
Lokot
Perm'
Astana
Harbin
Urumqi
Beijing
IrkutskLanzhou
VologdaVainikkala
Ulaanbaatar
Novosibirsk
Yekaterinburg Presnogorkovka
Halifax
MoscowSt. Petersburg
El Paso
Chicago
Kansas CIty
Minneapolis
Salt Lake CityTacoma
Oakland
Houston
Savannah
Montreal
Vancouver
Long Beach
Haparanda/Tornio
New York
Rotterdam
Maritime Segment
Rail Main Trunk (Broad Gauge)
Rail Main Trunk (Standard Gauge)
Port
Gauge Change
Rail Terminal
Azimuthal Equidistant Polar Projection
Arctic Bridge
Northern Sea Route
Northwest Passage