Canada at War – the Home Front 1914-1918 · 05/10/2018 · 1916 •Germans begin bloody...
Transcript of Canada at War – the Home Front 1914-1918 · 05/10/2018 · 1916 •Germans begin bloody...
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Canada at War – the Home Front 1914-1918
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A Few Facts about Canada in 1914
• Population – 7.5 million
• Women and Aboriginals could not vote
• Loaf of bread between 5-15 cents
• Canada had no professional army
• Phonograph (music player) popular home entertainment.
• Trains dominated transportation (only 50,000 automobiles)
• Canada was in a recession – poverty was high
• English Canada identified strongly with ties to Britain–not so in French Canada.
• People are very ethnocentric and xenophobic.
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How did Canada Enter the War?
• Canada did not have full control of her foreign policy. When Britain declared war on Aug. 4, 1914 we were at war too. (after the invasion of Belgium).
• We did control what we contributed to the war effort –Canada decided to play a major role.
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The Soldiers• Canada hoped for 25,000 recruits – 31,000 enlisted.
People believed war would be short. Others sought adventure, camaraderie, or pay.
• All were sent to Val Cartier Quebec for basic training –from there to England and then France.
• CEF – Canadian Expeditionary Force (name of our army serving in Europe)
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• Only whites were allowed to enlist until later years when volunteers were running short.
• Most of the early volunteers were from English Canada.
• Troops were put into Divisions (1-4) and then organized into smaller units of around 1000 men called battalions. Each battalion was divided into smaller groups called companies.
• Men would identify with their battalion – usually composed of soldiers from same area.
• Equipment and provisions were mediocre. EX. The ROSS RIFLE tended to jam in combat – replaced with a British model.
• Canadian troops first reached the front at Ypres (Belgium) in February 1915
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“Winnipeg Grenadiers”78th Battalion CEF
“Winnipeg Rifles” aka “Little Black Devils”
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Conscription
• In 1917 – the government decided to introduce mandatory military service
• This was very controversial – had a significant impact on the war effort and the country itself.
SEE READINGS AND ACTIVITY ON MY WEBSITE
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Sacrifices at Home• No battles were fought on our soil but the whole
country was engaged in the war.
1) War Measures Act – Aug. 1914
Gave the government extraordinary power to divert our whole nation to Total War. Gov. could:
o ignore democratic rights of citizens (censor the press, arrest without charge, curfews etc)
o Intervene in the free market (control prices of goods, ration fuel, food, etc)
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Specifics
• The gov. rationed food items (meat and sugar) and fuel“hoarders” who tried to profit from this were severely punished.
• Income tax was introduced and luxury taxes on tobacco and alcohol.
• People grew victory gardens to sustain themselves to allow more food to go to the troops.
• People bought victory bonds which were low interest loans to the government. Children bought war savings stamps.
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Role of Women• Canada’s manufacturing industries boomed during the
war to provide supplies needed for the allied war effort.
• Women were being hired to do jobs that were traditionally done by men.
• 30,000 women worked in munitions factories during the war era. They were paid less and fired after war.
• Women contributed to war effort directly in non-combat roles (secretaries, nurses).
• Women contributed indirectly by sending supplies overseas to the troops.
• Women began to find their political voice in this era –believe they have proven their worth during the war.
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The Enemy Within• The W.M.A. Allowed the government to target people in
Canada from “enemy nations”. There was a fear that they may be spies.
• Internment camps were set up for German and Ukrainian Canadians.
• Property was seized and people were monitored at the camps. Forced to do labour.
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Fighting the War• WW1 was characterized by trench warfare (see
handout)
• Canada had a very small navy and air force, our main contribution were the approx 600,000 troops of the CEF.
• Canada also supplied Britain – grain and other food exports were key. Also developed ammunition factories to supply Britain. German U-boats threatened ships.
1914
• Canadians had not arrived in Europe yet.
• German Schlieffen Plan almost succeeded but they were stopped just east of Paris at the Battle of the Marne.
• Germans enjoyed success on the Eastern Front.
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1915
• Canadians fought for the first time at the Second Battle of Ypres. Stopped the German advance at St. Julien – first chlorine gas attack of the war.
• “all quiet on the western front” – digging in.
1916
• Germans begin bloody offensive at Verdun – have little success but casualties high on both sides.
• British (including Canada) attempt to relieve the French at Verdun with an offensive to the north.
• This Battle of the Somme was a disaster. Ex. 500 of 800 in NFLD regiment killed at Beaumont-Hamel.
• Battle of Fromelles worst day in Australia military history.
• 7 KM gained for 146,000 allied dead (164,000 German dead)
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1917
• Canada’s greatest year in the war. For the first time a Canadian would command the Canadian corps (Arthur Currie).
• Canadians play a key role in the Nivelle Offensives against German positions in northern France and Belgium.
• Canadians win the Battle of Vimy Ridge – a strategic point. No other force had been capable.
• Canadians fight in the heavy rains and mud of the Battle of Passchendaele. They win the position but are forced to retreat later.
• Russia pulls out of the war (defeat/revolution) – Germany can now focus solely on the western front
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1918
• USA joins war – German supplies and troops near exhaustion. They make one final push to win the war.
• They almost reach Paris but are turned back.
• Final part of the war is known as Canada’s Hundred Days – we play a key role in driving the Germans back towards their borders.
• Final battle is fought in Belgium at Mons.
• German Kaiser abdicates and the army sues for peace. This happens before the allies ever set foot in Germany (important fact later).
• Canada lost 60,000 (10%) men – the war was the deadliest yet seen in history.
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Impact of the War on Canada
• Many things changed after WW1.
• Women had proven themselves in the workplace of men – had also voted. They now push for more rights.
• A greater sense of Canadian nationalism and desire for more independence from Britain.
• Deep impact on individual lives, families – anti-war movement.
• Soldiers came back expecting a better country and to be provided with jobs and benefits.