Canada's Arctic Health & Human Performance S&T Plan · reliability, completeness, currency or...

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Defence Research and Development Canada Contract Report DRDC-RDDC-2017-C231 September 2017

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Canada's Arctic Health & Human Performance S&T Plan Colin Lindsay CLDC Prepared by: Colin Lindsay Development Corporation 2927 Shadow Hill Crescent Ottawa, Ontario K1T 3Y9 PSPC Contract Number: W7701-4501399802 Contractor's date of publication: June 2017 Technical Authority: Wendy Sullivan-Kwantes, Defence Scientist Terms of Release: This document is approved for Public release.

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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Department of National Defence), 2017 © Sa Majesté la Reine en droit du Canada (Ministère de la Défense nationale), 2017

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IMPORTANT INFORMATIVE STATEMENTS

Disclaimer: This document is not published by the Editorial Office of Defence Research and Development Canada, an agency of the Department of National Defence of Canada, but is to be catalogued in the Canadian Defence Information System (CANDIS), the national repository for Defence S&T documents. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Department of National Defence) makes no representations or warranties, express or implied, of any kind whatsoever, and assumes no liability for the accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or usefulness of any information, product, process or material included in this document. Nothing in this document should be interpreted as an endorsement for the specific use of any tool, technique or process examined in it. Any reliance on, or use of, any information, product, process or material included in this document is at the sole risk of the person so using it or relying on it. Canada does not assume any liability in respect of any damages or losses arising out of or in connection with the use of, or reliance on, any information, product, process or material included in this document.

This document was reviewed for Controlled Goods by Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) using the Schedule to the Defence Production Act.

Canada’s Arctic Health & Human Performance S&T Plan

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Category Issue S&T

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1 Promotion 1 Development of aide-memoire for Arctic Ops x x 2 Psychosocial preparation to adapt to Arctic x 3 Importance of fitness in preparation for Arctic Ops x 4 Impact of length of day/night on individual health x

2 Protection 1 Reducing injuries resulting from use of portable stoves x x x 2 Pre-screening for medical issues prior to Arctic deployment x 3 Enhancing clothing (e.g. mitts, boots, hoods) x 4 Identification of populations at risk (ethnicity, gender); disaggregate data x x

3 Treatment 1 Updating strategies for treating injuries in the cold (all types) x x x 2 Updating strategies for treating severe frostbite 3 Protection of health care workers while they treat injuries x x

4 Evacuation 1 Development of standing offer for air evacuation services x x 2 Air evacuation training related to Arctic-specific aircraft (e.g. Twin Otter) x x 3 Enhancing ground evacuation platform/processes x x 4 Patient monitoring during evacuation x 5 Low-bandwidth telemedicine options x x

5 Medical Equipment 1 Centralization and standardization of medical equipment for Arctic Ops x 2 Strategies to enhance efficacy and sustain medical kit in extreme cold x x x 3 Medicines/supplies specific to treating CWIs / warming technologies x x x

6 Training 1 Enhanced/standardized training for individuals deployed to the Arctic x 2 Enhanced training for medical personnel related to cold-weather operations x 3 Enhanced training for medical personnel related to treating CWIs x

7 Information 1 Informing planning (data dissemination) x2 Wearable body temperature sensors x x3 Enhanced CWI reporting processes x 4 Ruggedized data collection tool x x5 Informing management decision making (data analysis) x x6 Improving accessibility of information relating to CWIs x 7 Collection and analysis of longitudinal data x x8 International CWI database x x

8 Policy 1 Standardization of qualifications (across elements) x x 2 Stratifying strategies for Ops in cold vs. extreme cold x x 3 Medical cross-scan of Arctic vs. Mountain health/medical x x

9 Process 1 Enhancing strategies for feeding / enhancing nutritional intake x x

Rank Issue Category Prioritization 1 Reducing injuries resulting from use of portable stoves Protection Top Priority 2 Wearable body temperature sensors (peripheral blood flow and core temp) Information Top Priority

3 Updating strategies for treating injuries in the cold (all types) Treatment Top Priority

4 Updating strategies for treating severe frostbite Treatment Top Priority 5 Enhancing strategies for feeding / enhancing nutritional intake Process Top Priority

6 Ruggedized data collection tool Information Strategic 7 Informing management decision making (data analysis) Information Strategic

8 Strategies to enhance efficacy and sustain medical kit in extreme cold Medical Equipment Quick Win 9 Stratifying strategies for Ops in cold vs. extreme cold Policy Strategic

10 Psychosocial preparation to adapt to Arctic Promotion Quick Win

11 Medical cross-scan of Arctic vs. Mountain health/medical Policy Quick Win 12 Identification of populations at risk (ethnicity, gender); disaggregate data Protection Strategic

13 Collection and analysis of longitudinal data Information Strategic 14 International CWI database Information Strategic

15 Medicines/supplies specific to treating CWIs / warming technologies Medical Equipment Strategic

16 Low-bandwidth telemedicine options Evacuation Strategic

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1 Equipment 1 Stove / tent heater (ease of operation / CO) x x x 2 Shelter (portable emergency / fixed) x x 3 Alternative/portable/wearable heating tech (e.g. IR / snowmobile) - scan x x

2 Nutrition/Feeding 1 Energy expenditure in arctic (macro nutrient distribution) x x 2 Factors affecting intake (why caloric intake too low) - parallel back/neck x x 3 Air transport of fresh food - preventing spoilage from cold (commercial solutions) x x

3 Clothing 1 Clothing options for working / surviving in Arctic (separate) x x 2 Stratified clothing (temperate vs. extreme cold) - effectiveness/layering/evaporation x x x 3 Wearable devices (vital sign monitoring / radio link) x x 4 Non-fogging eyewear/goggles (task analysis / industry engagement) x x x 5 Examining advanced materials for clothing (dexterity/insulation/heating) x x

4 Training 1 Junior leadership - psychological / nutrition / Trg effectiveness x 2 Training review / update (beyond BWW / region-specific) - CFITES protocols x

5 Navy 1 Morale (identify / track / underemployment / isolation / depression / Trg pop) x x 2 Fatigue (e.g. ice breaking = sleep deprivation / noise/vibration) - Also Army x x

6 Air Force 1 Survival kit standardization / optimization (new contents / justifications) x x 7 Social / Cultural 1 Anthropological assessment of cultural interaction (inform training/ops) x x

Rank Issue Category Prioritization 1 Stove / tent heater (ease of operation / CO) Equipment High Priority 2 Clothing options for working / surviving in Arctic (separate) Clothing High Priority 3 Stratified clothing (temperate vs. extreme cold) - effectiveness/layering/evaporation Clothing High Priority 4 Energy expenditure in arctic (macro nutrient distribution) Nutrition/Feeding High Priority 4 Junior leadership - psychological / nutrition / Trg effectiveness Training High Priority 6 Factors affecting intake (why caloric intake too low) - parallel back/neck Nutrition/Feeding High Priority 7 Shelter (portable emergency / fixed) Equipment High Priority 7 Morale (identify / track / underemployment / isolation / depression / Trg pop) Navy High Priority 9 Wearable devices (vital sign monitoring / radio link) Clothing High Priority

10 Survival kit standardization / optimization (new contents / justifications) Air Force High Priority 11 Non-fogging eyewear/goggles (task analysis / industry engagement) Clothing Strategic 12 Air transport of fresh food - preventing spoilage from cold (commercial solutions) Nutrition/Feeding High Priority 13 Fatigue (e.g. ice breaking = sleep deprivation / noise/vibration) - Also Army Navy Strategic 14 Alternative/portable/wearable heating tech (e.g. IR / snowmobile) - scan Equipment Strategic 15 Training review / update (beyond BWW / region-specific) - CFITES protocols Training Strategic 16 Examining advanced materials for clothing (dexterity/insulation/heating) Clothing Strategic 17 Anthropological assessment of cultural interaction (inform training/ops) Social / Cultural Strategic

CAF ARCTIC TRAINING CENTRE Overview

Maj Gary Johnson, CAFATC SSO

19 June 2017

Agenda Location

Opportunities and Challenges Facility capabilities Users

Current Future

1

Location Opportunities

True high arctic environment Joint, Interagency, Multinational Leverages Rangers and PRes

Challenges Distances involved ▪  Isolation of communities ▪  Infrequency of sustainment

Weather ▪  Temperature, wind, light

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Arctic Operations (deliberate)

ARCTIC OPERATIONS MOBILITY

SURVIVABILITY

SUSTAINABILITY

POLAR CONTINENTAL SHELF PROGRAM / CANADIAN ARMED FORCES ARCTIC TRAINING CENTRE RESOLUTE BAY, NUNAVUT, N 74° 40’ W 94° 52’

RE

Dining/Rec

DND Accn 140 beds

PCSP Old Accn 70 beds

DND – PCSP Collaboration: Benefits Whole of Government approach ▪  Optimized use of existing federal infrastructure ▪  Extend the facility operating season and increase the capacity of the facility, thus increasing

the level of support available to scientists ▪  Joint effort on issues such as facilities management and waste management

Building positive relationships with communities in the North Leveraging of expertise/strengths: logistics, communications, shipping

Bottom line: Greater capability at less cost and faster - $40m saving

Facility Capabilities Supports training out to 300NM Phone, DWAN, GP Net, VHF (SEARS), HF, TRAC24 140 Bedspaces, surges to 210 if required

Coy Gp training Crystal City ( Heated Weather Havens 50+pers)

Winter veh and equipment (LOSV, BV-206, tentage, etc) Maint, medical, mess, recreation, austere range

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CAFATC Capabilities 130 Land Over Snow Vehicles (LOSVs) 4 Medium Over Snow Vehicles (TBC) 8 ATVs 1 x RTFL (Fork lift ) c/w AC roller racks 1 x Warehouse Forklift 1 x Skid Steer 3 x 4x4 Crew Cabs 1 x 8 pax van 1 x 5 Ton TCV / Cargo 80 x Qamutik

CAFATC Capabilities Defence and General Purpose Networks Satellite Comms HF Comms ( Data / Voice) Tracking Devices (Track 24) VHF (SEARS Radio) x 30 hand held (throat/temple)

Admin Net Guard Net Rge Ctrl Net (STORK) to CNR Veh mounted VHF Ship – Shore Marine VHF Ground – Air VHF (2017/18)

CAFATC Capabilities

CAFATC Capabilities

CAFATC Concept Ability to conduct Arctic related individual training and professional development activities; Resourced to support up to sub-unit level collective training activities; Capable of supporting ad-hoc/emergency operations as one of the components of the Canadian Joint Operations Command (CJOC) Northern Employment and Support Plan (NESP); and Capable of supporting Arctic related equipment, Tactics Techniques and Procedures (TTP) trials.

Primary users CA Divs AOA Course RCAF schools

Survival and Aeromedical Training SAR

Joint Ops

Year 1 Year 2 / 2016-17 Year 3 Year 4

Arctic AO Arctic AO Arctic AO Arctic AO

3 Div X X X X X X

4 Div X X X X X X

2 Div X X X X X X

5 Div XX XX XX XX

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2 1

3 3

NOREX 17 Eleanor Lake, 20 March

Eleanor Lake

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und (5

0km

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Eleanor Lake, Cornwallis Island Detailed View – NOREX 17

(Austere Landing Strip, Fuel Cache and Camp Locations)

= Camp Locations (only one will be used)

= Fuel Cache Locations (only one will be used)

1 4

3

4 4

3 3

NOREX 17 Deployment Locations

Devon Deployment Area

Air

6 = Eureka (not shown)

Eleanor Lake

578 kms

3

Eleano

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4 1

5 3

4 4

355

NOREX 17 Deployment Locations COA#2 - Ground Insertions, 22 March


Polaris Deployment Area

Ground 70kms

Eleanor Lake

COA Decision Point – 12hrs prior to platoon movement. Key criteria is weather.

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Polaris De Are

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or Lake

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5 3

4 4

3 3 55

NOREX 17 Redeployment Locations 24/25 March


Polaris Deployment Area

Ground

Ground

Austere Rge

6 = Eureka (not shown)

Eleanor Lake

Air

NOREX 17 ARCG Austere Rge, 26 March

Operating Season Currently our main training season is from end January to End April

We are capable of supporting training from Apr to September

Arctic training in the Summer: Marginal terrain, amphibious, adventure…

Bv 206s

Operating Season 2018

Future Users Same rotation of courses

AOA, CFSSAR, CFSSAT Recurring Exercises/Ops

N-Series, NOREX Potential

Year-round training ▪  AOPS shore party training ▪  MAJAID, SOLAS response

Increased diving Increased international

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Questions / Discussion

Resolute Bay

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HFM-ET 142 Medical Treatment and Human Performance in Arctic Operational

Environments

Team leader(s): Goodman, L (CA) Members: USA, CAN (NOR, GBR) Partners: Limited Global partners Duration: 09/15-09/16 Coordination: Related activities: HFM-225

Objectives:

Topics covered:

Impact and Exploitation: With diminished S&T personnel and laboratory resources,

multinational collaborations will enhance and expedite creation of new knowledge required for conducting medicine in Arctic regions. This activity will be exploited to treat, prevent, and standardize cold-induced injuries management as well as mitigate the degradation of human performance, as greater numbers of NATO partners conduct sovereignty and interdiction operations in their respective Arctic regions.

Deliverable: TAP TOR for an RTG.

Mentor: LCol Rob Poisson (CAN)

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Active Surveillance

 

 

 

 

 

 

90% of all battlefield casualties die before they reach definitive medical care.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The Aviator – Arctic Workshop 20 June 2017

Vaughn Cosman DSTA7

Director General Science and Technology Air and Navy

ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY)

From Day One, with respect to human effectiveness:

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- RCAF operates year round, globally - Alert, airlift, patrol, utility, CANR - rarely deploy to austere sites - RCAF HP requirements are unique - cockpit/cabin doesn’t change much - ground/support changes significantly - emergency/egress critical (ejection, bailout, ditching, off-field unscheduled landing) - reflected in training (Arctic survival training) - ALSE / crew survival eqpt unsuitable - ejection, LRPA, BOXTOP scenarios

The Aviator:

- protect, maintain or restore individuals to health - improve individuals’ performance relative to population norms - provide better individual protective clothing - provide better survival equipment - provide better first responder equipment

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Protect, Maintain or Restore Individuals to health:

- Sponsor: RCAF Surgeon - individual or population norms are known - deviation from (below) norm is recognized - outcome is safe, expeditious return to norm - focus on individual and RCAF requirements establish individual and population norms - drawn from 01 Dec 2015 Surg Gen Master S&T List - follow-on from existing 03aa project

4


From SG Master List: •  Fatigue Countermeasures – underway at least in part •  Wearable technologies – biosensors (sleep, hydration, vital sign status

(pulse, oxygen, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, core temperature, Ā ). Could also be part of ALSE/survival equipment.

•  Neck and Back Pain – underway. Likely to have follow-on projects. •  White Matter Hyperintensities •  Steropsis, progressive lens use, OVRA, colour vision requirements –

underway, at least in part •  Scoliosis ejection seat limits

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From SG Master List: •  Aircrew hearing conservation •  Work of breathing •  Advanced simulation in AMT •  R2MR •  Thermoregulation, Arctic climates •  Evidence based medical surveillance protocols •  Tactical Casualty Combat Care

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From 03aa: •  WBE 1 – Neck and Back Troubles: short, mid, and long term recommendations. New equipment for current

helicopters, new equipment for crews, new cockpit configuration for future helicopters, exercise programs, physiotherapy, etc.

•  WBE 2 – fatigue avoidance scheduling tool: awaiting feedback from RCAF •  WBE 3 – requirements for integrated clothing and equipment ensembles: long overdue, no action taken with

03aa, rolled into “The Aviator” •  WBE 4 – AAM: awaiting feedback from 2 CAD •  WBE 5 – Mild Hypoxia: underway. •  WBE 6 – OVRA for the RCAF: underway.

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Improve Individuals’ performance:

- establish individual and population norms - establish RCAF specific performance requirements - improve endurance - improve sensory and cognitive performance - improve resilience - improve resistance to infections/toxins

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Improve Individuals’ performance:

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•  Better visual acuity over a greater range, greater spectrum of response (hyperspectral), greater sensitivity (NVG), improved metabolic performance, less susceptible to snow blindness

•  Better auditory (directional) acuity over a greater range, greater spectrum of response, improved resilience to impulse and sustained high noise levels

•  Better olfactory/haptic discrimination •  Stronger, more resilient to acute (ejection, crash) and chronic (vibration,

posture) injury, more rapid recovery (especially connective tissue and bones), faster response time, better reflexes, breathing

•  Greater resilience to infection, toxins, temperature extremes, wind, humidity, dehydration, shock, blast, flame, immersion

•  Faster assimilation and analysis of inputs, less “scope lock”, better decision making, better discrimination/judgement

Better Individual Protective Equipment:

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- sponsor: DAR6 - better materials - better integration - new/updated requirements

Better Survival Equipment:

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- sponsor: DAR6 - better materials - better integration - new/updated requirements

International Collaboration:

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- NATO, ASIC/TTCP, NORAD/CANR

- ICE-PPR (International Cooperative Environment Program for Polar Research)

- Canada, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, US, NZ

way,

Road Ahead

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- concept development - CFAWC - DRDC - access/build via Toronto RC - implementation - collaborate with Army (Soldier Systems) - TDPs - aircrew ensembles - SAR/Fwd AE equipments

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Harry DeWolf Class Arctic and Offshore Patrol Vessel

AOPV 430- 435

LCdr Scott Meagher Executive Officer

HMCS HARRY DeWOLF

LCdr Tom Sliming Deputy Project Director AOPS

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  A/OPV vs AOPS   AOPS is the project   A/OPV is the NATO Classification   HDW Class (5-6 vessels)

  CONUSE (V 1.0 Nov 2015)

  Under revision

  Building at Irving Shipbuilding Inc. - Halifax   Construction commenced Sept 2015   HDW @ 50% - delivery end 2018   MAR @10% - delivery 2019   Last A/OPV - delivered 2022   Coastal Allocation: 4-Hfx 2-Esq

IntroductionĀ

High Level Requirements

  LOA - 103M

  Beam - 19M

  Draft - 5.75M

  Displacement: 6440Tonnes

  Speed – Max 17kts

  Range – 6800NM @ 14kts (10,000NM @ 10kts)

  Endurance – 120 days with 65 personnel

  Accommodations – 65 core + 22 mission personnel (Surge to 43 mission personnel with accommodation pods)

  Polar Class 4/5 – Capable of maintaining 3kts in thick 1st year ice

  Safely operate a light helo, provide limited support to CH148 Cyclone

  Depart and arrive in berth unassisted in up to 25kts of wind and 2kt current

Length 103m

Beam 19m

Draught 5.75m

Displacement 6440 tonnes

Length 55m

Beam 11.3m

Draught 3.4m


Length 134m

Beam 16.4m

Draught 4.9m


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RCN Fleet Comparison

HDW Build Status

Force Employment - Domestic Missions

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  20GT Crane

  Up to 8 x 20ft Sea Cans (3 with pwr interface)

  Various Small Boat Options

  Vehicle Bay   Truck   ATV   LOSV

Seas Lift Options

Sickbay

 Echelon 1 Medical Facility   1 x Physician's Assistant Embarked

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 7,500,000L of Naval Distillate, JP5 fuel avail (controlled by

MARLANT)  Not a Logistic Hub, No accommodations

 Road to Arctic Bay (airport)

 Helo Pad & Staging Area  Open in 2018 – no fuel until 2019 navigable season

Nanisivik Naval Facility (NNF)

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•  HDW delivery late 2018 •  NNF open 2018 •  Support to Science and Technology •  Project Notification/Project Planning

•  Reach out to MARLANT N3 and NFR by Sept each year

[email protected] (902) 427-3366

[email protected]

(613) 853-9328

Conclusion

Feeding in the Canadian Armed Forces-

Requirement for Nutrition S&T

Hilda-Anne Troupe, RD Strat J4 Food Svcs 5-2

Overview •  Role of Strat J4 Food Svcs •  Nutrition Strategy •  What do we know?

– Nutrition,Performance and Long Term Health – Cold Weather Feeding – BMI and Body Composition

•  Why do we need a S&T Program? •  What we don’t know •  Future Research Requirements

Role of Strat J4 Food Srvs

Strat J4Food Svcs is responsible for developing policy and standards that ensure the provision of

healthy food choices, which enable soldiers to meet the physical and mental demands of the CAF

mandate

Nutrition Strategy - Combat Rations

Objectives: To develop a plan for the revision of the

Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) National Combat Rations Program (NCRP):

– To ensure provision of nutrients that meet the requirements of STANAG 2937;

– Make recommendations for nutrient contents (in all components of the NCRP) and concept of delivery

– Consider factors that affect the intake of rations in the development of the rations and supplements

Nutrition Strategy -Fresh Feeding

Objectives: •  Feeding that meets the nutritional

requirements of a military population; •  Standards for menus and feeding concepts that

support an agile and adaptable force •  Considering factors which affect the intake by the

CAF personnel.

Education Programs

Education Programs

What do we know?

Research 1.  Goodman, L., Sullivan-Kwantes, W., Observations and Survey Results Of Army Field Feeding in the Arctic-

Arctic Field Feeding Logistics and Effectiveness -Defence Research Development Canada (DRDC); 2015 2.  Goodman, L., Sullivan-Kwantes, W., Field Feeding Acceptability and Preferences During a Cold Weather

Field Training Environment – Defence Research Development Canada (DRDC); - July 2015 3.  Strat J4 Food Svcs; Cold Weather Ration Menu Trial- Resolute Bay Feb 2016. 4.  Prado, C. Is Body Composition Assessment a New Era For Intervention - Department of Agriculture, Food

and Nutrition Science, University of Alberta;2017 5. Health and Lifestyle Information Survey of Canadian Armed Forces Personnel , 2013/2014; 6.  Lutz. L., Gaffney-Stomberg, E., Williams, K., McGraw, S., Niro,P., Karl, P., Cable, S., Thomas, C., McClung, J.,

Adherence to Dietary Guidelines for Americans Is Associated with Psychological Resilience in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study-Journal of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; March 2017

7.  Lee,M., Murphy,N., Martini, S., Spitz,M., Thran,I., McGraw,S., Blatny, J., Castellani, J,Rood, C., Young, A. Montain,S., Gundersen, Y., Pasiakos, S. Effects of Winter Military Training on Energy Balance, Whole-body Protein balance, Muscle Damage, Soreness, and Physical Performance; Appl Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 39:1395-1401 (2014)

8.  Erdman, K., Thomas, T., & Burke, L. (2016). Nutrition and Athletic Performance Position Paper. Dietitians of Canada (DC), Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and American College of Sports Medicine.

9.  Pasiakos, S. , “Cold Extreme Environmental Operations” Optimizing Warfighter Performance in Extreme Cold- NATO- TER Report HFM-255-; 2014

10.  Gaggney-Stomberg, E., Lutz, L., Rood, J., Cable, S., Pasiakos, S., Young, A., & McClung, J. (2014). Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation maintain parathyroid hormone and improves bone density during initial military training: A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Elsevier, 46-56

What do we know?

•  Nutrition affects physical and cognitive performance, resilience and risk of injury;

•  Energy deficit of 40-60% on cold weather exercises; •  Anecdotal reports of significant weight loss during

operations; •  49 % of personnel were classified as overweight and

another 25% were classified as obese- based BMI determined from reported height and weight;

What do we know?

•  CAF personnel who are overweight or obese are more likely to sustain an injury;

•  BMI alone is not an indication of lean mass or fat mass;

•  Troops strip rations; •  Decreased intake of rations; •  Current rations operational unsuitable in cold

weather environment; •  Anecdotal reports of CAF personnel usig

deployments as an opportunity to loose weight;

What do we know?

•  Documented increase risk of stress fracture in US military recruits;

•  Inadequate intake of vegetables and fruits in the military population;

•  There is an identified need to explore ways to optimize cold-weather field-feeding;

•  “There is a need to investigate optimal nutritional strategies for optimizing ration consumption to enhance resistance to whole body protein loss and to promote physiological sustainment and recovery.” (Lee, 2014)

Effect of Nutrition on Physical and Cognitive Performance, Resilience and Risk of Injury

Energy Availability (EA)

EA is the daily energy available after exercise for expenditure to support metabolic systems in the body EA links energy intake with requirements for optimal health and performance rather than energy balance

Energy Availability

EA= Energy Intake (EI) - Exercise Energy Expenditure (EEE)

This is the resulting energy available to the body for all other functions after the cost of exercise is subtracted.

Low energy availability (EA) can occur even in the

scenario where energy intake and total energy expenditure are balanced (there is no overall energy

deficit)

• 

Potential Performance Effects of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport

(**Aerobic and anaerobic performance).

Margo Mountjoy et al. Br J Sports Med 2015;49:417-420

Copyright © BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine. All rights reserved.

Physical Performance

Cognitive Performance

Resilience Injury

Decreased Muscle Strength

Decreased Glycogen stores

Depression

Irritability

Decreased Concentration

Decreased Coordination

Impaired Judgement

Decreased Training Response

Increased Injury risk

Decreased endurance performance

Physical Performance

Cognitive Performance

Resilience Injury

Decreased Muscle Strength

Decreased Glycogen stores

Depression

Irritability

Decreased Concentration

Decreased Coordination

Impaired Judgement

Decreased Training Response

Increased Injury risk

Decreased endurance performance

Cold Weather Feeding

Injury Prevention and Recovery •  Inadequate nutrition and hydration are risk factors for Cold

Weather injury

Underfeeding Low

Blood Sugar

Impaired Shivering

Decreased activity

Decreased Heat

Generation

Operational Suitability of Feeding Concepts- Cold Weather Feeding

Freeze Dried Ration Trial-Results • Less time required to prepare freeze dried rations • Freeze dried rations preferred - operationally more suitable • Intake better using freeze dried rations over IMPs

69% consuming greater than ½ of all of the cold weather menu components- Intake still inadequate

Challenge – Amount of water required

What we know- Nutrition concerns that maybe impacting performance

•  Energy deficit of 40-60% on a cold weather exercises;

•  Troops strip rations; •  Decreased intake of rations; •  Current rations operational unsuitable in cold

weather environment; •  There is an identified a need to explore ways to

optimize cold-weather field-feeding; logistical challenges and environmental obstacles persist that diminish the effectiveness of operational field feeding during cold-weather operations.

BMI and Body Composition

Are BMI and Fatness the same thing?

•  Fitness measures were highly correlated to fatness and positively correlated with body mass index (BMI),

•  BMI was positively, but weakly, correlated with 1-mile run and weakly, but inversely, correlated with push-ups.

•  Both fatness and fitness independently accounted for significant proportions of the variance in injury rates

Weight Management: State of the Science and Opportunities for Military Programs. Institute of Medicine (US) Subcommittee on Military Weight Management.Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2004.

10% 20% 30% 40%

Lean

Mas

s Impaired immunity

infection

Weakness Healing

Physical

impairment No wound

healing

Death

Losses

•  “Changes in body fat indicate shifts in energy balance, and changes in lean mass suggest adaptive or mal-adaptive responses to environmental stressors.”

•  “Overweight individuals need scientifically based guidance in their attempts loss weight through sensible fat weight reduction, enhancing (instead of inadvertently impairing) physical readiness.”

Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research: Potential for Assessing Military Performance Capability-Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research; Carlson-Newberry SJ, Costello RB

Why do we need a S&T Program?

Research required to fully implement the Nutrition Strategy


Feeding can be a mission enabler •  the CAF feeding program can contribute to agile and

adaptable forces able to carry out missions across a wide spectrum of operations in all environments

•  Literature review have shown that nutrition is one of the 3 top challenges to military personnel readiness.

•  Feeding is integral to readiness


•  it can prevent and reduce immediate medical and long-term health effects arising from operations by ensuring nutritional requirements, standards, menus and operationally suitable feeding concepts are in placed supporting the work of all CAF personnel.

What we don’t know

Intake 1. What factors affect intake- nutrition knowledge, food choices, leadership, stress, operational suitability of feeding concept, food qualityĀ 2. Operational suitability of all feeding concepts- impact on intake and performance 3. Impact on performance of feeding fresh versus combat rations 4. Impact of education programs on intake 5. Impact of nutrition on resilience


Weight Status 1.  LM vs FM in CAF Personnel 2.  Changes in Body Composition as a result of weight loss on operations and impact on performance 3.  Protein intake while on deployment in extreme conditions and body composition changes pre/post-deployment


4.  Energy Expenditure vs Energy Availability 5.  Risk of stress fractures in CAF recruits or other

military groups- Vit D and Calcium status. RCAF 1.  Impact feeding concepts or availability of food may

have on performance and injury 2.  Fighter Jet feeding standard has not been reviewed

in several years 3.  SAR (portability/adapted to climate?) 4.  Time without feeding? –increase risk of injury or

decreased performance


RCN 1. Requirement for electrolyte supplementation for submariners 2. Nutritional status/deficiencies in intake of submariners due to duration of time at sea, submerged, decreased exposure to sun (Vit D) and lack of storage space for fresh fruit, vegetables and milk 3. Specific nutritional requirements of Clearance Divers, Boarding Parties

Future Research Requirements

Impact of nutrition/intake in the CAF on physical, cognitive and emotional performance and resilience. Factors affecting intake Energy expenditure- in various environments and unique military populations- divers, special ops, Navy Boarding parties

Vit D and Calcium status of submariners and navy personnel – is there a requirement for supplementation?

Role of Nutrition in the

prevention of injury, and promotion of recovery

Field trial design- rations (sensory vs

operational suitability.

Fresh vs Combat ration feeding- Impact on

resiliency

Impact of education on intake

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DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA (Security markings for the title, abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the document is Classified or Designated)

1. ORIGINATOR (The name and address of the organization preparing the document. Organizations for whom the document was prepared, e.g., Centre sponsoring a contractor's report, or tasking agency, are entered in Section 8.) DRDC – Toronto Research Centre Defence Research and Development Canada 1133 Sheppard Avenue West P.O. Box 2000 Toronto, Ontario M3M 3B9 Canada

2a. SECURITY MARKING (Overall security marking of the document including special supplemental markings if applicable.)

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2b. CONTROLLED GOODS

NON-CONTROLLED GOODS DMC A

3. TITLE (The complete document title as indicated on the title page. Its classification should be indicated by the appropriate abbreviation (S, C or U) in parentheses after the title.) Canada's Arctic Health & Human Performance S&T Plan

4. AUTHORS (last name, followed by initials – ranks, titles, etc., not to be used) Lindsay, C.

5. DATE OF PUBLICATION (Month and year of publication of document.) June 2017

6a. NO. OF PAGES (Total containing information, including Annexes, Appendices, etc.)

117

6b. NO. OF REFS (Total cited in document.)

0 7. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (The category of the document, e.g., technical report, technical note or memorandum. If appropriate, enter the type of report,

e.g., interim, progress, summary, annual or final. Give the inclusive dates when a specific reporting period is covered.) Contract Report

8. SPONSORING ACTIVITY (The name of the department project office or laboratory sponsoring the research and development – include address.) DRDC – Toronto Research Centre Defence Research and Development Canada 1133 Sheppard Avenue West P.O. Box 2000 Toronto, Ontario M3M 3B9 Canada

9a. PROJECT OR GRANT NO. (If appropriate, the applicable research and development project or grant number under which the document was written. Please specify whether project or grant.)

04K

9b. CONTRACT NO. (If appropriate, the applicable number under which the document was written.)

W7701-4501399802

10a. ORIGINATOR’S DOCUMENT NUMBER (The official document number by which the document is identified by the originating activity. This number must be unique to this document.) DRDC-RDDC-2017-C231

10b. OTHER DOCUMENT NO(s). (Any other numbers which may be assigned this document either by the originator or by the sponsor.)

11a. FUTURE DISTRIBUTION (Any limitations on further dissemination of the document, other than those imposed by security classification.)

Public release

11b. FUTURE DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE CANADA (Any limitations on further dissemination of the document, other than those imposed by security classification.)

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12. ABSTRACT (A brief and factual summary of the document. It may also appear elsewhere in the body of the document itself. It is highly desirable that the abstract of classified documents be unclassified. Each paragraph of the abstract shall begin with an indication of the security classification of the information in the paragraph (unless the document itself is unclassified) represented as (S), (C), (R), or (U). It is not necessary to include here abstracts in both official languages unless the text is bilingual.)

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13. KEYWORDS, DESCRIPTORS or IDENTIFIERS (Technically meaningful terms or short phrases that characterize a document and could be helpful in cataloguing the document. They should be selected so that no security classification is required. Identifiers, such as equipment model designation, trade name, military project code name, geographic location may also be included. If possible keywords should be selected from a published thesaurus, e.g., Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms (TEST) and that thesaurus identified. If it is not possible to select indexing terms which are Unclassified, the classification of each should be indicated as with the title.) Arctic, health, Human Performance, medical

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