Canada; Aboriginal Issues; Treaties

8/13/2019 Canada; Aboriginal Issues; Treaties

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Aboriginal People in Canada

• Introduction

•Terms

• Stereotypes, Biases and Misconceptions

• Relationships: Historical and Otherwise



Relationships: Historical and Otherwise

HISTORIC

• French

• English• Militaries

• Economic

– Fish & Fur• Evangelism

• Current

In no

particularorder

CURRENT & FUTURE

• Demographics

– 1 in 5• CF Programs



• “Aboriginal people think alike” SBM

Aboriginal People in Canada Stereotypes, Biases, Misconceptions of Aboriginal People

• Aboriginal People are so diverse in their make-up, beliefs,

politics, geographic areas, languages, customs, and culture

and are spread across the entire breadth and length of

Canada.

Fact

Homogeneity



• “Aboriginal people live on reserves” SBM


• Aboriginal People live in all areas of Canada. In fact, most

stay off reserve.

Fact

Location



• “Aboriginal people don't pay taxes” SBM


• Aboriginal People do pay taxes

• Inuit, Métis, and non-status Indians are required to paytaxes

• Generally, First Nation individuals must pay income tax if

they work off-reserve

• Provincial Tax – depends on province

• GST – if or if not delivered to a reserve

• White Card

Fact

Taxation



• “Warrior, Savage, Princess” SBM


• Romanticization - The Indian Princess, Native Warrior and

Noble Savage• Hollywood and Media

Fact

Portrayals



Aboriginal People in Canada

• Introduction

•Terms

• Stereotypes, Biases and Misconceptions

• Relationships: Historical and Otherwise



On & Off Reserve

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

On Re se rve Of f Re se rve Of f Re se rve -

Urban

Off Reserv e -

Rural

NAI

Métis

Inuit

Off Reserve

Urban & Rural



Pop by Province

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

BC AB SK MB ON QC MAR NW-YK NVT

NAI

Métis

Inuit

Western Canada = 377,375 or 62% of NAI plus 210, 810 or 72% of Métis

Total of 588,185 or approx 60% of Canada’s Aboriginal population



Pop. By Cities

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

Van Vic Edm Cal Sask PA Reg Win Tbay Tor Ham Ott Mon Hal

NAI

Métis

Inuit

Western Connection



Demographic Bullets

• Aboriginal share of total population on the rise

• Aboriginal population much younger than the non-Aboriginalpopulation, but is aging

• One-quarter of Aboriginal people could conduct a conversation in an Aboriginal language

• Aboriginal children less likely to live with both parents

• Highest concentrations of Aboriginal population in the North and onthe Prairies

• About one-half of Aboriginal people lived in urban areas

--2001 Census

Location



Politically - Nationally

Assembly

Of First

Nations

Congress

of Aboriginal

People

InuitTapiriit

Kanatami

Métis

National

Council

• Who represents who?

• Who represents Aboriginal people in the

urban areas?• Where do Aboriginal members in uniform

fit in?

NativeWomen's

Association

of Canada



CF Aboriginal Portfolio

• NNEP (1971)

• Bold Eagle (1989)

• CFAEP (PRTC)

• STP-ATI• RAVEN

• ALOY (2008)

• Air Force?

• More?

First Nations

BC Native People

North of 60

“Proximity ofCommunity”

First Nations Youth

Nations of the East

Canadian Rangers (large %)

Canadian Junior Rangers

Aboriginal Advisory & Awareness functions



Terms: First Nations

• First Nations or “Indians”

• Approx. 633 First Nations bands

• Represent 52 nations or cultural groups and 50languages

• Each nation has own spirituality, traditionalpolitical structure, and history

• General rule: most individuals prefer to bereferred to by the specific nation to which theybelong (Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux, etc.)

• Assembly of First Nations



Terms: Métis

• Who is Métis?

• Mixed native/non-native blood

• Métis National Council• Who were they traditionally?

• Are they a unique culture?

• Rebellion or Resistance?



Terms: Status

• Earlier times – people who followed the Indian

way of life were accepted as Indians.

• 1850 bloodline requirement prescribed – whocould occupy reserve lands

• Federal government determines who is status

• Bill C-31

• Enfranchisement



Identities Imposed by State

• Status Indian

• Treaty Indian

• Métis

• Non-Status Indian• Bill C-31

• Off Reserve/On Reserve

• Aboriginal

• First Nation

• Inuit



Aboriginal Languages

Language

Groups

Language

Groups



Language Groups

• Algonquian – Largest in Canada – Cree (19 dialects), Ojibwa (7 dialects), Mi’kmaq

• Eskimo-Aleut

• Athabaskan

– Dëne Su,łiné, Chipewyan, Slave(y), Dogrib, Carrier, etc. • Siouan – Dakota/Sioux, (5 major dialects in Canada)

• Salish family – has ten languages centered in British Columbia

• Tsimshianic languages – located in northwestern British Columbia.

Language

Groups



Language Groups

• Iroquoian family – Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora

• Wakashan family – spoken principally on Vancouver Island

• Language isolates – Haida (Queen Charlotte Islands), Ktunaxa, spoken in the Canadian

Rockies in southeastern British Columbia; Tlingit, spoken in the Yukonand British Columbia (N.B.: Tlingit is now widely believed to be verydistantly related to Athabaskan), and Beothuk which was spoken inNewfoundland until its extinction in 1829.

• Contact languages

– Michif - unique to Canada’s Métis, who are (mostly) descendants fromCree or Ojibwa women and French Canadian fur trappers. Thislanguage uses Plains Cree words and grammar for its verbs, andFrench words and grammar for its nouns.

Language

Groups

Canada; Aboriginal Issues; Treaties

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