Canada Before Canada Before World War OneWorld War One

Pop QuizPop Quiz When was Canada formed/created? When was Canada formed/created?

AnswerAnswer: 1867: 1867

What’s the name of the Act that created the Dominion of What’s the name of the Act that created the Dominion of Canada? Canada?

AnswerAnswer: The British North America Act : The British North America Act

Which 4 provinces were created Which 4 provinces were created through the BNA Act?through the BNA Act?

The British North America The British North America (BNA) Act (BNA) Act

AnswerAnswer: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick : Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

Why did Canada form?Why did Canada form?

AnswerAnswer: 3 main reasons were a threat from the US (annexation), changing British attitudes and political deadlock: 3 main reasons were a threat from the US (annexation), changing British attitudes and political deadlock

John A MacdonaldJohn A Macdonald

Canada’s first Prime Minister?Canada’s first Prime Minister?

Macdonald's tenure in office Macdonald's tenure in office spanned 19 years spanned 19 years

Second longest serving PMSecond longest serving PM He is the only Canadian PMHe is the only Canadian PM

to win six to win six majority governmentsmajority governments.. He was a Conservative/Tory He was a Conservative/Tory

Wilfred LaurierWilfred Laurier• LiberalLiberal

• became Prime became Prime Minister in 1896Minister in 1896

• Canada’s first Canada’s first francophone Prime francophone Prime MinisterMinister

• July 11July 11, , 18961896 –  – October 5October 5, , 19111911

New ProvincesNew Provinces

• 19051905: : Autonomy ActAutonomy Act created provinces of created provinces of AlbertaAlberta and and SaskatchewanSaskatchewan

Alberta Saskatchewan

Canada at the Turn of the Canada at the Turn of the Century:Century:SocietySociety

English and French tensionEnglish and French tension

Lord Durham Report: Lord Durham Report: ““two nations warring in the bosom of a single state"two nations warring in the bosom of a single state"

Laurier tried to bridge the tension.Laurier tried to bridge the tension.

His compromises disappointed both sidesHis compromises disappointed both sides

French-English Relations: French-English Relations: Laurier’s CompromisesLaurier’s Compromises

• Manitoba Schools DisputeManitoba Schools Dispute, 1890-1896:, 1890-1896:• when Manitoba entered Confederation, French-when Manitoba entered Confederation, French-

speaking Catholics were speaking Catholics were guaranteedguaranteed bilingualismbilingualism and and Catholic schoolsCatholic schools• however, the however, the Manitoba School ActManitoba School Act of 1890 of 1890 made made

EnglishEnglish the official language and did not give any the official language and did not give any money to the Catholic schoolsmoney to the Catholic schools

• Laurier, concerned with the reactions from Laurier, concerned with the reactions from people of Quebec, introduced a compromise; people of Quebec, introduced a compromise; the public schools would provide a French-the public schools would provide a French-speaking teacher if there were more than 10 speaking teacher if there were more than 10 French-speaking students, and religious French-speaking students, and religious instruction would take place at the end of the instruction would take place at the end of the school dayschool day

• this dispute could be considered to this dispute could be considered to mark the mark the beginning of modern French/ English beginning of modern French/ English tensions in Canadatensions in Canada

French-English Relations: French-English Relations: Laurier’s Compromises Cont.Laurier’s Compromises Cont.

• Boer WarBoer War, 1899-1902:, 1899-1902:• the Boer War was fought in South Africa between the Boer War was fought in South Africa between

Britain and the “Boers” (Dutch descendents)Britain and the “Boers” (Dutch descendents)• Britain wanted Canada to send troopsBritain wanted Canada to send troops• English CanadiansEnglish Canadians, feeling loyal to Britain, , feeling loyal to Britain, wantedwanted

to go (to go (imperialistsimperialists))• French CanadiansFrench Canadians felt they should not have to fight felt they should not have to fight

a war which did not involve them as Canadiansa war which did not involve them as Canadians• Laurier sent a volunteer army, which Laurier sent a volunteer army, which French French

CanadiansCanadians considered doing considered doing too muchtoo much and and English English CanadiansCanadians considered doing considered doing too littletoo little

• Henri Bourassa Henri Bourassa resigned from Laurier’s cabinet in resigned from Laurier’s cabinet in response response

• between 7 000 and 8 000 soldiers and 16 nurses between 7 000 and 8 000 soldiers and 16 nurses served in the war, and between 200 and 300 soldiers served in the war, and between 200 and 300 soldiers were killedwere killed

French-English Relations: French-English Relations: Laurier’s Compromises Cont.Laurier’s Compromises Cont.

• Naval Crisis, 1910Naval Crisis, 1910• an an arms racearms race was quickly building was quickly building between Britain between Britain

and Germanyand Germany, who was challenging Britain’s naval , who was challenging Britain’s naval superiority – Britain asked Canada to build and give them superiority – Britain asked Canada to build and give them naval shipsnaval ships

• with English-Canadians with English-Canadians supportingsupporting it, and French- it, and French-Canadians Canadians againstagainst it, Laurier decided that Canada would it, Laurier decided that Canada would build its own navy, which would serve Britain if they did build its own navy, which would serve Britain if they did end up going to warend up going to war

• those loyal to Britain did not feel that it was those loyal to Britain did not feel that it was enough, while French Canadians felt it was enough, while French Canadians felt it was giving them too muchgiving them too much

• it results in Canada’s first Navy (nicknamed it results in Canada’s first Navy (nicknamed the the “Tin-Pot Navy”“Tin-Pot Navy” by those who felt it was by those who felt it was not enough)not enough)

Alaska Boundary DisputeAlaska Boundary Dispute• in in 18981898, the Canadian , the Canadian

government created the government created the Yukon TerritoryYukon Territory with with the goal of asserting the goal of asserting Canada’s sovereignty in Canada’s sovereignty in light of the light of the Klondike Klondike Gold RushGold Rush, thus , thus renewing the long-renewing the long-standing dispute standing dispute between Canada and between Canada and the United States the United States regarding the boundary regarding the boundary of of AlaskaAlaska

Alaska Boundary Dispute Alaska Boundary Dispute Cont.Cont.• Canada wanted to ensure Canada wanted to ensure

access to the Pacific Oceanaccess to the Pacific Ocean, , while the United States wanted while the United States wanted to claim all accessto claim all access to the ocean to the ocean

• because Canada was still a because Canada was still a British colonyBritish colony, a British judge , a British judge negotiated on behalf of Canada negotiated on behalf of Canada alongside two Canadian lawyers. alongside two Canadian lawyers. In negotiations, the British In negotiations, the British negotiator sided with the negotiator sided with the AmericansAmericans, which caused Canada , which caused Canada to lose several key inlets, and to lose several key inlets, and with them access to the Pacificwith them access to the Pacific

• the Canadian lawyers the Canadian lawyers refused to refused to signsign the agreement the agreement • this incident highlighted how this incident highlighted how

little controllittle control Canada had over its Canada had over its foreign affairsforeign affairs

Canada at the Turn of the Canada at the Turn of the Century:Century:

Manitoba Schools QuestionManitoba Schools Question English and French tensionEnglish and French tension

Involved publicly funded Involved publicly funded separate schoolsseparate schools for French and English for French and English

Deeper question of whether French would survive as a language or a culture in Western Canada. Deeper question of whether French would survive as a language or a culture in Western Canada.

Laurier developed a compromise. Allowing Catholic education (in French) would be permitted in public schoolsLaurier developed a compromise. Allowing Catholic education (in French) would be permitted in public schools

Canada at the Turn of the Canada at the Turn of the Century:Century:SocietySociety

Where did most Canadians live?Where did most Canadians live?Answer: On Farms (Rural)Answer: On Farms (Rural)

Standards for morals/manners were set by the minority of English-Canadian middle and upper class.Standards for morals/manners were set by the minority of English-Canadian middle and upper class.

Middle and upper class were influenced by Victorian England.Middle and upper class were influenced by Victorian England.

Canada at the Turn of the Century:Canada at the Turn of the Century:Victorian SocietyVictorian Society

Known for appearance of ‘moral Known for appearance of ‘moral strictness.’strictness.’

Families expected to attend Families expected to attend church regularly; they church regularly; they supported Britain/monarchy, supported Britain/monarchy, and believed in honor, virtue, and believed in honor, virtue, and duty.and duty.

Canada at the Turn of the Century:Canada at the Turn of the Century:Victorian SocietyVictorian Society

Extremely strong ties to BritainExtremely strong ties to Britain

Most immigrants had Most immigrants had come from Britain come from Britain (loyalists)(loyalists)

Britain was responsibleBritain was responsibleCanada’s foreign affairsCanada’s foreign affairs

The Red Ensign (1870 to 1904)

Montreal and Toronto were the two Montreal and Toronto were the two most industrialized cities in Canada.most industrialized cities in Canada.

Overcrowding, homelessness, Overcrowding, homelessness,

pollution and a lack of pollution and a lack of

public infrastructure public infrastructure

(sewage/garbage).(sewage/garbage).

Canada at the Turn of the Century:Canada at the Turn of the Century:Industrial CityIndustrial City

UrbanizationUrbanization

• Canada’s urban population began to grow as Canada’s urban population began to grow as more people migrated to the cities due to: more people migrated to the cities due to: • industrializationindustrialization – demand for workers in the – demand for workers in the

citiescities• need for need for service workersservice workers in the towns in the towns• less manpowerless manpower needed to farm as a result of needed to farm as a result of new new

machinesmachines• people were attracted to the people were attracted to the social and cultural social and cultural

aspectaspect of city life compared to life in rural Canada of city life compared to life in rural Canada• growth of the growth of the middle classmiddle class

Harsh working conditionsHarsh working conditions

Average labourer spent hrs/day Average labourer spent hrs/day working.working.

Average labourer worked days/week.Average labourer worked days/week.

Dirty, unsafe and Dirty, unsafe and industrial accidents industrial accidents were commonwere common

Canada at the Turn of the Century:Canada at the Turn of the Century:Working ConditionsWorking Conditions

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Canada at the Turn of the Century:Canada at the Turn of the Century:WomenWomen

Women were not considered Women were not considered persons under the law-unless persons under the law-unless they committed a crime.they committed a crime.

A woman’s salary was considered A woman’s salary was considered to be property of her husbandto be property of her husband( this was legal)( this was legal)

For women who did work outside the For women who did work outside the home, they worked mainly in factories or home, they worked mainly in factories or as domestic servants.as domestic servants.

Canada at the Turn of the Century:Canada at the Turn of the Century:SuffragistSuffragist

Only property-owning white men Only property-owning white men could vote at this timecould vote at this time

Suffragists - women who Suffragists - women who

organized to fight for the organized to fight for the

right to vote.right to vote.

Canada at the Turn of the Canada at the Turn of the Century:Century:

Suffragist MovementSuffragist Movement Wanted to influence government for Wanted to influence government for

change to social problems such as change to social problems such as working conditions, working conditions, child labour, pollution, child labour, pollution, and poverty.and poverty.

Saw alcohol as a “vice”Saw alcohol as a “vice”

and wanted to outlaw the and wanted to outlaw the

sale of alcohol “prohibition”sale of alcohol “prohibition”

ImmigrationImmigration• immigrationimmigration: the movement of : the movement of

peoples into a country peoples into a country ((emigrationemigration is the movement of is the movement of peoples out of a countrypeoples out of a country

• Open-Door PolicyOpen-Door Policy: the 1872 : the 1872 Dominion Lands Act sought to Dominion Lands Act sought to entice immigrants to Canadaentice immigrants to Canada

• promise of promise of free landfree land • freedomfreedom from from religious persecutionreligious persecution • the Home Children programme (orphan the Home Children programme (orphan

or immigrant children were placed in or immigrant children were placed in Canadian homes) was part of this policy Canadian homes) was part of this policy as wellas well

Why Immigrate?Why Immigrate?• pull factorspull factors ( (luredlured immigrants to Canada): immigrants to Canada):

• Canada was a Canada was a democratic nationdemocratic nation (many (many immigrants were coming from non-democratic immigrants were coming from non-democratic countries) which meant freedom from religious countries) which meant freedom from religious persecutionpersecution

• promise of promise of free land in Western Canadafree land in Western Canada• immigration agentsimmigration agents were stationed in foreign were stationed in foreign

countries in order to recruit immigrantscountries in order to recruit immigrants

• push factorspush factors ( (forcedforced immigrants to leave immigrants to leave their countries):their countries):• many people faced many people faced religious persecutionreligious persecution in their in their

home countrieshome countries• poor economic conditionspoor economic conditions meant that it was very meant that it was very

difficult for people to make a living or to get difficult for people to make a living or to get ahead in lifeahead in life

• shortage of landshortage of land (in contrast to Canada’s (in contrast to Canada’s abundant free land)abundant free land)

• limited work in Europelimited work in Europe

Canada at the Turn of the 20Canada at the Turn of the 20thth Century: DiscriminationCentury: Discrimination

White majority was White majority was generally not under-generally not under-

standing or sympathetic to standing or sympathetic to

minorities minorities Chinese Head Tax

•Chinese immigrants were charged $100 (1900) to discourage immigration

DiscriminationDiscrimination

• discriminationdiscrimination: because of the : because of the increased immigration, Canada was increased immigration, Canada was quickly becoming a quickly becoming a multiculturalmulticultural nation nation

• however, many however, many ethnocentricethnocentric English English Canadians thought that their culture/race Canadians thought that their culture/race was superior to other cultures/races, was superior to other cultures/races, resulting in resulting in discriminationdiscrimination against certain against certain immigrantsimmigrants

Racist Immigration PoliciesRacist Immigration Policies

• Chinese Head TaxChinese Head Tax: the Canadian government used : the Canadian government used Chinese labour to build the national railway during the Chinese labour to build the national railway during the latter half of the nineteenth centurylatter half of the nineteenth century

• once the railway was completed (1885), the governments once the railway was completed (1885), the governments made all Chinese immigrants pay a made all Chinese immigrants pay a $50$50 head tax to enter head tax to enter the country in order to the country in order to deterdeter Chinese immigration, Chinese immigration, increasing it to increasing it to $500$500 per person by 1903 per person by 1903

Racist Immigration Policies Racist Immigration Policies Cont.Cont.

• Chinese Exclusion Chinese Exclusion ActAct: the Head Tax did : the Head Tax did not stop Chinese not stop Chinese immigration, so in immigration, so in 1923, Parliament 1923, Parliament passed the passed the Chinese Chinese Exclusion ActExclusion Act, which, which preventedprevented Chinese Chinese immigrants from immigrants from entering Canada entering Canada

• the act was not the act was not repealed until 1947repealed until 1947

Racist Immigration Policies Racist Immigration Policies Cont.Cont.

• Continuous PassageContinuous Passage: in 1908, the : in 1908, the Canadian government passed the Canadian government passed the Bill Bill of Direct Passageof Direct Passage

• immigrants must be able to reach immigrants must be able to reach Canada via an uninterrupted – or Canada via an uninterrupted – or continuous – journeycontinuous – journey from their from their country of origincountry of origin

• because immigrants from India and because immigrants from India and Japan could not arrive in Canada Japan could not arrive in Canada without having stopped along the without having stopped along the way, the Canadian government could way, the Canadian government could then legally deny them entry to the then legally deny them entry to the countrycountry

• India was a British colony (part of the India was a British colony (part of the Commonwealth), which meant that Commonwealth), which meant that Canada would have to let Indians Canada would have to let Indians immigrate immigrate • continuous passage legislation allowed continuous passage legislation allowed

Canada sneakily to deny British Canada sneakily to deny British citizenscitizens entry into a Commonwealth entry into a Commonwealth country country

• 1914 – Komagatu Maru incident – Continuous Journey legislation – Sikhs prohibited from immigrating to Canada

Komagata MaruKomagata Maru

• Komagata MaruKomagata Maru: in the summer of 1914, a : in the summer of 1914, a shipship carrying carrying 376 376 Sikh immigrantsSikh immigrants arrived in arrived in VancouverVancouver, and was , and was turned away by officials citing the “continuous passage” turned away by officials citing the “continuous passage” legislationlegislation

• the ship waited off the coast of British Columbia for roughly the ship waited off the coast of British Columbia for roughly two monthstwo months before being forced to return to India (via before being forced to return to India (via Japan) with all 376 passengers still on boardJapan) with all 376 passengers still on board

Causes of WWICauses of WWI

MilitarismMilitarism•The belief that by building the strength of one’s The belief that by building the strength of one’s army army and navyand navy, a country can prevent war. , a country can prevent war.

This led to an This led to an ARMS RACEARMS RACE•during the late-nineteenth century and into the twentieth during the late-nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, European countries continued to greatly expand century, European countries continued to greatly expand their armies and naviestheir armies and navies

• for example, France and Germany doubled their armies for example, France and Germany doubled their armies between 1870 and 1914between 1870 and 1914

•Britain wanted to have a navy two-and-a-half times the Britain wanted to have a navy two-and-a-half times the size of any other navy in case of warsize of any other navy in case of war

In response, Germany also greatly increased its naviesIn response, Germany also greatly increased its navies• there was an arms race between there was an arms race between Britain and GermanyBritain and Germany

Arms RaceArms Race

Sand Sculpture

Political Cartoon

AlliancesAlliances

• Triple AllianceTriple Alliance: : Germany, Italy, and Austria-HungaryGermany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary• Triple EntenteTriple Entente: : Britain, France, and RussiaBritain, France, and Russia

ImperialismImperialism• defined as the defined as the forced takeoverforced takeover of a country by of a country by

a more powerful country, usually spurred on by a more powerful country, usually spurred on by the following factors with the intent of building an the following factors with the intent of building an empireempire

“The sun never sets on the British Empire” (pink territory)

Causes of ImperialismCauses of Imperialism

• the desire to the desire to exploit (take advantage of) natural exploit (take advantage of) natural resourcesresources

• competition for territorycompetition for territory between European between European nationsnations

• ethnocentricityethnocentricity (the belief that one’s culture or (the belief that one’s culture or ethnicity is superior to other cultures or ethnicities)ethnicity is superior to other cultures or ethnicities)

• ““White Man’s Burden”White Man’s Burden” (the duty of whites to uplift (the duty of whites to uplift other cultures/races – to civilizes the “savages”)other cultures/races – to civilizes the “savages”)

• the need for the need for foreign marketsforeign markets for European goods for European goods

Imperialism: Boer WarImperialism: Boer War• Boer WarBoer War: between 1899 and 1902, the : between 1899 and 1902, the

Afrikaner Republics of South Africa (the Afrikaner Republics of South Africa (the Transvaal and the Orange Free State) fought Transvaal and the Orange Free State) fought a war with Britain over the control of South a war with Britain over the control of South AfricaAfrica

• English-CanadianEnglish-Canadian imperialistsimperialists supportedsupported the warthe war

• many many French CanadiansFrench Canadians opposed opposed the war the war• created created tensiontension between French and English between French and English

CanadiansCanadians • Laurier wanted to maintain national stability and Laurier wanted to maintain national stability and

political popularity but the pressure from the political popularity but the pressure from the British Empire was very strongBritish Empire was very strong• Laurier Laurier compromisedcompromised by sending a volunteer battalion by sending a volunteer battalion

Boer War: Canadian SoldiersBoer War: Canadian Soldiers

NationalismNationalism• nationalismnationalism – – the idea that a group of people who share a the idea that a group of people who share a

similar history, religion, or culture constitute an similar history, religion, or culture constitute an autonomous autonomous nationnation, or , or

• to have to have pride in one’s nationpride in one’s nation• for example, during the 1910s, for example, during the 1910s, Serbian nationalistsSerbian nationalists wanted wanted

independenceindependence from the Austro-Hungarian empire from the Austro-Hungarian empire• the Serbians, who shared a similar history, religion, and culture, the Serbians, who shared a similar history, religion, and culture,

wanted to create an wanted to create an independent Serbian nationindependent Serbian nation

1914: Serbian nationalist group the Black Hand assassinated Gavrilo Princip, archduke of Austria-Hungary, in Sarajevo, Bosnia in order to draw attention to Serbian independence